无穷小量的阶
无穷小量的阶
定义4.1 高阶无穷小量
若 lim x → x 0 u ( x ) v ( x ) = 0 \lim_{x \to x_{0} }\frac{u\left ( x \right ) }{v\left ( x \right ) }=0 limx→x0v(x)u(x)=0,则称当 x → x 0 x\to x_{0} x→x0时, u ( x ) u\left ( x \right ) u(x)是 v ( x ) v\left ( x \right ) v(x)的高阶无穷小量,记为 u ( x ) = o ( v ( x ) ) u\left ( x \right )= o\left ( v \left ( x \right ) \right ) u(x)=o(v(x)),相对的,当 x → x 0 x\to x_{0} x→x0时, v ( x ) v\left ( x \right ) v(x)是 u ( x ) u\left ( x \right ) u(x)的低阶无穷小量,此时 lim x → x 0 v ( x ) u ( x ) = ( ± ) ∞ \lim_{x \to x_{0} }\frac{v\left ( x \right ) }{u\left ( x \right ) }=(\pm)\infty limx→x0u(x)v(x)=(±)∞。
定义4.2 同阶无穷小量
若在
x
0
x_{0}
x0的某一去心邻域内,
∣
u
(
x
)
v
(
x
)
∣
≤
A
(
A
∈
R
)
\left | \frac{u\left ( x \right ) }{v\left ( x \right ) } \right | \le A(A\in \mathbb{R})
v(x)u(x)
≤A(A∈R),则称当
x
→
x
0
x\to x_{0}
x→x0时,
u
(
x
)
u\left ( x \right )
u(x)是
v
(
x
)
v\left ( x \right )
v(x)的同阶无穷小量,记为
u
(
x
)
=
O
(
v
(
x
)
)
u\left ( x \right )= O\left ( v \left ( x \right ) \right )
u(x)=O(v(x))。若
A
=
k
(
k
∈
N
+
)
A=k(k \in \mathbb{N}_{+})
A=k(k∈N+),则称为
k
k
k阶无穷小量,若
k
=
1
k=1
k=1,则称为等价无穷小量。
若
∀
k
∈
N
+
\forall k\in \mathbb{N}^{+}
∀k∈N+,
lim
x
→
x
0
x
k
f
(
x
)
=
0
\lim _{x\to x_{0} } \frac{x^{k} }{ f\left ( x \right )}= 0
limx→x0f(x)xk=0,即
x
k
=
o
(
f
(
x
)
)
x^{k}= o \left ( f\left ( x \right ) \right )
xk=o(f(x)),记
f
(
x
)
=
o
(
1
)
f\left ( x \right )=o\left ( 1 \right )
f(x)=o(1),也就是不可知确切阶数
k
k
k的一般无穷小量。
若
g
(
x
)
g\left ( x \right )
g(x)本身为有界量,则记
g
(
x
)
=
O
(
1
)
g\left ( x \right )=O\left ( 1 \right )
g(x)=O(1),作为有界量的通用表示。
无穷大量的阶
与无穷小量的阶的定义对偶,高阶无穷大的定义参照低阶无穷小,低阶无穷大的定义参照高阶无穷小,同阶无穷大及阶数 k k k与无穷小量保持一致。
定理 4.1
若函数
u
(
x
)
u\left ( x \right )
u(x),
v
(
x
)
v\left ( x \right )
v(x),
w
(
x
)
w\left ( x \right )
w(x)均在
x
0
x_{0}
x0的邻域内有定义,且
lim
x
→
x
0
v
(
x
)
w
(
x
)
=
1
\lim_{x \to x_{0} }\frac{v\left ( x \right ) }{w\left ( x \right ) }=1
limx→x0w(x)v(x)=1,则有以下结论成立:
(1)
lim
x
→
x
0
u
(
x
)
v
(
x
)
=
lim
x
→
x
0
u
(
x
)
w
(
x
)
=
A
\lim_{x \to x_{0} } u\left ( x \right ) v\left ( x \right ) =\lim_{x \to x_{0} } u\left ( x \right )w\left ( x \right )=A
limx→x0u(x)v(x)=limx→x0u(x)w(x)=A;
(2)
lim
x
→
x
0
u
(
x
)
v
(
x
)
=
lim
x
→
x
0
u
(
x
)
w
(
x
)
=
A
\lim_{x \to x_{0} }\frac{u\left( x \right ) }{v\left ( x \right ) } =\lim_{x \to x_{0} }\frac{u\left ( x \right ) }{w\left ( x \right ) }=A
limx→x0v(x)u(x)=limx→x0w(x)u(x)=A。