东北大学软件项目管理与过程改进复习提纲（2020）——第二章

整体结构

1 项目管理的系统观

1、系统思维（system thinking）：描述了在组织的背景中执行项目的整体观点

1.1 什么是系统方法

1、系统方法（System approach）：采用整体的和分析的方法来解决复杂问题

2、系统（System）：为达到某些目的而在一个环境中运行的、相互作用的要素组成的集合。例如：人体的各个系统

3、系统哲学（System philosophy）：一整套系统的思考事物的思维模式

4、系统分析（System analysis）：解决问题的一种方法，定义所研究系统的范围，然后将它分解为各个部分来确认与评估相应的问题、机会、约束和需求

5、系统管理（System management）：处理与系统的创建、维护和改变相关的业务、技术和组织问题

1.2 系统管理的三球模型

业务、组织、技术

2 了解组织

2.1 4个框架

1、结构框架：关注不同团体的角色和责任，以满足高层管理指定的目标和政策

2、人力资源框架：关注组织需求和个人需求之间的协调

3、政治框架：解决组织和个人的政治问题

4、符号框架：关注符号和意义

2.2 组织结构

项目经理在纯粹的项目型组织中具有最大的权威，在矩阵型结构中具有中等权威，在纯粹的职能型结构中具有最少的权威

2.3 组织文化

1、组织文化是一系列共同的能够刻画组织职能的设想、价值和行为

2、组织文化会影响项目管理。

3、10个组织文化

• 成员认同度（member identity）：员工将组织视为一个整体而不仅仅是工作类型或职位的认同程度
• 团队专注度（group emphasis）：员工的工作活动围绕着团队而不是个人的程度
• 人员聚集度（people focus）：管理决策考虑组织中人员的产出结果效果的程度
• 单元集成度（unit Integration）：在组织中鼓励单元或者部门相互合作的程度
• 控制力（control）：使用规则、政策和直接监管来监督与控制员工行为的程度
• 抗风险能力：员工被孤立具有进取心、创新性和冒险精神的程度
• 奖励标准：奖励的分配按照员工的绩效
• 抗冲突能力：鼓励员工把意见和批评公开化的程度
• 结果向导度：管理着眼于产出而不是完成这些结果所需要的技术和过程的程度
• 开放系统聚集度：组织对外部环境改变的检测和响应程度

3 干系人管理

1、项目经理必须能够识别并理解项目中的所有干系人的不同需要

3.1 高层管理的承诺

1、高层管理的承诺非常重要

2、一些项目有一个称为倡导者（champion）的高级经理，扮演着项目的关键支持者

3、项目发起人可以担任倡导者

4、但是，通常其他管理人员能够更成功的承担这个角色

3.2 信息技术对组织承诺的需求

1、组织对信息技术的支持对于IT项目的成功十分重要

3.3 组织对标准的需求

1、开发标准和原则能够帮助大多数组织更好的管理项目

4 项目阶段和项目生命周期

1、项目生命周期是一系列项目阶段的集合

2、可交付成果：一种产品或者服务

3、项目可行性阶段（概念和开发）

• 概念：经理通常开发一些业务案例来描述项目的需求和基本的底层概念，第一个阶段给出一个初步的成本估算，同时产生所涉及项目工作的大概内容
• 开发：建立更详细的项目管理计划、更加精确的成本估算、更加详细的WBS

4、项目获取阶段

• 实施：明确的成本估算、交付需要的工作、向干系人提供绩效报告
• 收尾：所有的工作都已经完成，一个由客户对整个项目进行接收。项目团队在总结报告中总结项目经验。

4.1 产品生命周期

1、系统开发生命周期（SDLC）：描述开发信息系统的不同阶段的框架

• 可预测生命周期模式
  瀑布式
  螺旋式
  渐增式
  原型
  快速应用开发（RAD）
• 自适应软件开发（ASD）
  源于RAD
  ASD方法统称为敏捷软件开发

4.2 项目阶段和管理评审的重要性

1、管理评审：阶段出口、检查点

5 IT项目环境

5.1 IT项目本质

1、IT项目多变

2、IT项目支持每一种可能的行业和业务功能

5.2 IT项目团队成员的特征

1、人员具有不同的背景和技能

5.3 多样性的技术

6 影响IT项目管理的趋势

6.1 全球化

6.2 外包

6.3 虚拟团队

6.4 敏捷项目管理

6.5 敏捷软件开发宣言

6.6 Scrum

6.7 敏捷从业认证ACP

7 例题

10、Which approach to product development is currently used by many organizations so a predictive set of steps is used as an overall means to coordinate more detailed steps that are adaptively managed?
A. Predictive
B. Adaptive
C. Incremental
D. Hybrid

D

11、In what type of organizational structure do project managers have the most authority?
A. Matrix
B. Proiect
C. Functional
D. Circular

B

12、Which observation is true of the agile approach to software development?
A. In the agile method, requirements and solutions evolve through collaboration
B. In the agile approach, requirements must be clearly expressed early in the life cycle
C. Agile is a predictive model of software development
D. An agile approach sets scope goals, but leaves time and cost goals flexible

A

13、In organizational culture. what does means-end orientation refer to?
A. The degree to which rules, policies, and direct supervision are used to oversee and control employee behavio
B. The degree to which employees are encouraged to be aggressive, innovative, and risk seeking
C. The degree to which management focuses on outcomes rather than on techniques and processes used to achieve results
D. The degree to which the organization monitors and responds to changes in the external environment

C

14、Which perspective of an organization focuses on different groups’ roles and responsibilities in order to meet the goals and policies set by top management?
A. Symbolic frame
B. Structural frame
C. Hultan resources frame
D. Political frame

B

15、Which characteristic of organizational culture refers to the degree to which employees identify with the organization as a whole, rather than with their types of job or profession?
A. People focus
B. Group emphasis
C. Unit integration
D. Member identity

D

16、Which term refers to a product or service, such as a technical report, a training session, a piece of hardware, or a segment of software code, produced or provided as part of a project?
A. Resource
B. System
C. Input
D. Deliverable

D

17、Which problem-solving approach requires defining the scope of a system, dividing it into its components, and then identifying and evaluating its problems, opportunities, constraints, and needs?
A. Systems analysis
B. Independent component analysis
C. Linear programming
D. Principal component analysis

A

18、The _____model uses an approach in which developers work with an evolving prototype, using tools such as computer-aided software engineering, joint requirements planning, and joint application design to facilitate rapid prototyping and code generation
A. spiral life cycle
B. prototyping life cycle
C. RAD life cycle
D. waterfall life cycle

C

19、In a _____organizational structure, personnel often report to both a functional manager and one or more project managers
A. functional
B. project
C. symbolic
D. Matrix

D

20、_____refers to a set of shared assumptions, values, and behaviors that characterize the functioning of an organization.
A.Chain of command
B. Organizational culture
C. Organizational structure
D. Line of control

B

21、In which product life cycle the scope, schedule, and cost are determined early, and changes to scope are carefully managed?
A. Iterative
B. Adaptive
C. Predictive
D. Incremental

C

22、Which characteristic of organizational culture refers to the degree to which the organization monitors and responds to changes in the external environment?
A. Means-ends orientation
B. Risk tolerance
C. Conflict tolerance
D. Open-systems focus

D

23、Projects must operate in a broad organizational environment, and project managers need to consider projects within the greater organizational context. Which approach describes the holistic view of carrying out projects within the context of the organization?
A. Reductionism
B. Systems thinking
C. Linear analysis
D. The silo approach

B

24、Which is a disadvantage for virtual teams compared to traditional teams?
A. Reduced dependence on technology and processes for accomplishing work
B. Increased costs for office space and support
C. Reduced opportunities for informal transfer of information
D. Limited flexibility in team working hours

C

25、In what type of organizational structure do project managers have the least amount of authority?
A.Matrix
B.Project
C. Circular
D. Functional

D

26、In organizational culture, what does control refer to?
A. The degree to which employees are encouraged to be aggressive. innovative, and risk seeking
B. The degree to which management focuses on outcomes rather than on techniques and processes used to achieve results
C. The degree to which rules, policies, and direct supervision are used to oversee employee behavior
D. The degree to which the organization monitors and responds to changes in the external environment

C

27、Which characteristic of organizational culture describes the degree to which management’s decisions take into account the effect of outcomes on people within the organization?
A. Member identity
B. Group emphasis
C. Unit Integration
D. People focus

D

28、Which perspective on organizations assumes that organizations are coalitions composed of varied individuals and interest groups?
A. Structural frame
B. Political frame
C. Human resources frame
D. Symbolic frame

B

29、Which characteristic of organizational culture refers to the degree to which departments within an organization are encouraged to coordinate with each other?
A. Unit integration
B. Group emphasis
C. Member identity
D. People focus

A

30、In organizational culture, what does people focus refer to?
A. The degree to which management’s decisions take into account the effect of outcomes on employees within the organization
B. The degree to which employees are encouraged to be aggressive, innovative, and risk seeking
C. The degree to which rules, policies, and direct supervision are used to oversee and control employee behavior
D. The degree to which the organization monitors and responds to changes in the external environment

A

31、In which systems development life cycle do model developers use a model to generate functional requirements and physical design specifications simultaneously?
A. Prototyping life cycle
B. Waterfall life cycle
C. RAD life cycle
D. Spiral life cycle

A

32、In a ____organizational structure, program managers, rather than functional managers or vice presidents, report to the CEO. Their staffs have a variety of skills needed to complete all required tasks within thelr programs
A. Project
B. functional
C. matrix
D.Symbolic

A

33、Select an example of external stakeholders for an organization.
A. Employees
B. Competitors
C. Functional managers
D. Top managers

b