L’Hopital法则
待定型极限求法
待定型的种类
以"0"代表无穷小量,"
∞
\infty
∞"代表无穷大量,以下类型均为待定型:
(1)
0
0
\frac{0}{0}
00
(2)
∞
∞
\frac{\infty }{\infty }
∞∞
(3)
∞
0
\infty ^{0}
∞0
(4)
1
∞
1^{\infty }
1∞
(5)
0
0
0^{0}
00
(6)
∞
−
∞
\infty -\infty
∞−∞
(7)
0
⋅
∞
0\cdot \infty
0⋅∞
(8)……
定理5.1 L’Hopital法则
f
(
x
)
f\left ( x \right )
f(x),
g
(
x
)
g\left ( x \right )
g(x)在去心邻域
U
˚
(
x
0
,
δ
)
(
δ
>
0
)
\mathring{U}\left ( x_{0},\delta \right )(\delta>0)
U˚(x0,δ)(δ>0)上可导,
f
(
x
)
f\left ( x \right )
f(x),
g
(
x
)
g\left (x \right )
g(x)在
U
˚
(
x
0
,
δ
)
(
δ
>
0
)
\mathring{U}\left ( x_{0},\delta \right )(\delta>0)
U˚(x0,δ)(δ>0)上可导,且
g
′
(
x
)
≠
0
g^{\prime }\left ( x \right )\neq 0
g′(x)=0,若此时满足以下条件任意之一:
(1)
lim
x
→
x
0
f
(
x
)
=
lim
x
→
x
0
g
(
x
)
=
0
\lim _{x\to x_{0} }f\left ( x \right )=\lim _{x\to x_{0} }g\left ( x \right )=0
limx→x0f(x)=limx→x0g(x)=0
(2)
lim
x
→
x
0
f
(
x
)
=
lim
x
→
x
0
g
(
x
)
=
∞
\lim _{x\to x_{0} }f\left ( x \right )=\lim _{x\to x_{0} }g\left ( x \right )=\infty
limx→x0f(x)=limx→x0g(x)=∞
且
lim
x
→
x
0
f
′
(
x
)
g
′
(
x
)
=
A
\lim _{x\to x_{0} }\frac{f^{\prime } \left ( x \right )}{g^{\prime } \left ( x \right )}=A
limx→x0g′(x)f′(x)=A,则有
lim
x
→
x
0
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
=
lim
x
→
x
0
f
′
(
x
)
g
′
(
x
)
=
A
\lim _{x\to x_{0} }\frac{f\left ( x \right )}{g\left ( x \right )} =\lim _{x\to x_{0} }\frac{f^{\prime } \left ( x \right )}{g^{\prime }\left ( x \right )}=A
limx→x0g(x)f(x)=limx→x0g′(x)f′(x)=A。
L’Hopital法则同样适用于
x
→
x
0
+
x\to x_{0}^{+}
x→x0+,
x
→
x
0
−
x\to x_{0}^{-}
x→x0−,
x
→
+
∞
x\to +\infty
x→+∞,
x
→
−
∞
x\to -\infty
x→−∞,
x
→
∞
x\to \infty
x→∞以及
lim
x
→
x
0
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
=
lim
x
→
x
0
f
′
(
x
)
g
′
(
x
)
=
∞
\lim _{x\to x_{0} }\frac{f\left ( x \right )}{g\left ( x \right )} =\lim _{x\to x_{0} }\frac{f^{\prime } \left ( x \right )}{g^{\prime }\left ( x \right )}=\infty
limx→x0g(x)f(x)=limx→x0g′(x)f′(x)=∞,
−
∞
-\infty
−∞,
+
∞
+\infty
+∞的特殊条件。
(1)
不妨设
lim
x
→
+
∞
f
(
x
)
=
lim
x
→
+
∞
g
(
x
)
=
0
\lim _{x\to +\infty}f\left ( x \right )=\lim _{x\to +\infty}g\left ( x \right )=0
limx→+∞f(x)=limx→+∞g(x)=0,
<1>
x
→
x
0
+
x\to x_{0}^{+}
x→x0+。
为保证
f
(
x
)
f\left ( x \right )
f(x),
g
(
x
)
g\left ( x \right )
g(x)的连续性,定义
f
(
x
0
)
=
g
(
x
0
)
=
0
f\left ( x_{0} \right )=g\left ( x_{0} \right ) =0
f(x0)=g(x0)=0。
由极限定义,
∀
ε
>
0
\forall \varepsilon >0
∀ε>0,
∃
δ
>
0
\exists \delta >0
∃δ>0:
∀
x
∈
(
x
0
,
x
0
+
δ
)
\forall x \in \left ( x_{0},x_{0}+\delta \right )
∀x∈(x0,x0+δ),
∣
f
′
(
x
)
g
′
(
x
)
−
A
∣
<
ε
\left | \frac{f^{\prime }\left ( x \right ) }{g^{\prime } \left ( x \right ) } -A \right | < \varepsilon
g′(x)f′(x)−A
<ε,
根据Cauchy中值定理,
∃
ξ
∈
(
x
0
,
x
)
\exists \xi \in \left ( x_{0},x \right )
∃ξ∈(x0,x):
f
′
(
ξ
)
g
′
(
ξ
)
=
f
(
x
)
−
f
(
x
0
)
g
(
x
)
−
g
(
x
0
)
=
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
\frac{f^{\prime } \left ( \xi \right ) }{g^{\prime }\left ( \xi \right ) }=\frac{f\left ( x \right )-f\left ( x_{0} \right ) }{g\left ( x \right ) -g\left ( x_{0} \right ) }=\frac{f \left ( x \right )}{g\left ( x \right )}
g′(ξ)f′(ξ)=g(x)−g(x0)f(x)−f(x0)=g(x)f(x)
由于当
x
→
x
0
+
x\to x_{0}^{+}
x→x0+时,随之
ξ
→
x
0
+
\xi \to x_{0}^{+}
ξ→x0+,
所以由极限定义,
∀
ε
>
0
\forall \varepsilon >0
∀ε>0,
∃
δ
>
0
\exists \delta >0
∃δ>0:
∀
ξ
∈
(
x
0
,
x
0
+
δ
)
\forall \xi \in \left ( x_{0},x_{0}+\delta \right )
∀ξ∈(x0,x0+δ),
∣
f
′
(
ξ
)
g
′
(
ξ
)
−
A
∣
<
ε
\left | \frac{f^{\prime }\left (\xi \right ) }{g^{\prime } \left ( \xi \right ) } -A \right | < \varepsilon
g′(ξ)f′(ξ)−A
<ε,即
lim
x
→
x
0
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
=
lim
x
→
x
0
f
′
(
x
)
g
′
(
x
)
=
A
\lim _{x\to x_{0} }\frac{f\left ( x \right )}{g\left ( x \right )} =\lim _{x\to x_{0} }\frac{f^{\prime } \left ( x \right )}{g^{\prime }\left ( x \right )}=A
limx→x0g(x)f(x)=limx→x0g′(x)f′(x)=A。
<2>
x
→
∞
x\to \infty
x→∞
令
t
=
x
−
1
t=x^{-1}
t=x−1,
x
→
+
∞
⇔
t
→
0
+
x\to +\infty \Leftrightarrow t\to 0^{+}
x→+∞⇔t→0+,
此时条件变形为
lim
t
→
0
+
f
(
t
−
1
)
=
lim
t
→
0
+
g
(
t
−
1
)
=
0
\lim _{t\to 0^{+} }f\left ( t^{-1} \right )=\lim _{t\to 0^{+} }g\left ( t^{-1} \right )=0
limt→0+f(t−1)=limt→0+g(t−1)=0,且
lim
t
→
0
+
f
′
(
t
−
1
)
g
′
(
t
−
1
)
=
A
\lim _{t\to 0^{+} }\frac{f^{\prime } \left ( t^{-1} \right )}{g^{\prime } \left ( t^{-1} \right )}=A
limt→0+g′(t−1)f′(t−1)=A,
根据定理2.1,
f
(
t
−
1
)
f\left ( t^{-1} \right )
f(t−1),
g
(
t
−
1
)
g\left ( t^{-1} \right )
g(t−1)在去心邻域
U
˚
(
x
0
,
δ
)
(
δ
>
0
)
\mathring{U}\left ( x_{0},\delta \right )(\delta>0)
U˚(x0,δ)(δ>0)上可导,且
g
′
(
t
−
1
)
≠
0
g^{\prime }\left ( t^{-1} \right )\neq 0
g′(t−1)=0,
直接应用<1>的结论,
lim
x
→
+
∞
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
=
lim
t
→
0
+
f
(
t
−
1
)
g
(
t
−
1
)
=
lim
t
→
0
+
[
f
(
t
−
1
)
]
′
[
g
(
t
−
1
)
]
′
=
lim
t
→
0
+
−
t
−
2
f
′
(
t
−
1
)
−
t
−
2
g
′
(
t
−
1
)
=
lim
t
→
0
+
f
′
(
t
−
1
)
g
′
(
t
−
1
)
=
lim
x
→
+
∞
f
′
(
x
)
g
′
(
x
)
\begin{array}{l} &\lim _{x\to +\infty }\frac{f\left ( x \right ) }{g\left ( x \right ) } \\ =&\lim _{t\to 0^{+} } \frac{f\left ( t^{-1} \right ) }{g\left ( t^{-1} \right ) } \\ =&\lim _{t\to 0^{+} }\frac{\left [ f\left ( t^{-1} \right ) \right ]^{\prime } }{\left [ g\left ( t^{-1} \right ) \right ]^{\prime } } \\ =& \lim _{t\to 0^{+} }\frac{-t^{-2}f^{\prime }\left ( t^{-1} \right ) }{-t^{-2}g^{\prime }\left ( t^{-1} \right )}\\ =& \lim _{t\to 0^{+} }\frac{f^{\prime }\left ( t^{-1} \right )}{g^{\prime }\left ( t^{-1} \right )} \\ =&\lim _{x\to +\infty }\frac{f^{\prime }\left ( x \right ) }{g^{\prime }\left ( x \right ) } \end{array}
=====limx→+∞g(x)f(x)limt→0+g(t−1)f(t−1)limt→0+[g(t−1)]′[f(t−1)]′limt→0+−t−2g′(t−1)−t−2f′(t−1)limt→0+g′(t−1)f′(t−1)limx→+∞g′(x)f′(x)
(2)
不妨设
lim
x
→
x
0
+
f
(
x
)
=
lim
x
→
x
0
+
g
(
x
)
=
+
∞
\lim _{x\to x_{0}^{+} }f\left ( x \right )=\lim _{x\to x_{0}^{+} }g\left ( x \right )=+\infty
limx→x0+f(x)=limx→x0+g(x)=+∞。
<1>
lim
x
→
x
0
f
′
(
x
)
g
′
(
x
)
=
A
\lim _{x\to x_{0} }\frac{f^{\prime } \left ( x \right )}{g^{\prime } \left ( x \right )}=A
limx→x0g′(x)f′(x)=A
由极限定义,
∀
ε
>
0
\forall \varepsilon >0
∀ε>0,
∃
ρ
>
0
\exists \rho>0
∃ρ>0:
∀
x
∈
(
x
0
,
x
0
+
ρ
)
\forall x\in \left ( x_{0},x_{0}+\rho \right )
∀x∈(x0,x0+ρ),
∣
f
′
(
x
)
g
′
(
x
)
−
A
∣
<
ε
2
\left | \frac{f^{\prime }\left ( x \right ) }{g^{\prime }\left ( x \right ) }-A \right |<\frac{\varepsilon }{2}
g′(x)f′(x)−A
<2ε(1),
根据Cauchy中值定理,
∃
ξ
∈
(
x
,
x
0
+
ρ
)
\exists \xi \in \left ( x ,x_{0}+\rho \right )
∃ξ∈(x,x0+ρ):
f
′
(
ξ
)
g
′
(
ξ
)
=
f
(
x
)
−
f
(
x
0
+
ρ
)
g
(
x
)
−
g
(
x
0
+
ρ
)
\frac{f^{\prime }\left ( \xi \right ) }{g^{\prime }\left ( \xi \right ) }=\frac{f\left ( x \right )-f\left ( x_{0} +\rho \right ) }{g\left ( x \right )-g \left ( x_{0} +\rho \right ) }
g′(ξ)f′(ξ)=g(x)−g(x0+ρ)f(x)−f(x0+ρ),
将
ξ
\xi
ξ代换(1)中的
x
x
x,可得
A
−
ε
2
<
f
′
(
ξ
)
g
′
(
ξ
)
<
A
+
ε
2
A-\frac{\varepsilon }{2}<\frac{f^{\prime }\left ( \xi \right ) }{g^{\prime }\left ( \xi \right ) } <A+\frac{\varepsilon }{2}
A−2ε<g′(ξ)f′(ξ)<A+2ε(2)。
又有
f
′
(
ξ
)
g
′
(
ξ
)
=
f
(
x
)
−
f
(
x
0
+
ρ
)
g
(
x
)
−
g
(
x
0
+
ρ
)
=
g
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
−
g
(
x
0
+
ρ
)
(
f
(
x
)
−
f
(
x
0
+
ρ
)
g
(
x
)
)
=
g
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
−
g
(
x
0
+
ρ
)
(
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
−
f
(
x
0
+
ρ
)
g
(
x
)
)
\begin{array}{l} &\frac{f^{\prime }\left ( \xi \right ) }{g^{\prime }\left ( \xi \right ) } \\ =& \frac{f\left ( x \right )-f\left ( x_{0} +\rho \right ) }{g\left ( x \right )-g \left ( x_{0} +\rho \right ) } \\ =& \frac{g\left ( x \right ) }{ g\left ( x \right )-g \left ( x_{0} +\rho \right )}\left ( \frac{f\left ( x \right )-f \left ( x_{0} +\rho \right )}{g\left ( x \right ) } \right ) \\ =& \frac{g\left ( x \right ) }{ g\left ( x \right )-g \left ( x_{0} +\rho \right )}\left ( \frac{f\left ( x \right ) }{g\left ( x \right ) }-\frac{f \left ( x_{0} +\rho \right )}{g\left ( x \right ) } \right ) \\ \end{array}
===g′(ξ)f′(ξ)g(x)−g(x0+ρ)f(x)−f(x0+ρ)g(x)−g(x0+ρ)g(x)(g(x)f(x)−f(x0+ρ))g(x)−g(x0+ρ)g(x)(g(x)f(x)−g(x)f(x0+ρ))
(2)变形为
A
−
ε
2
<
g
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
−
g
(
x
0
+
ρ
)
(
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
−
f
(
x
0
+
ρ
)
g
(
x
)
)
<
A
+
ε
2
A-\frac{\varepsilon }{2}< \frac{g\left ( x \right ) }{ g\left ( x \right )-g \left ( x_{0} +\rho \right )}\left ( \frac{f\left ( x \right ) }{g\left ( x \right ) }-\frac{f \left ( x_{0} +\rho \right )}{g\left ( x \right ) } \right ) <A+\frac{\varepsilon }{2}
A−2ε<g(x)−g(x0+ρ)g(x)(g(x)f(x)−g(x)f(x0+ρ))<A+2ε(3),
根据数列极限<2>的定理2.1,
lim
x
→
x
0
+
g
(
x
)
−
g
(
x
0
+
ρ
)
g
(
x
)
=
lim
x
→
x
0
+
(
1
−
g
(
x
0
+
ρ
)
g
(
x
)
)
=
1
\lim_{x\to x_{0}^{+} } \frac{g\left ( x \right )-g \left ( x_{0} +\rho \right )}{ g\left ( x \right ) }=\lim _{x\to x_{0}^{+} } \left ( 1-\frac{g\left ( x_{0}+\rho \right ) }{g\left ( x \right ) } \right )=1
limx→x0+g(x)g(x)−g(x0+ρ)=limx→x0+(1−g(x)g(x0+ρ))=1,
根据函数极限的局部保序性,
∃
0
<
η
<
ρ
\exists 0<\eta <\rho
∃0<η<ρ:
∀
x
(
0
<
x
−
x
0
<
η
)
\forall x\left ( 0<x-x_{0}<\eta \right )
∀x(0<x−x0<η),
g
(
x
)
−
g
(
x
0
+
ρ
)
g
(
x
)
>
0
\frac{g\left ( x \right )-g \left ( x_{0} +\rho \right )}{ g\left ( x \right ) } >0
g(x)g(x)−g(x0+ρ)>0;
将(3)两侧同乘
g
(
x
)
−
g
(
x
0
+
ρ
)
g
(
x
)
>
0
\frac{g\left ( x \right )-g \left ( x_{0} +\rho \right )}{ g\left ( x \right ) } >0
g(x)g(x)−g(x0+ρ)>0,并加上
f
(
x
0
+
ρ
)
g
(
x
)
\frac{f \left ( x_{0} +\rho \right )}{g\left ( x \right ) }
g(x)f(x0+ρ),可得
(
A
−
ε
2
)
g
(
x
)
−
g
(
x
0
+
ρ
)
g
(
x
)
+
f
(
x
0
+
ρ
)
g
(
x
)
<
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
<
(
A
+
ε
2
)
g
(
x
)
−
g
(
x
0
+
ρ
)
g
(
x
)
+
f
(
x
0
+
ρ
)
g
(
x
)
\left ( A-\frac{\varepsilon }{2} \right )\frac{g\left ( x \right )-g \left ( x_{0} +\rho \right )}{ g\left ( x \right ) }+\frac{f \left ( x_{0} +\rho \right )}{g\left ( x \right ) }<\frac{f\left ( x \right ) }{g\left ( x \right ) }<\left ( A+\frac{\varepsilon }{2} \right )\frac{g\left ( x \right )-g \left ( x_{0} +\rho \right )}{ g\left ( x \right ) }+\frac{f \left ( x_{0} +\rho \right )}{g\left ( x \right ) }
(A−2ε)g(x)g(x)−g(x0+ρ)+g(x)f(x0+ρ)<g(x)f(x)<(A+2ε)g(x)g(x)−g(x0+ρ)+g(x)f(x0+ρ),
又有
lim
x
→
x
0
+
[
(
A
−
ε
2
)
g
(
x
)
−
g
(
x
0
+
ρ
)
g
(
x
)
+
f
(
x
0
+
ρ
)
g
(
x
)
]
=
A
−
ε
2
\lim_{x\to x_{0}^{+} } \left [ \left ( A-\frac{\varepsilon }{2} \right )\frac{g\left ( x \right )-g \left ( x_{0} +\rho \right )}{ g\left ( x \right ) }+\frac{f \left ( x_{0} +\rho \right )}{g\left ( x \right ) } \right ]=A-\frac{\varepsilon }{2}
limx→x0+[(A−2ε)g(x)g(x)−g(x0+ρ)+g(x)f(x0+ρ)]=A−2ε,
引用函数极限的局部保号性,
∃
0
<
δ
<
η
<
ρ
\exists 0<\delta <\eta <\rho
∃0<δ<η<ρ:
∀
x
(
0
<
x
−
x
0
<
δ
)
\forall x\left ( 0<x-x_{0}<\delta \right )
∀x(0<x−x0<δ),
A
−
ε
2
≤
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
A-\frac{\varepsilon }{2}\le \frac{f\left ( x \right ) }{g\left ( x \right ) }
A−2ε≤g(x)f(x);
同理,
∃
0
<
δ
<
η
<
ρ
\exists 0<\delta <\eta <\rho
∃0<δ<η<ρ:
∀
x
(
0
<
x
−
x
0
<
δ
)
\forall x\left ( 0<x-x_{0}<\delta \right )
∀x(0<x−x0<δ),
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
≤
A
+
ε
2
\frac{f\left ( x \right ) }{g\left ( x \right ) }\le A+\frac{\varepsilon }{2}
g(x)f(x)≤A+2ε,
综上所述,
∀
ε
>
0
,
∃
δ
>
0
:
∀
x
(
0
<
x
−
x
0
<
δ
)
,
A
−
ε
<
A
−
ε
2
≤
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
≤
A
+
ε
2
<
A
+
ε
\forall \varepsilon >0,\exists \delta >0:\forall x\left ( 0<x-x_{0}<\delta \right ),A-\varepsilon < A-\frac{\varepsilon }{2}\le \frac{f\left ( x \right ) }{g\left ( x \right ) }\le A+\frac{\varepsilon }{2}<A+\varepsilon
∀ε>0,∃δ>0:∀x(0<x−x0<δ),A−ε<A−2ε≤g(x)f(x)≤A+2ε<A+ε,即
lim
x
→
x
0
+
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
=
A
\lim_{x\to x_{0}^{+} }\frac{f\left ( x \right ) }{g\left ( x \right ) }=A
limx→x0+g(x)f(x)=A。
<2>
lim
x
→
x
0
f
′
(
x
)
g
′
(
x
)
=
∞
\lim _{x\to x_{0} }\frac{f^{\prime } \left ( x \right )}{g^{\prime } \left ( x \right )}=\infty
limx→x0g′(x)f′(x)=∞
由无穷大量定义,
∀
G
>
0
\forall G >0
∀G>0,
∃
ρ
>
0
\exists \rho>0
∃ρ>0:
∀
x
∈
(
x
0
,
x
0
+
ρ
)
\forall x\in \left ( x_{0},x_{0}+\rho \right )
∀x∈(x0,x0+ρ),
∣
f
′
(
x
)
g
′
(
x
)
−
A
∣
>
2
G
\left | \frac{f^{\prime }\left ( x \right ) }{g^{\prime }\left ( x \right ) }-A \right |>2G
g′(x)f′(x)−A
>2G(1),
根据Cauchy中值定理,
∃
ξ
∈
(
x
,
x
0
+
ρ
)
\exists \xi \in \left ( x ,x_{0}+\rho \right )
∃ξ∈(x,x0+ρ):
f
′
(
ξ
)
g
′
(
ξ
)
=
f
(
x
)
−
f
(
x
0
+
ρ
)
g
(
x
)
−
g
(
x
0
+
ρ
)
\frac{f^{\prime }\left ( \xi \right ) }{g^{\prime }\left ( \xi \right ) }=\frac{f\left ( x \right )-f\left ( x_{0} +\rho \right ) }{g\left ( x \right )-g \left ( x_{0} +\rho \right ) }
g′(ξ)f′(ξ)=g(x)−g(x0+ρ)f(x)−f(x0+ρ),
将
ξ
\xi
ξ代换(1)中的
x
x
x,可得
f
′
(
ξ
)
g
′
(
ξ
)
>
2
G
\frac{f^{\prime }\left ( \xi \right ) }{g^{\prime }\left ( \xi \right ) } >2G
g′(ξ)f′(ξ)>2G(2)。
又有
f
′
(
ξ
)
g
′
(
ξ
)
=
f
(
x
)
−
f
(
x
0
+
ρ
)
g
(
x
)
−
g
(
x
0
+
ρ
)
=
g
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
−
g
(
x
0
+
ρ
)
(
f
(
x
)
−
f
(
x
0
+
ρ
)
g
(
x
)
)
=
g
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
−
g
(
x
0
+
ρ
)
(
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
−
f
(
x
0
+
ρ
)
g
(
x
)
)
\begin{array}{l} &\frac{f^{\prime }\left ( \xi \right ) }{g^{\prime }\left ( \xi \right ) } \\ =& \frac{f\left ( x \right )-f\left ( x_{0} +\rho \right ) }{g\left ( x \right )-g \left ( x_{0} +\rho \right ) } \\ =& \frac{g\left ( x \right ) }{ g\left ( x \right )-g \left ( x_{0} +\rho \right )}\left ( \frac{f\left ( x \right )-f \left ( x_{0} +\rho \right )}{g\left ( x \right ) } \right ) \\ =& \frac{g\left ( x \right ) }{ g\left ( x \right )-g \left ( x_{0} +\rho \right )}\left ( \frac{f\left ( x \right ) }{g\left ( x \right ) }-\frac{f \left ( x_{0} +\rho \right )}{g\left ( x \right ) } \right ) \\ \end{array}
===g′(ξ)f′(ξ)g(x)−g(x0+ρ)f(x)−f(x0+ρ)g(x)−g(x0+ρ)g(x)(g(x)f(x)−f(x0+ρ))g(x)−g(x0+ρ)g(x)(g(x)f(x)−g(x)f(x0+ρ))
(2)变形为
g
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
−
g
(
x
0
+
ρ
)
(
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
−
f
(
x
0
+
ρ
)
g
(
x
)
)
>
2
G
\frac{g\left ( x \right ) }{ g\left ( x \right )-g \left ( x_{0} +\rho \right )}\left ( \frac{f\left ( x \right ) }{g\left ( x \right ) }-\frac{f \left ( x_{0} +\rho \right )}{g\left ( x \right ) } \right ) >2G
g(x)−g(x0+ρ)g(x)(g(x)f(x)−g(x)f(x0+ρ))>2G(3),
根据数列极限<2>的定理2.1,
lim
x
→
x
0
+
g
(
x
)
−
g
(
x
0
+
ρ
)
g
(
x
)
=
lim
x
→
x
0
+
(
1
−
g
(
x
0
+
ρ
)
g
(
x
)
)
=
1
\lim_{x\to x_{0}^{+} } \frac{g\left ( x \right )-g \left ( x_{0} +\rho \right )}{ g\left ( x \right ) }=\lim _{x\to x_{0}^{+} } \left ( 1-\frac{g\left ( x_{0}+\rho \right ) }{g\left ( x \right ) } \right )=1
limx→x0+g(x)g(x)−g(x0+ρ)=limx→x0+(1−g(x)g(x0+ρ))=1,
根据函数极限的局部保序性,
∃
0
<
η
<
ρ
\exists 0<\eta <\rho
∃0<η<ρ:
∀
x
(
0
<
x
−
x
0
<
η
)
\forall x\left ( 0<x-x_{0}<\eta \right )
∀x(0<x−x0<η),
g
(
x
)
−
g
(
x
0
+
ρ
)
g
(
x
)
>
0
\frac{g\left ( x \right )-g \left ( x_{0} +\rho \right )}{ g\left ( x \right ) } >0
g(x)g(x)−g(x0+ρ)>0;
将(3)两侧同乘
g
(
x
)
−
g
(
x
0
+
ρ
)
g
(
x
)
>
0
\frac{g\left ( x \right )-g \left ( x_{0} +\rho \right )}{ g\left ( x \right ) } >0
g(x)g(x)−g(x0+ρ)>0,并加上
f
(
x
0
+
ρ
)
g
(
x
)
\frac{f \left ( x_{0} +\rho \right )}{g\left ( x \right ) }
g(x)f(x0+ρ),可得
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
>
2
G
(
g
(
x
)
−
g
(
x
0
+
ρ
)
g
(
x
)
)
+
f
(
x
0
+
ρ
)
g
(
x
)
\frac{f\left ( x \right ) }{g\left ( x \right )}>2G\left ( \frac{g\left ( x \right )-g \left ( x_{0} +\rho \right )}{ g\left ( x \right ) } \right )+\frac{f \left ( x_{0} +\rho \right )}{g\left ( x \right ) }
g(x)f(x)>2G(g(x)g(x)−g(x0+ρ))+g(x)f(x0+ρ),
引用函数极限的局部保号性,
∃
0
<
δ
<
η
<
ρ
\exists 0<\delta <\eta <\rho
∃0<δ<η<ρ:
∀
x
(
0
<
x
−
x
0
<
δ
)
\forall x\left ( 0<x-x_{0}<\delta \right )
∀x(0<x−x0<δ),
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
≥
2
G
\frac{f\left ( x \right ) }{g\left ( x \right ) }\ge 2G
g(x)f(x)≥2G;
综上所述,
∀
G
>
0
,
∃
δ
>
0
:
∀
x
(
0
<
x
−
x
0
<
δ
)
,
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
≥
2
G
>
G
\forall G >0,\exists \delta >0:\forall x\left ( 0<x-x_{0}<\delta \right ),\frac{f\left ( x \right ) }{g\left ( x \right ) }\ge 2G>G
∀G>0,∃δ>0:∀x(0<x−x0<δ),g(x)f(x)≥2G>G。
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