【考研英语语法】引语（从句入门必备）

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引语

引语练习题

类型	习题地址
1. 直接引语与间接引语	点击跳转
2. tell 与 say	点击跳转
3. 直接引语转化为间接宾语	点击跳转
4. 直接引语为特殊疑问句转为间接引语时注意	点击跳转
5. 一般疑问句转化为间接引语	点击跳转
6. Present reporting verbs	点击跳转
7. Ask questions politely	点击跳转
8. 关键词替换	点击跳转
9. 间接引语 + 不定式	点击跳转
10. 特殊情况补充	点击跳转

前言知识（有助于理解后文）

特殊疑问句：

疑问代词： what, who, whose, whom, which, when, whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever
疑问副词： when, where, how, why
疑问代词是对陈述句的主语，宾语，或者定语提问，即做句子的主语，宾语或定语
疑问副词是对时间，地点，方式等状语提问
what 什么 | what about … 怎么样 | what for 为何 | what happen 发生了什么
what time 什么时间 | what day 星期几 | what date 什么日期 | what color 什么颜色 | what place 什么地点 | what proportion 什么比例 | what is the cost 成本是多少
how (what about) (how about) … 怎么样 | how old 多大 | how many / how much 多少 | how far 多远 | how long 多长 | how soon 多快 | how often / how frequently 多久一次 | how come 怎么发生的 | how so / how’s that 怎么，如何这样的
when (what time) 什么时间 | where (what place) 在哪里 | why (what for) 为什么
which 哪一个 | who 谁 | whose 谁的

二、疑问代词

1. what

what 引导的疑问句： 可以对主语、表语和宾语提问

What is your bag? 你包里有什么？
There are some books in it./Some books are in it. 在包里有一些书
What did you buy? 你买了什么？
I bought a pen. 我买了支铅笔
What’s this? 这是什么？
It’s a cat. 这是一只猫
What’s your father？你父亲是干什么的？
He is a doctor. 他是一名医生

2. which

which 引导的疑问句： 可以对主语和宾语提问

Which is Tom’s ? 哪个是汤姆的？
This is his. 这是他的
Which does he want? 他想要哪一个？
He wants the yellow one. 他想要那个黄色的

3. who /whose /whom

who/whose/whom 引导的疑问句： 可以对主语、表语和宾语提问

Who bought the pencils? 谁买的这些铅笔？ Ms. Smart did. 斯玛特老师买的
Who is that girl? 那个女孩是谁？She is my sister. 她是我姐姐
whose 之后如果没有名词，表示 “谁的东西…”
Whose is this sweater? 这件毛衣是谁的？This sweater is my brother’s. 是我哥哥的

三、疑问形容词

what、which、whose 后面跟名词时，这三个疑问词起形容词的作用
Whose teacher is very nice? 谁的老师很和蔼？ Linda’s teacher is very nice. 琳达的老师很和蔼
What food do you like? 你喜欢什么食物？ I like rice. 我喜欢米饭
Which bag did you buy? 哪个包是你买的？I took the green one. 那个绿色的包是我买的
Whose T-shirts are these? 这些是谁的T恤衫？They are ours. 这些是我们的

四、疑问副词

疑问副词在句中作状语，所以它们不可能对主语提问

1. when

when： 询问时间

When were you born? 你何时出生？I was born on July 16, 1974. 我是1974年7月16日出生的
When will you go to Canada? 你什么时候去加拿大？Next month. 下个月

回答 when 时不一定指出具体时间点，回答 what time 时，则必须说出具体时间点，如 at two o’clock 等

when 问的是具体时间，所以不能和完成时连用，需要用 how long

❌ When have you been here? 错误

✔️ How long have you been here? 正确，你在这里有多久了？

2. why

why： 询问原因，回答只能用 because 引导的原因状语从句

Why are you late? 你为什么迟到？Because I slept late. 因为我起晚了
Why didn’t you watch TV? 你为什么不看电视？Because I was very tired. 因为我太累了

3. where

where： 询问地点、场所

Where is Tian’anmen Square? 天安门广场在哪里？ It’s in Beijing. 在北京
Where are you going? 你准备去什么地方？ I’m going to the park. 我准备去公园

4. how

how： 询问如何做某事及健康、天气

How do you go to work? 你怎么上班？ by bike. 骑车上班
How are you? 你身体怎样？I’m fine. 我很好
How is the weather today? 今天天气如何？ It’s rainy. 今天有雨
How big is Beijing? 北京有多大

一、变倒装语序为陈述语序

当把一个特殊疑问句当作名词来使用时，需要先将疑问句的倒装语序变成陈述句语序，然后分别充当另一个句子的主语、宾语、表语或同位语等四种成分，即构成主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句或同位语从句等四种名词从句。
用特殊疑问句来充当句子成分时，一定要将特殊问句的语序变成陈述句语序。

二、特殊疑问词作主语，无需调整句子语序

需要注意的是，如果特殊疑问词在句中作主语，则特殊疑问句无需调整语序而直接作成分，因为此时的问句即是一个陈述句语序。
- Who will hold the party?
  Who will hold the party has not yet been decided.
- Who did it? She did it.
  l don’t know who did it .
- Who is she ? She is Lina.
  l don’t know who she is.

1. 直接引语与间接引语

① used to tell people what somebody said or thought 通常告诉人们某人说了什么或者认为什么

“I’m happy.” 直接引语
Jack said that he was happy. 间接引语同时也是宾语从句，这里的 that 可以省略

“I have a problem”
Lucy thought (that) she had a problem.

“My feet are cold”
She told me (that) her feet were cold.

2. tell 与 say

say + … 或者 tell sb + …

She said I was late.

She told me I was late.

They told Anna the wrong time. tell 才能加双宾动词，这里的 told 不能换位 said.

They said nothing to the police.这里只有一个宾语，用 said，不用 told.

3. 直接引语转化为间接宾语

“The children are in England.”
Jack said that his children were in England.

"The computer isn’t working. "
He said that this computer wasn’t working.

“I have a meeting at 4.”
He said that he had a meeting at 4.过去时

"Sue has passed her exam.
Sally told me that Sue had passed her exam.过去的过去，过去完成时

‘I will be late.’
I thought that I would be late.

'You can have ten tickets. ’
The man told me that I could have ten tickets.

‘I doesn’t matter.’
I told him it didn’t matter.过去时

‘I don’t like fish.’
He said that he didn’t like fish.

‘I forgot my keys’
He said that he had forgotten his keys.

总结：
$\quad\quad$ 一般现在时变为一般过去时
$\quad\quad$ 现在完成时变为过去完成时
$\quad\quad$ 一般过去时变为过去完成时
$\quad\quad$ 一般将来时变为过去将来时
$\quad\quad$ 现在进行时变为过去进行时

4. 直接引语为特殊疑问句转为间接引语时注意

陈述句变为特殊疑问句的规则为：先将陈述句变为一般疑问句，然后更具疑问词将问的部分去掉。
反过来将特殊疑问句转化为陈述句：直接将疑问词后面的一般疑问句转化为陈述句

变化规则：有助动词去掉助动词；动词位置调整，变为陈述句；人称，时态注意调整

直接引语疑问句其实就是普通疑问句

Jack said 'Where is John?"
❌ Jack said where was John? 错的，需要转化为陈述句，见变化规则

间接疑问句需要转为陈述句语序
✔️ Jack said where John was. 原有的问句需要改为陈述句

I said “When can you come?”
I said when she could come.

‘What do you want ?
She asked me what I wanted. 含有 do 的疑问句转述间接引语的时候将 do 去掉

‘Where does Andrew live?’ does 去掉
I asked him where Andrew lived. 问地点

5. 直接引语为一般疑问句转化为间接引语

变化：有助动词去掉助动词，动词位置变化，使得句子变为称述句；注意人称；时态；连接词加 if / whether（是否）

Do you know Tim?
He asked me if / whether I knew Tim.

Are you Chinese?
She asked me if / whether I was Chinese.

if 和 whether的区别：if 和 whether 在宾语从句中，都表“是否”，可换用，if 更口语化，whether 正式些。当有 or not 时，一般用 whether，而不用 if。

if 和 whether 区别：
$\quad\quad$ 1、or not 放在 whether 之后时，只能用 whether 不用 if。
$\quad\quad$ 2、在强调任意选择时，用 whether or，此时不用 if 替换 whether。
$\quad\quad$ 3、有歧义时用 whether 不用 if
$\quad\quad$ 4、whether 可以通用。

6. Present reporting verbs

I say / think
He says / thinks. 这里均是一般现在时的情况

'I come from London.
‘Funny, you have a Scottish accent.’

She says that she comes from London, but I think that she has a Scottish accent.

7. Ask questions politely

句型：Do you konow / Can you tell me + 间接引语疑问句（注意语序），其实就是宾语从句

Where does she live?
Can you tell me where she lives? 礼貌用语

Is she at home?
Do you know whether she is at home?礼貌用语

回答型：Sorry, I don’t know where she lives.

I can’t remember whether she’s married. 说委婉一点也即说啰嗦一点

8. 关键词替换

Bill : ‘I like it here.’
Ben: 'Bill said he liked it there

‘I’m going fishing this week.’
He siad he was going fishing that week.

'I’m not working today.
He said he was not working that day.

‘What do you want to do now?’
He asked me what you wanted to do then/next.

常用替换：
here - there、now - then、 this - that 、tomorrow - the next day 、yesterday - the day before 、today - that day、 tonight - that night、 last week - the week before 、next week - the next week

9. 间接引语 + 不定式

ask/tell sb to do

‘Please close the door’
She asked me to close the door.

'Could you phone Eric ’
I asked Lucy to phone Eric.

I always tell you not to worry.

注：只要对于让 sb or 命令 sb 做 sth，就可以用这个结构

10. 特殊情况补充一

看描述的东西是否为一个客观的事实，还是描述的经历的具体动作

① 有明确的时间先后顺序，才需要在过去式 said 这个词之后用过去完成时
比如：A said B … 在 said 后面有明确时间说明在 said 这个词之间完成的，才用过去完成时，表示过去的过去。

‘I saw Lucy a couple of days ago’
In the letter, Jack said he had seen Lucy a couple of days ago.

‘Dinosaurs were around for 250 million years.’ 像这种不需要强调历史变化的，
This guy on TV said that dinosaurs were around for 250 million years.

事件本身是历史上描述的一个客观的历史状况、或新闻、报纸、电视等用过去时，而不用过去完成时。

11. 特殊情况补充二

will - would
am/is - was
are - were
过去式 - had been
can - could
shall - should
may - might

注：如果直接引语中出现的动词形式为 had done/ could / would / might / should / must, 等这一类，在转述为间接引语放在 said 后时，动词无需变化。