文章目录
L’Hospital 法则
函数极限中的待定型
\quad 接下来,我们只讨论如何使用 L’Hospital 法则处理 0 0 \frac{0}{0} 00 型待定型以及 ∗ ∞ \frac{*}{\infty} ∞∗ 型待定型。其他形式的待定型均可通过适当的变换转换为这两种形式。
\quad 事实上,在函数极限中,
- 自变量有 6 6 6 种趋近方式: x → x 0 x \rightarrow x_0 x→x0、 x → x 0 + x \rightarrow x_0+ x→x0+、 x → x 0 − x \rightarrow x_0- x→x0−、 x → ∞ x \rightarrow \infty x→∞、 x → + ∞ x \rightarrow +\infty x→+∞ 以及 x → − ∞ x \rightarrow -\infty x→−∞ ;
- 因变量有 4 4 4 种趋近方式: f ( x ) → A ( A ∈ R ) f(x) \rightarrow A(A \in \mathbb{R}) f(x)→A(A∈R)、 f ( x ) → ∞ f(x) \rightarrow \infty f(x)→∞、 f ( x ) → + ∞ f(x) \rightarrow +\infty f(x)→+∞、 f ( x ) → − ∞ f(x) \rightarrow -\infty f(x)→−∞;
再者,L’Hospital 法则分别处理以下两种形式:
- 0 0 \frac{0}{0} 00 型待定型;
- ∗ ∞ \frac{*}{\infty} ∞∗ 型待定型。
如此一来,需要证明 48 48 48 种不同的情形。
处理 0 0 \frac{0}{0} 00 型的 L’Hospital 法则
定理 1(L’Hospital法则):设函数 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)、 g ( x ) g(x) g(x) 在 ( x 0 , x 0 + ρ ) (x_0,x_0+\rho) (x0,x0+ρ) 上可导( ρ > 0 \rho>0 ρ>0),若满足:
- lim x → x 0 + f ( x ) = lim x → x 0 + g ( x ) = 0 \underset{x \rightarrow x_0+}{\lim}f(x)=\underset{x \rightarrow x_0+}{\lim}g(x)=0 x→x0+limf(x)=x→x0+limg(x)=0;
- g ′ ( x ) ≠ 0 g'(x)\ne0 g′(x)=0;
- lim x → x 0 + f ′ ( x ) g ′ ( x ) = A ( A 为有限数,或 ± ∞ ) \underset{x \rightarrow x_0+}{\lim}\frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)}=A(A\text{为有限数,或}\pm \infty) x→x0+limg′(x)f′(x)=A(A为有限数,或±∞),
则
lim
x
→
x
0
+
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
=
lim
x
→
x
0
+
f
′
(
x
)
g
′
(
x
)
=
A
.
\underset{x \rightarrow x_0+}{\lim}\frac{f(x)}{g(x)}=\underset{x \rightarrow x_0+}{\lim}\frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)}=A.
x→x0+limg(x)f(x)=x→x0+limg′(x)f′(x)=A.
证明:
\quad
由于趋于一点的极限与在该点处的函数值没有关系,因此可补充定义
f
(
x
0
)
=
g
(
x
0
)
=
0.
f(x_0)=g(x_0)=0.
f(x0)=g(x0)=0.
此时,
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)、
g
(
x
)
g(x)
g(x) 均在点
x
0
x_0
x0 右连续。
\quad
任取
x
∈
(
x
0
,
x
0
+
ρ
)
x \in (x_0,x_0+\rho)
x∈(x0,x0+ρ),则在区间
[
x
0
,
x
]
[x_0,x]
[x0,x] 上应用 Cauchy中值定理,存在
ξ
∈
(
x
0
,
x
)
\xi \in (x_0,x)
ξ∈(x0,x),使得
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
=
f
(
x
)
−
0
g
(
x
)
−
0
=
f
(
x
)
−
f
(
x
0
)
g
(
x
)
−
g
(
x
0
)
=
f
′
(
ξ
)
g
′
(
ξ
)
.
\frac{f(x)}{g(x)}=\frac{f(x)-0}{g(x)-0}=\frac{f(x)-f(x_0)}{g(x)-g(x_0)}=\frac{f'(\xi)}{g'(\xi)}.
g(x)f(x)=g(x)−0f(x)−0=g(x)−g(x0)f(x)−f(x0)=g′(ξ)f′(ξ).
\quad
当
x
→
x
0
+
x\rightarrow x_0+
x→x0+ 时,显然有
ξ
→
x
0
+
\xi \rightarrow x_0+
ξ→x0+,于是
lim
x
→
x
0
−
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
=
lim
ξ
→
x
0
+
f
′
(
ξ
)
g
′
(
ξ
)
=
ξ
换符号
x
lim
x
→
x
0
+
f
′
(
x
)
g
′
(
x
)
=
A
.
\underset{x\rightarrow x_0-}{\lim}\frac{f(x)}{g(x)}=\underset{\xi \rightarrow x_0+}{\lim}\frac{f'(\xi)}{g'(\xi)}\xlongequal{\xi \quad \text{换符号}\quad x}\underset{x \rightarrow x_0+}{\lim}\frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)}=A.
x→x0−limg(x)f(x)=ξ→x0+limg′(ξ)f′(ξ)ξ换符号xx→x0+limg′(x)f′(x)=A.
\quad
该证明适用
A
A
A 为有限数、
±
∞
\pm\infty
±∞ 的所有情形。综上,定理得证。
证毕
定理 2(L’Hospital法则):设函数 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)、 g ( x ) g(x) g(x) 在 ( x 0 − ρ , x 0 ) (x_0-\rho,x_0) (x0−ρ,x0) 上可导( ρ > 0 \rho>0 ρ>0),若满足:
- lim x → x 0 − f ( x ) = lim x → x 0 − g ( x ) = 0 \underset{x \rightarrow x_0-}{\lim}f(x)=\underset{x \rightarrow x_0-}{\lim}g(x)=0 x→x0−limf(x)=x→x0−limg(x)=0;
- g ′ ( x ) ≠ 0 g'(x)\ne0 g′(x)=0;
- lim x → x 0 − f ′ ( x ) g ′ ( x ) = A ( A 为有限数,或 ± ∞ ) \underset{x \rightarrow x_0-}{\lim}\frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)}=A(A\text{为有限数,或}\pm \infty) x→x0−limg′(x)f′(x)=A(A为有限数,或±∞),
则
lim
x
→
x
0
−
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
=
lim
x
→
x
0
−
f
′
(
x
)
g
′
(
x
)
=
A
.
\underset{x \rightarrow x_0-}{\lim}\frac{f(x)}{g(x)}=\underset{x \rightarrow x_0-}{\lim}\frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)}=A.
x→x0−limg(x)f(x)=x→x0−limg′(x)f′(x)=A.
证明:
\quad
与 定理 1
的证明方式完全相同。由于函数趋于一点的极限与在该点处的函数值没有关系,因此可补充定义
f
(
x
0
)
=
g
(
x
0
)
=
0.
f(x_0)=g(x_0)=0.
f(x0)=g(x0)=0.
此时,
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)、
g
(
x
)
g(x)
g(x) 均在点
x
0
x_0
x0 右连续。
\quad
任取
x
∈
(
x
0
−
ρ
,
x
0
)
x \in (x_0-\rho,x_0)
x∈(x0−ρ,x0),则在区间
[
x
,
x
0
]
[x,x_0]
[x,x0] 上应用 Cauchy中值定理,存在
ξ
∈
(
x
,
x
0
)
\xi \in (x,x_0)
ξ∈(x,x0),使得
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
=
f
(
x
)
−
0
g
(
x
)
−
0
=
f
(
x
)
−
f
(
x
0
)
g
(
x
)
−
g
(
x
0
)
=
f
′
(
ξ
)
g
′
(
ξ
)
.
\frac{f(x)}{g(x)}=\frac{f(x)-0}{g(x)-0}=\frac{f(x)-f(x_0)}{g(x)-g(x_0)}=\frac{f'(\xi)}{g'(\xi)}.
g(x)f(x)=g(x)−0f(x)−0=g(x)−g(x0)f(x)−f(x0)=g′(ξ)f′(ξ).
\quad
当
x
→
x
0
−
x\rightarrow x_0-
x→x0− 时,显然有
ξ
→
x
0
−
\xi \rightarrow x_0-
ξ→x0−,于是
lim
x
→
x
0
−
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
=
lim
ξ
→
x
0
−
f
′
(
ξ
)
g
′
(
ξ
)
=
ξ
换符号
x
lim
x
→
x
0
−
f
′
(
x
)
g
′
(
x
)
=
A
.
\underset{x\rightarrow x_0-}{\lim}\frac{f(x)}{g(x)}=\underset{\xi \rightarrow x_0-}{\lim}\frac{f'(\xi)}{g'(\xi)}\xlongequal{\xi \quad \text{换符号}\quad x}\underset{x \rightarrow x_0-}{\lim}\frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)}=A.
x→x0−limg(x)f(x)=ξ→x0−limg′(ξ)f′(ξ)ξ换符号xx→x0−limg′(x)f′(x)=A.
证毕
\quad
作为 定理 1
,定理 2
的综合,有下面 定理 3
。
定理 3(L’Hospital法则):设函数 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)、 g ( x ) g(x) g(x) 在点 x 0 x_0 x0 的某个邻域 O ( x 0 , ρ ) O(x_0,\rho) O(x0,ρ) 上可导( ρ > 0 \rho>0 ρ>0),若满足:
- lim x → x 0 f ( x ) = lim x → x 0 g ( x ) = 0 \underset{x \rightarrow x_0}{\lim}f(x)=\underset{x \rightarrow x_0}{\lim}g(x)=0 x→x0limf(x)=x→x0limg(x)=0;
- g ′ ( x ) ≠ 0 g'(x)\ne0 g′(x)=0;
- lim x → x 0 f ′ ( x ) g ′ ( x ) = A ( A 为有限数,或 ± ∞ ) \underset{x \rightarrow x_0}{\lim}\frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)}=A(A\text{为有限数,或}\pm \infty) x→x0limg′(x)f′(x)=A(A为有限数,或±∞),
则
lim
x
→
x
0
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
=
lim
x
→
x
0
f
′
(
x
)
g
′
(
x
)
=
A
.
\underset{x \rightarrow x_0}{\lim}\frac{f(x)}{g(x)}=\underset{x \rightarrow x_0}{\lim}\frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)}=A.
x→x0limg(x)f(x)=x→x0limg′(x)f′(x)=A.
证明:
\quad
由于函数趋于一点的极限与在该点处的函数值没有关系,因此可补充定义
f
(
x
0
)
=
g
(
x
0
)
=
0.
f(x_0)=g(x_0)=0.
f(x0)=g(x0)=0.
此时,
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)、
g
(
x
)
g(x)
g(x) 均在点
x
0
x_0
x0 右连续。
\quad
任取
x
∈
O
(
x
0
,
ρ
)
x \in O(x_0,\rho)
x∈O(x0,ρ),则在区间
[
x
,
x
0
]
[x,x_0]
[x,x0] (或
[
x
0
,
x
]
[x_0,x]
[x0,x])上应用 Cauchy中值定理,存在
ξ
∈
(
x
,
x
0
)
\xi \in (x,x_0)
ξ∈(x,x0),使得
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
=
f
(
x
)
−
0
g
(
x
)
−
0
=
f
(
x
)
−
f
(
x
0
)
g
(
x
)
−
g
(
x
0
)
=
f
′
(
ξ
)
g
′
(
ξ
)
.
\frac{f(x)}{g(x)}=\frac{f(x)-0}{g(x)-0}=\frac{f(x)-f(x_0)}{g(x)-g(x_0)}=\frac{f'(\xi)}{g'(\xi)}.
g(x)f(x)=g(x)−0f(x)−0=g(x)−g(x0)f(x)−f(x0)=g′(ξ)f′(ξ).
\quad
当
x
→
x
0
x\rightarrow x_0
x→x0 时,显然有
ξ
→
x
0
\xi \rightarrow x_0
ξ→x0,于是
lim
x
→
x
0
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
=
lim
ξ
→
x
0
f
′
(
ξ
)
g
′
(
ξ
)
=
ξ
换符号
x
lim
x
→
x
0
f
′
(
x
)
g
′
(
x
)
=
A
.
\underset{x\rightarrow x_0}{\lim}\frac{f(x)}{g(x)}=\underset{\xi \rightarrow x_0}{\lim}\frac{f'(\xi)}{g'(\xi)}\xlongequal{\xi \quad \text{换符号}\quad x}\underset{x \rightarrow x_0}{\lim}\frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)}=A.
x→x0limg(x)f(x)=ξ→x0limg′(ξ)f′(ξ)ξ换符号xx→x0limg′(x)f′(x)=A.
证毕
定理 4(L’Hospital):设函数 f ( a ) f(a) f(a)、 g ( x ) g(x) g(x) 在 [ a , + ∞ ) [a,+\infty) [a,+∞) 上可导,若满足:
- lim x → + ∞ f ( x ) = lim x → + ∞ g ( x ) = 0 \underset{x \rightarrow +\infty}{\lim}f(x)=\underset{x \rightarrow +\infty}{\lim}g(x)=0 x→+∞limf(x)=x→+∞limg(x)=0;
- g ′ ( x ) ≠ 0 g'(x)\ne 0 g′(x)=0;
- lim x → + ∞ f ′ ( x ) g ′ ( x ) = A ( A 为有限数,或 ± ∞ ) \underset{x \rightarrow +\infty}{\lim}\frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)}=A(A\text{为有限数,或}\pm \infty) x→+∞limg′(x)f′(x)=A(A为有限数,或±∞),
则
lim
x
→
+
∞
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
=
lim
x
→
+
∞
f
′
(
x
)
g
′
(
x
)
=
A
.
\underset{x \rightarrow +\infty}{\lim}\frac{f(x)}{g(x)}=\underset{x \rightarrow +\infty}{\lim}\frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)}=A.
x→+∞limg(x)f(x)=x→+∞limg′(x)f′(x)=A.
证明:
\quad 令 x = 1 t x=\frac{1}{t} x=t1,则 F ( t ) = f ( x ) = f ( 1 t ) F(t)=f(x)=f(\frac{1}{t}) F(t)=f(x)=f(t1), G ( t ) = g ( x ) = g ( 1 t ) G(t)=g(x)=g(\frac{1}{t}) G(t)=g(x)=g(t1), 当 x → + ∞ x \rightarrow +\infty x→+∞ 时, t → 0 + t \rightarrow 0+ t→0+。
\quad
此时,定理条件变为
lim
t
→
0
+
F
(
t
)
=
lim
t
→
0
+
G
(
t
)
=
0
,
F
′
(
t
)
=
−
1
t
2
⋅
f
′
(
1
t
)
,
G
′
(
t
)
=
−
1
t
2
⋅
g
′
(
1
t
)
≠
0
,
\underset{t \rightarrow 0+}{\lim}F(t)=\underset{t \rightarrow 0+}{\lim}G(t)=0,\quad F'(t)=-\frac{1}{t^2}\cdot f'(\frac{1}{t}),\quad G'(t)=-\frac{1}{t^2}\cdot g'(\frac{1}{t})\ne0,\quad
t→0+limF(t)=t→0+limG(t)=0,F′(t)=−t21⋅f′(t1),G′(t)=−t21⋅g′(t1)=0,
以及
lim
t
→
0
+
F
′
(
t
)
G
′
(
t
)
=
lim
t
→
0
+
−
1
t
2
⋅
f
′
(
1
t
)
−
1
t
2
⋅
g
′
(
1
t
)
=
A
(
A
为
有
限
数
,
或
±
∞
)
.
\underset{t \rightarrow 0+}{\lim}\frac{F'(t)}{G'(t)}=\underset{t \rightarrow 0+}{\lim}\frac{-\frac{1}{t^2}\cdot f'(\frac{1}{t})}{-\frac{1}{t^2}\cdot g'(\frac{1}{t})}=A\quad(A为有限数,或\pm\infty).
t→0+limG′(t)F′(t)=t→0+lim−t21⋅g′(t1)−t21⋅f′(t1)=A(A为有限数,或±∞).
于是,由 定理1
知,
lim
x
→
+
∞
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
=
lim
t
→
0
+
F
(
t
)
G
(
t
)
=
A
.
\underset{x \rightarrow +\infty}{\lim}\frac{f(x)}{g(x)}=\underset{t \rightarrow 0+}{\lim}\frac{F(t)}{G(t)}=A.
x→+∞limg(x)f(x)=t→0+limG(t)F(t)=A.
证毕
证毕
定理 5(L’Hospital):设函数 f ( a ) f(a) f(a)、 g ( x ) g(x) g(x) 在 ( − ∞ , a ] (-\infty,a] (−∞,a] 上可导,若满足:
- lim x → − ∞ f ( x ) = lim x → − ∞ g ( x ) = 0 \underset{x \rightarrow -\infty}{\lim}f(x)=\underset{x \rightarrow -\infty}{\lim}g(x)=0 x→−∞limf(x)=x→−∞limg(x)=0;
- g ′ ( x ) ≠ 0 g'(x)\ne 0 g′(x)=0;
- lim x → − ∞ f ′ ( x ) g ′ ( x ) = A ( A 为有限数,或 ± ∞ ) \underset{x \rightarrow -\infty}{\lim}\frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)}=A(A\text{为有限数,或}\pm \infty) x→−∞limg′(x)f′(x)=A(A为有限数,或±∞),
则
lim
x
→
−
∞
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
=
lim
x
→
−
∞
f
′
(
x
)
g
′
(
x
)
=
A
.
\underset{x \rightarrow -\infty}{\lim}\frac{f(x)}{g(x)}=\underset{x \rightarrow -\infty}{\lim}\frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)}=A.
x→−∞limg(x)f(x)=x→−∞limg′(x)f′(x)=A.
证明:
\quad
令
x
=
1
t
x=\frac{1}{t}
x=t1,则
F
(
t
)
=
f
(
x
)
=
f
(
1
t
)
F(t)=f(x)=f(\frac{1}{t})
F(t)=f(x)=f(t1),
G
(
t
)
=
g
(
x
)
=
g
(
1
t
)
G(t)=g(x)=g(\frac{1}{t})
G(t)=g(x)=g(t1), 当
x
→
−
∞
x \rightarrow -\infty
x→−∞ 时,
t
→
0
−
t \rightarrow 0-
t→0−。此时,定理条件变为
lim
t
→
0
−
F
(
t
)
=
lim
t
→
0
−
G
(
t
)
=
0
,
F
′
(
t
)
=
−
1
t
2
⋅
f
′
(
1
t
)
,
G
′
(
t
)
=
−
1
t
2
⋅
g
′
(
1
t
)
≠
0
,
\underset{t \rightarrow 0-}{\lim}F(t)=\underset{t \rightarrow 0-}{\lim}G(t)=0,\quad F'(t)=-\frac{1}{t^2}\cdot f'(\frac{1}{t}),\quad G'(t)=-\frac{1}{t^2}\cdot g'(\frac{1}{t})\ne0,\quad
t→0−limF(t)=t→0−limG(t)=0,F′(t)=−t21⋅f′(t1),G′(t)=−t21⋅g′(t1)=0,
以及
lim
t
→
0
−
F
′
(
t
)
G
′
(
t
)
=
lim
t
→
0
−
−
1
t
2
⋅
f
′
(
1
t
)
−
1
t
2
⋅
g
′
(
1
t
)
=
A
(
A
为
有
限
数
,
或
±
∞
)
.
\underset{t \rightarrow 0-}{\lim}\frac{F'(t)}{G'(t)}=\underset{t \rightarrow 0-}{\lim}\frac{-\frac{1}{t^2}\cdot f'(\frac{1}{t})}{-\frac{1}{t^2}\cdot g'(\frac{1}{t})}=A\quad(A为有限数,或\pm\infty).
t→0−limG′(t)F′(t)=t→0−lim−t21⋅g′(t1)−t21⋅f′(t1)=A(A为有限数,或±∞).
于是,由 定理2
知,
lim
x
→
−
∞
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
=
lim
t
→
0
−
F
(
t
)
G
(
t
)
=
A
.
\underset{x \rightarrow -\infty}{\lim}\frac{f(x)}{g(x)}=\underset{t \rightarrow 0-}{\lim}\frac{F(t)}{G(t)}=A.
x→−∞limg(x)f(x)=t→0−limG(t)F(t)=A.
证毕
\quad
作为 定理 4
与 定理 5
的综合,有下面的 定理 6
。
定理 6(L’Hospital):设函数 f ( a ) f(a) f(a)、 g ( x ) g(x) g(x) 在 ( − ∞ , + ∞ ) (-\infty,+\infty) (−∞,+∞) 上可导,若满足:
- lim x → ∞ f ( x ) = lim x → ∞ g ( x ) = 0 \underset{x \rightarrow \infty}{\lim}f(x)=\underset{x \rightarrow \infty}{\lim}g(x)=0 x→∞limf(x)=x→∞limg(x)=0;
- g ′ ( x ) ≠ 0 g'(x)\ne 0 g′(x)=0;
- lim x → ∞ f ′ ( x ) g ′ ( x ) = A ( A 为有限数,或 ± ∞ ) \underset{x \rightarrow \infty}{\lim}\frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)}=A(A\text{为有限数,或}\pm \infty) x→∞limg′(x)f′(x)=A(A为有限数,或±∞),
则
lim
x
→
∞
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
=
lim
x
→
∞
f
′
(
x
)
g
′
(
x
)
=
A
.
\underset{x \rightarrow \infty}{\lim}\frac{f(x)}{g(x)}=\underset{x \rightarrow \infty}{\lim}\frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)}=A.
x→∞limg(x)f(x)=x→∞limg′(x)f′(x)=A.
处理 ∗ ∞ \frac{*}{\infty} ∞∗ 型的L’Hospital 法则
定理 7(L’Hospital):设函数 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)、 g ( x ) g(x) g(x) 在 ( x 0 , x 0 + ρ ) (x_0,x_0+\rho) (x0,x0+ρ) 上可导( ρ > 0 \rho>0 ρ>0),若满足:
- lim x → x 0 + g ( x ) = ∞ \underset{x \rightarrow x_0+}{\lim}g(x)=\infty x→x0+limg(x)=∞;
- g ′ ( x ) ≠ 0 g'(x)\ne0 g′(x)=0;
- lim x → x 0 + f ′ ( x ) g ′ ( x ) = A ( A 为有限数,或 ± ∞ ) \underset{x \rightarrow x_0+}{\lim}\frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)}=A(A\text{为有限数,或}\pm \infty) x→x0+limg′(x)f′(x)=A(A为有限数,或±∞),
则
lim
x
→
x
0
+
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
=
lim
x
→
x
0
+
f
′
(
x
)
g
′
(
x
)
=
A
.
\underset{x \rightarrow x_0+}{\lim}\frac{f(x)}{g(x)}=\underset{x \rightarrow x_0+}{\lim}\frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)}=A.
x→x0+limg(x)f(x)=x→x0+limg′(x)f′(x)=A.
证明:
\quad
当
−
∞
<
A
<
+
∞
-\infty<A <+\infty
−∞<A<+∞ 时,由于
lim
x
→
x
0
+
f
′
(
x
)
g
′
(
x
)
=
A
\underset{x \rightarrow x_0+}{\lim}\frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)}=A
x→x0+limg′(x)f′(x)=A,所以对于任意给定的
ϵ
>
0
\epsilon>0
ϵ>0,存在
d
1
d_1
d1(
0
<
d
1
<
ρ
0<d_1<\rho
0<d1<ρ),当
0
<
x
−
x
0
<
d
1
0<x-x_0<d_1
0<x−x0<d1 时,成立
∣
f
′
(
x
)
g
′
(
x
)
−
A
∣
<
ϵ
.
\left|\frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)}-A\right|<\epsilon.
∣∣∣∣g′(x)f′(x)−A∣∣∣∣<ϵ.
令
a
=
x
0
+
d
1
a=x_0+d_1
a=x0+d1,任取
x
∈
(
x
0
,
a
]
x \in (x_0,a]
x∈(x0,a],在
[
x
,
a
]
[x,a]
[x,a] 上使用 Cauchy 中值定理,存在
ξ
∈
(
x
,
a
)
\xi \in (x,a)
ξ∈(x,a),使得
f
(
x
)
−
f
(
a
)
g
(
x
)
−
g
(
a
)
=
f
′
(
ξ
)
g
′
(
ξ
)
,
\frac{f(x)-f(a)}{g(x)-g(a)}=\frac{f'(\xi)}{g'(\xi)},
g(x)−g(a)f(x)−f(a)=g′(ξ)f′(ξ),
于是得到
∣
f
(
x
)
−
f
(
a
)
g
(
x
)
−
g
(
a
)
−
A
∣
=
∣
f
′
(
ξ
)
g
′
(
ξ
)
−
A
∣
<
ϵ
.
\left|\frac{f(x)-f(a)}{g(x)-g(a)}-A \right|=\left|\frac{f'(\xi)}{g'(\xi)}-A\right|<\epsilon.
∣∣∣∣g(x)−g(a)f(x)−f(a)−A∣∣∣∣=∣∣∣∣g′(ξ)f′(ξ)−A∣∣∣∣<ϵ.
\quad
此外,对于
∀
x
∈
(
x
,
a
)
\forall x \in (x,a)
∀x∈(x,a),成立
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
=
f
(
x
)
−
f
(
a
)
g
(
x
)
+
g
(
a
)
g
(
x
)
=
g
(
x
)
−
g
(
a
)
g
(
x
)
⋅
f
(
x
)
−
f
(
a
)
g
(
x
)
−
g
(
a
)
+
f
(
a
)
g
(
x
)
.
\frac{f(x)}{g(x)}=\frac{f(x)-f(a)}{g(x)}+\frac{g(a)}{g(x)}=\frac{g(x)-g(a)}{g(x)}\cdot\frac{f(x)-f(a)}{g(x)-g(a)}+\frac{f(a)}{g(x)}.
g(x)f(x)=g(x)f(x)−f(a)+g(x)g(a)=g(x)g(x)−g(a)⋅g(x)−g(a)f(x)−f(a)+g(x)f(a).
于是,
∣
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
−
A
∣
=
∣
g
(
x
)
−
g
(
a
)
g
(
x
)
⋅
f
(
x
)
−
f
(
a
)
g
(
x
)
−
g
(
a
)
+
f
(
a
)
g
(
x
)
−
A
∣
=
∣
(
1
−
g
(
a
)
g
(
x
)
)
⋅
(
f
(
x
)
−
f
(
a
)
g
(
x
)
−
g
(
a
)
−
A
)
+
f
(
a
)
−
A
⋅
g
(
a
)
g
(
x
)
∣
≤
∣
1
−
g
(
a
)
g
(
x
)
∣
⋅
∣
f
(
x
)
−
f
(
a
)
g
(
x
)
−
g
(
a
)
−
A
∣
+
∣
f
(
a
)
−
A
⋅
g
(
a
)
g
(
x
)
∣
.
\begin{aligned} \left|\frac{f(x)}{g(x)}-A\right|&=\left|\frac{g(x)-g(a)}{g(x)}\cdot\frac{f(x)-f(a)}{g(x)-g(a)}+\frac{f(a)}{g(x)}-A\right| \\ &=\left|\left(1-\frac{g(a)}{g(x)}\right)\cdot \left(\frac{f(x)-f(a)}{g(x)-g(a)}-A\right)+\frac{f(a)-A\cdot g(a)}{g(x)}\right| \\ &\le \left|1-\frac{g(a)}{g(x)}\right|\cdot \left|\frac{f(x)-f(a)}{g(x)-g(a)}-A \right|+\left|\frac{f(a)-A\cdot g(a)}{g(x)}\right|. \end{aligned}
∣∣∣∣g(x)f(x)−A∣∣∣∣=∣∣∣∣g(x)g(x)−g(a)⋅g(x)−g(a)f(x)−f(a)+g(x)f(a)−A∣∣∣∣=∣∣∣∣(1−g(x)g(a))⋅(g(x)−g(a)f(x)−f(a)−A)+g(x)f(a)−A⋅g(a)∣∣∣∣≤∣∣∣∣1−g(x)g(a)∣∣∣∣⋅∣∣∣∣g(x)−g(a)f(x)−f(a)−A∣∣∣∣+∣∣∣∣g(x)f(a)−A⋅g(a)∣∣∣∣.
由于
lim
x
→
x
0
+
g
(
x
)
=
∞
\underset{x\rightarrow x_0+}{\lim}g(x)=\infty
x→x0+limg(x)=∞,所以存在
d
2
d_2
d2(
0
<
d
2
<
d
1
0<d_2<d_1
0<d2<d1),使得当
0
<
x
−
x
0
<
d
2
0<x-x_0<d_2
0<x−x0<d2 时,成立
∣
1
−
g
(
a
)
g
(
x
)
∣
<
2
,
∣
f
(
x
)
−
A
⋅
g
(
a
)
g
(
x
)
∣
<
ϵ
.
\left|1-\frac{g(a)}{g(x)}\right|<2,\quad \left|\frac{f(x)-A\cdot g(a)}{g(x)}\right|<\epsilon.
∣∣∣∣1−g(x)g(a)∣∣∣∣<2,∣∣∣∣g(x)f(x)−A⋅g(a)∣∣∣∣<ϵ.
\quad
综上所述,对于任意给定的
ϵ
>
0
\epsilon>0
ϵ>0,存在
d
2
>
0
d_2>0
d2>0,当
0
<
x
−
x
0
<
d
2
0<x-x_0<d_2
0<x−x0<d2 时,成立
∣
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
−
A
∣
≤
∣
1
−
g
(
a
)
g
(
x
)
∣
⋅
∣
f
(
x
)
−
f
(
a
)
g
(
x
)
−
g
(
a
)
−
A
∣
+
∣
f
(
a
)
−
A
⋅
g
(
a
)
g
(
x
)
∣
<
2
ϵ
+
ϵ
=
3
ϵ
.
\left|\frac{f(x)}{g(x)}-A\right|\le \left|1-\frac{g(a)}{g(x)}\right|\cdot \left|\frac{f(x)-f(a)}{g(x)-g(a)}-A \right|+\left|\frac{f(a)-A\cdot g(a)}{g(x)}\right|<2\epsilon+\epsilon=3\epsilon.
∣∣∣∣g(x)f(x)−A∣∣∣∣≤∣∣∣∣1−g(x)g(a)∣∣∣∣⋅∣∣∣∣g(x)−g(a)f(x)−f(a)−A∣∣∣∣+∣∣∣∣g(x)f(a)−A⋅g(a)∣∣∣∣<2ϵ+ϵ=3ϵ.
由定义,即得
lim
x
→
x
0
+
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
=
lim
x
→
x
0
+
f
′
(
x
)
g
′
(
x
)
=
A
.
\underset{x \rightarrow x_0+}{\lim}\frac{f(x)}{g(x)}=\underset{x \rightarrow x_0+}{\lim}\frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)}=A.
x→x0+limg(x)f(x)=x→x0+limg′(x)f′(x)=A.
\quad
当
A
=
+
∞
A=+\infty
A=+∞ 时,由于
lim
x
→
x
0
+
f
′
(
x
)
g
′
(
x
)
=
+
∞
\underset{x \rightarrow x_0+}{\lim}\frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)}=+\infty
x→x0+limg′(x)f′(x)=+∞,所以对于任意给定的
G
>
0
G>0
G>0,存在
d
3
d_3
d3(
0
<
d
3
<
ρ
0<d_3<\rho
0<d3<ρ),使得当
0
<
x
−
x
0
<
d
3
0<x-x_0<d_3
0<x−x0<d3 时,成立
f
′
(
x
)
g
′
(
x
)
>
G
.
\frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)}>G.
g′(x)f′(x)>G.
令
a
=
x
0
+
d
3
a=x_0+d_3
a=x0+d3,任取
x
∈
(
x
0
,
a
]
x \in (x_0,a]
x∈(x0,a],在
[
x
,
a
]
[x,a]
[x,a] 上使用 Cauchy 中值定理,存在
ξ
∈
(
x
,
a
)
\xi \in (x,a)
ξ∈(x,a),使得
f
(
x
)
−
f
(
a
)
g
(
x
)
−
g
(
a
)
=
f
′
(
ξ
)
g
′
(
ξ
)
>
G
.
\frac{f(x)-f(a)}{g(x)-g(a)}=\frac{f'(\xi)}{g'(\xi)}>G.
g(x)−g(a)f(x)−f(a)=g′(ξ)f′(ξ)>G.
由于
lim
x
→
x
0
+
g
(
x
)
=
∞
\underset{x\rightarrow x_0+}{\lim}g(x)=\infty
x→x0+limg(x)=∞,所以存在
d
4
d_4
d4(
0
<
d
4
<
d
3
0<d_4<d_3
0<d4<d3),使得当
0
<
x
−
x
0
<
d
4
0<x-x_0<d_4
0<x−x0<d4 时,成立
(
1
−
g
(
a
)
g
(
x
)
)
⋅
f
(
x
)
−
f
(
a
)
g
(
x
)
−
g
(
a
)
>
1
2
⋅
G
.
\left(1-\frac{g(a)}{g(x)}\right)\cdot\frac{f(x)-f(a)}{g(x)-g(a)}>\frac{1}{2}\cdot G.
(1−g(x)g(a))⋅g(x)−g(a)f(x)−f(a)>21⋅G.
即
lim
x
→
x
0
+
[
g
(
x
)
−
g
(
a
)
g
(
x
)
⋅
f
(
x
)
−
f
(
a
)
g
(
x
)
−
g
(
a
)
]
=
+
∞
.
\underset{x \rightarrow x_0+}{\lim}\left[\frac{g(x)-g(a)}{g(x)}\cdot\frac{f(x)-f(a)}{g(x)-g(a)}\right]=+\infty.
x→x0+lim[g(x)g(x)−g(a)⋅g(x)−g(a)f(x)−f(a)]=+∞.
于是
lim
x
→
x
0
+
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
=
lim
x
→
x
0
+
[
g
(
x
)
−
g
(
a
)
g
(
x
)
⋅
f
(
x
)
−
f
(
a
)
g
(
x
)
−
g
(
a
)
+
f
(
a
)
g
(
x
)
]
=
lim
x
→
x
0
+
[
g
(
x
)
−
g
(
a
)
g
(
x
)
⋅
f
(
x
)
−
f
(
a
)
g
(
x
)
−
g
(
a
)
]
+
lim
x
→
x
0
+
f
(
a
)
g
(
x
)
=
(
+
∞
)
+
0
=
+
∞
.
\begin{aligned} \underset{x \rightarrow x_0+}{\lim}\frac{f(x)}{g(x)}&=\underset{x \rightarrow x_0+}{\lim}\left[\frac{g(x)-g(a)}{g(x)}\cdot\frac{f(x)-f(a)}{g(x)-g(a)}+\frac{f(a)}{g(x)}\right] \\ &=\underset{x \rightarrow x_0+}{\lim}\left[\frac{g(x)-g(a)}{g(x)}\cdot\frac{f(x)-f(a)}{g(x)-g(a)}\right]+\underset{x \rightarrow x_0+}{\lim}\frac{f(a)}{g(x)} \\ &=(+\infty)+0=+\infty. \end{aligned}
x→x0+limg(x)f(x)=x→x0+lim[g(x)g(x)−g(a)⋅g(x)−g(a)f(x)−f(a)+g(x)f(a)]=x→x0+lim[g(x)g(x)−g(a)⋅g(x)−g(a)f(x)−f(a)]+x→x0+limg(x)f(a)=(+∞)+0=+∞.
当
A
=
−
∞
A=-\infty
A=−∞ 时,由于
lim
x
→
x
0
+
f
′
(
x
)
g
′
(
x
)
=
−
∞
\underset{x \rightarrow x_0+}{\lim}\frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)}=-\infty
x→x0+limg′(x)f′(x)=−∞,所以对于任意给定的
G
>
0
G>0
G>0,存在
d
5
d_5
d5(
0
<
d
5
<
ρ
0<d_5<\rho
0<d5<ρ),使得当
0
<
x
−
x
0
<
d
5
0<x-x_0<d_5
0<x−x0<d5 时,成立
f
′
(
x
)
g
′
(
x
)
<
−
G
.
\frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)}<-G.
g′(x)f′(x)<−G.
令
a
=
x
0
+
d
5
a=x_0+d_5
a=x0+d5,任取
x
∈
(
x
0
,
a
]
x \in (x_0,a]
x∈(x0,a],在
[
x
,
a
]
[x,a]
[x,a] 上使用 Cauchy 中值定理,存在
ξ
∈
(
x
,
a
)
\xi \in (x,a)
ξ∈(x,a),使得
f
(
x
)
−
f
(
a
)
g
(
x
)
−
g
(
a
)
=
f
′
(
ξ
)
g
′
(
ξ
)
<
−
G
.
\frac{f(x)-f(a)}{g(x)-g(a)}=\frac{f'(\xi)}{g'(\xi)}<-G.
g(x)−g(a)f(x)−f(a)=g′(ξ)f′(ξ)<−G.
由于
lim
x
→
x
0
+
g
(
x
)
=
∞
\underset{x\rightarrow x_0+}{\lim}g(x)=\infty
x→x0+limg(x)=∞,所以存在
d
6
d_6
d6(
0
<
d
6
<
d
5
0<d_6<d_5
0<d6<d5),使得当
0
<
x
−
x
0
<
d
6
0<x-x_0<d_6
0<x−x0<d6 时,成立
(
1
−
g
(
a
)
g
(
x
)
)
⋅
f
(
x
)
−
f
(
a
)
g
(
x
)
−
g
(
a
)
<
(
−
2
)
⋅
G
.
\left(1-\frac{g(a)}{g(x)}\right)\cdot\frac{f(x)-f(a)}{g(x)-g(a)}<(-2)\cdot G.
(1−g(x)g(a))⋅g(x)−g(a)f(x)−f(a)<(−2)⋅G.
即
lim
x
→
x
0
+
[
g
(
x
)
−
g
(
a
)
g
(
x
)
⋅
f
(
x
)
−
f
(
a
)
g
(
x
)
−
g
(
a
)
]
=
−
∞
.
\underset{x \rightarrow x_0+}{\lim}\left[\frac{g(x)-g(a)}{g(x)}\cdot\frac{f(x)-f(a)}{g(x)-g(a)}\right]=-\infty.
x→x0+lim[g(x)g(x)−g(a)⋅g(x)−g(a)f(x)−f(a)]=−∞.
于是
lim
x
→
x
0
+
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
=
lim
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\begin{aligned} \underset{x \rightarrow x_0+}{\lim}\frac{f(x)}{g(x)}&=\underset{x \rightarrow x_0+}{\lim}\left[\frac{g(x)-g(a)}{g(x)}\cdot\frac{f(x)-f(a)}{g(x)-g(a)}+\frac{f(a)}{g(x)}\right] \\ &=\underset{x \rightarrow x_0+}{\lim}\left[\frac{g(x)-g(a)}{g(x)}\cdot\frac{f(x)-f(a)}{g(x)-g(a)}\right]+\underset{x \rightarrow x_0+}{\lim}\frac{f(a)}{g(x)} \\ &=(-\infty)+0=-\infty. \end{aligned}
x→x0+limg(x)f(x)=x→x0+lim[g(x)g(x)−g(a)⋅g(x)−g(a)f(x)−f(a)+g(x)f(a)]=x→x0+lim[g(x)g(x)−g(a)⋅g(x)−g(a)f(x)−f(a)]+x→x0+limg(x)f(a)=(−∞)+0=−∞.
证毕
类似于前面的讨论。有以下定理
定理 8(L’Hospital):设函数 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)、 g ( x ) g(x) g(x) 在 ( x 0 − ρ , x 0 ) (x_0-\rho,x_0) (x0−ρ,x0) 上可导( ρ > 0 \rho>0 ρ>0),若满足:
- lim x → x 0 − g ( x ) = ∞ \underset{x \rightarrow x_0-}{\lim}g(x)=\infty x→x0−limg(x)=∞;
- g ′ ( x ) ≠ 0 g'(x)\ne0 g′(x)=0;
- lim x → x 0 − f ′ ( x ) g ′ ( x ) = A ( A 为有限数,或 ± ∞ ) \underset{x \rightarrow x_0-}{\lim}\frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)}=A(A\text{为有限数,或}\pm \infty) x→x0−limg′(x)f′(x)=A(A为有限数,或±∞),
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\underset{x \rightarrow x_0-}{\lim}\frac{f(x)}{g(x)}=\underset{x \rightarrow x_0-}{\lim}\frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)}=A.
x→x0−limg(x)f(x)=x→x0−limg′(x)f′(x)=A.
定理 9(L’Hospital):设函数 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)、 g ( x ) g(x) g(x) 在点 x 0 x_0 x0的某个邻域 O ( x 0 , ρ ) O(x_0,\rho) O(x0,ρ) 上可导( ρ > 0 \rho>0 ρ>0),若满足:
- lim x → x 0 g ( x ) = ∞ \underset{x \rightarrow x_0}{\lim}g(x)=\infty x→x0limg(x)=∞;
- g ′ ( x ) ≠ 0 g'(x)\ne0 g′(x)=0;
- lim x → x 0 f ′ ( x ) g ′ ( x ) = A ( A 为有限数,或 ± ∞ ) \underset{x \rightarrow x_0}{\lim}\frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)}=A(A\text{为有限数,或}\pm \infty) x→x0limg′(x)f′(x)=A(A为有限数,或±∞),
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\underset{x \rightarrow x_0}{\lim}\frac{f(x)}{g(x)}=\underset{x \rightarrow x_0}{\lim}\frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)}=A.
x→x0limg(x)f(x)=x→x0limg′(x)f′(x)=A.
定理 10(L’Hospital):设函数 f ( a ) f(a) f(a)、 g ( x ) g(x) g(x) 在 [ a , + ∞ ) [a,+\infty) [a,+∞) 上可导,若满足:
- lim x → + ∞ g ( x ) = ∞ \underset{x \rightarrow +\infty}{\lim}g(x)=\infty x→+∞limg(x)=∞;
- g ′ ( x ) ≠ 0 g'(x)\ne0 g′(x)=0;
- lim x → + ∞ f ′ ( x ) g ′ ( x ) = A ( A 为有限数,或 ± ∞ ) \underset{x \rightarrow +\infty}{\lim}\frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)}=A(A\text{为有限数,或}\pm \infty) x→+∞limg′(x)f′(x)=A(A为有限数,或±∞),
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\underset{x \rightarrow +\infty}{\lim}\frac{f(x)}{g(x)}=\underset{x \rightarrow +\infty}{\lim}\frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)}=A.
x→+∞limg(x)f(x)=x→+∞limg′(x)f′(x)=A.
定理 11(L’Hospital):设函数 f ( a ) f(a) f(a)、 g ( x ) g(x) g(x) 在 ( − ∞ , a ] (-\infty,a] (−∞,a] 上可导,若满足:
- lim x → − ∞ g ( x ) = ∞ \underset{x \rightarrow -\infty}{\lim}g(x)=\infty x→−∞limg(x)=∞;
- g ′ ( x ) ≠ 0 g'(x)\ne0 g′(x)=0;
- lim x → − ∞ f ′ ( x ) g ′ ( x ) = A ( A 为有限数,或 ± ∞ ) \underset{x \rightarrow -\infty}{\lim}\frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)}=A(A\text{为有限数,或}\pm \infty) x→−∞limg′(x)f′(x)=A(A为有限数,或±∞),
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\underset{x \rightarrow -\infty}{\lim}\frac{f(x)}{g(x)}=\underset{x \rightarrow -\infty}{\lim}\frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)}=A.
x→−∞limg(x)f(x)=x→−∞limg′(x)f′(x)=A.
定理 12(L’Hospital):设函数 f ( a ) f(a) f(a)、 g ( x ) g(x) g(x) 在 ( − ∞ , + ∞ ) (-\infty,+\infty) (−∞,+∞) 上可导,若满足:
- lim x → ∞ g ( x ) = ∞ \underset{x \rightarrow \infty}{\lim}g(x)=\infty x→∞limg(x)=∞;
- g ′ ( x ) ≠ 0 g'(x)\ne0 g′(x)=0;
- lim x → ∞ f ′ ( x ) g ′ ( x ) = A ( A 为有限数,或 ± ∞ ) \underset{x \rightarrow \infty}{\lim}\frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)}=A(A\text{为有限数,或}\pm \infty) x→∞limg′(x)f′(x)=A(A为有限数,或±∞),
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\underset{x \rightarrow \infty}{\lim}\frac{f(x)}{g(x)}=\underset{x \rightarrow \infty}{\lim}\frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)}=A.
x→∞limg(x)f(x)=x→∞limg′(x)f′(x)=A.
参考文献
[1] 陈纪修,于崇华,金路著. 数学分析 上册. 第2版. 北京:高等教育出版社, 2004.06.
[2] 华东师范大学数学系编. 数学分析 上册. 第4版. 北京:高等教育出版社, 2010.07.
[3] 谢惠民,恢自求,易法槐等. 数学分析习题课讲义 上册. 北京:高等教育出版社. 2003.7.10.
[4] 常庚哲,史济怀. 数学分析教程 上册. 第3版. 合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社. 2012.8.
[5] B. A. 卓里奇. 数学分析 第一卷. 第7版. 北京:高等教育出版社.2019.2.