常用基础知识2
数列
等差数列
首项为 a 1 a_{1} a1,公差d ( d ≠ 0 ) (d\ne0) (d=0)
通项公式： a n = a 1 + ( n − 1 ) d a_{n}=a_{1}+(n-1)d an=a1+(n−1)d
S n = a 1 n + n − 1 2 d = n 2 ( a 1 + a n ) S_{n}=a_{1}n+\frac{n-1}{2}d=\frac{n}{2}(a_{1}+a_{n}) Sn=a1n+2n−1d=2n(a1+an)
∑ 1 n = n ( n + 1 ) 2 \sum_{1}^{n}=\frac{n(n+1)}{2} ∑1n=2n(n+1)
等比数列
首项 a 1 a_{1} a1，公比为 r ( r ≠ 0 ) r(r\ne0) r(r=0)
通项公式 a n = a 1 q n − 1 a_{n}=a_{1}q^{n-1} an=a1qn−1
前 n 项的和 S n = { n a 1 , q = 1 , a 1 ( 1 − q n ) 1 − q , r ≠ 1. 前 n 项的和 S_{n}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}n a_{1}, & q=1, \\ \frac{a_{1}\left(1-q^{n}\right)}{1-q}, & r \neq 1 .\end{array}\right. 前n项的和Sn={na1,1−qa1(1−qn),q=1,r=1.
常用公式
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1+r+r^{2}+\cdots+r^{n-1}=\frac{1-r^{n}}{1-r}(r \neq 1)
1+r+r2+⋯+rn−1=1−r1−rn(r=1)
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\sum_{k=1}^{n} k=1+2+3+\cdots+n=\frac{n(n+1)}{2}
k=1∑nk=1+2+3+⋯+n=2n(n+1)
∑ k = 1 n k 2 = 1 2 + 2 2 + 3 2 + ⋯ + n 2 = n ( n + 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) 6 \sum_{k=1}^{n} k^{2}=1^{2}+2^{2}+3^{2}+\cdots+n^{2}=\frac{n(n+1)(2 n+1)}{6} k=1∑nk2=12+22+32+⋯+n2=6n(n+1)(2n+1)
裂项相消
∑ i = 1 n 1 k ( k + 1 ) = 1 1 × 2 + 1 2 × 3 + 1 3 × 4 + ⋯ + 1 n ( n + 1 ) = n n + 1 \sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{1}{k(k+1)}=\frac{1}{1 \times 2}+\frac{1}{2 \times 3}+\frac{1}{3 \times 4}+\cdots+\frac{1}{n(n+1)}=\frac{n}{n+1} ∑i=1nk(k+1)1=1×21+2×31+3×41+⋯+n(n+1)1=n+1n
三角函数
特殊值
诱导公式
倍角公式
sin 2 α = 2 sin a cos α , cos 2 α = cos 2 α − sin 2 α = 1 − 2 sin 2 α = 2 cos 2 α − 1 , sin 3 α = − 4 sin 3 α + 3 sin α , cos 3 α = 4 cos 3 α − 3 cos α , tan 2 α = 2 tan α 1 − tan 2 α , cot 2 α = cot 2 α − 1 2 cot α . \begin{array}{l} \sin 2 \alpha=2 \sin a \cos \alpha, \quad \cos 2 \alpha=\cos ^{2} \alpha-\sin ^{2} \alpha=1-2 \sin ^{2} \alpha=2 \cos ^{2} \alpha-1, \\ \sin 3 \alpha=-4 \sin ^{3} \alpha+3 \sin \alpha, \quad \cos 3 \alpha=4 \cos ^{3} \alpha-3 \cos \alpha, \\ \tan 2 \alpha=\frac{2 \tan \alpha}{1-\tan ^{2} \alpha}, \quad \cot 2 \alpha=\frac{\cot ^{2} \alpha-1}{2 \cot \alpha} . \end{array} sin2α=2sinacosα,cos2α=cos2α−sin2α=1−2sin2α=2cos2α−1,sin3α=−4sin3α+3sinα,cos3α=4cos3α−3cosα,tan2α=1−tan2α2tanα,cot2α=2cotαcot2α−1.
半角公式
sin 2 α 2 = 1 2 ( 1 − cos α ) , cos 2 α 2 = 1 2 ( 1 + cos α ) , (降幂公式) sin a 2 = ± 1 − cos a 2 , cos a 2 = ± 1 + cos a 2 , tan α 2 = 1 − cos α sin α = sin α 1 + cos α = ± 1 − cos α 1 + cos α , cot a 2 = sin α 1 − cos α = 1 + cos α sin α = ± 1 + cos α 1 − cos α . \begin{array}{l} \sin ^{2} \frac{\alpha}{2}=\frac{1}{2}(1-\cos \alpha), \quad \cos ^{2} \frac{\alpha}{2}=\frac{1}{2}(1+\cos \alpha), \text { (降幂公式) } \\ \sin \frac{a}{2}=\pm \sqrt{\frac{1-\cos a}{2}}, \cos \frac{a}{2}=\pm \sqrt{\frac{1+\cos a}{2}}, \\ \tan \frac{\alpha}{2}=\frac{1-\cos \alpha}{\sin \alpha}=\frac{\sin \alpha}{1+\cos \alpha}=\pm \sqrt{\frac{1-\cos \alpha}{1+\cos \alpha}}, \\ \cot \frac{a}{2}=\frac{\sin \alpha}{1-\cos \alpha}=\frac{1+\cos \alpha}{\sin \alpha}=\pm \sqrt{\frac{1+\cos \alpha}{1-\cos \alpha}} . \\ \end{array} sin22α=21(1−cosα),cos22α=21(1+cosα), (降幂公式) sin2a=±21−cosa,cos2a=±21+cosa,tan2α=sinα1−cosα=1+cosαsinα=±1+cosα1−cosα,cot2a=1−cosαsinα=sinα1+cosα=±1−cosα1+cosα.
积化和差
考的概率几乎0
sin ( α ± β ) = sin α cos β ± cos α sin β , cos ( α ± β ) = cos α cos β ∓ sin α sin β , tan ( α ± β ) = tan α ± tan β 1 ∓ tan α tan β , cot ( α ± β ) = cot α cot β ∓ 1 cot β ± cot α \begin{array}{l} \sin (\alpha \pm \beta)=\sin \alpha \cos \beta \pm \cos \alpha \sin \beta, \quad \cos (\alpha \pm \beta)=\cos \alpha \cos \beta \mp \sin \alpha \sin \beta, \\ \tan (\alpha \pm \beta)=\frac{\tan \alpha \pm \tan \beta}{1 \mp \tan \alpha \tan \beta}, \quad \cot (\alpha \pm \beta)=\frac{\cot \alpha \cot \beta \mp 1}{\cot \beta \pm \cot \alpha} \end{array} sin(α±β)=sinαcosβ±cosαsinβ,cos(α±β)=cosαcosβ∓sinαsinβ,tan(α±β)=1∓tanαtanβtanα±tanβ,cot(α±β)=cotβ±cotαcotαcotβ∓1
和差化积
sin α + sin β = 2 sin α + β 2 cos α − β 2 , sin α − sin β = 2 sin α − β 2 cos α + β 2 cos α + cos β = 2 cos α + β 2 cos α − β 2 , cos α − cos β = − 2 sin α + β 2 sin α − β 2 . \begin{array}{l} \sin \alpha+\sin \beta=2 \sin \frac{\alpha+\beta}{2} \cos \frac{\alpha-\beta}{2}, \quad \sin \alpha-\sin \beta=2 \sin \frac{\alpha-\beta}{2} \cos \frac{\alpha+\beta}{2} \\ \cos \alpha+\cos \beta=2 \cos \frac{\alpha+\beta}{2} \cos \frac{\alpha-\beta}{2}, \quad \cos \alpha-\cos \beta=-2 \sin \frac{\alpha+\beta}{2} \sin \frac{\alpha-\beta}{2} . \end{array} sinα+sinβ=2sin2α+βcos2α−β,sinα−sinβ=2sin2α−βcos2α+βcosα+cosβ=2cos2α+βcos2α−β,cosα−cosβ=−2sin2α+βsin2α−β.
万能公式
若 u = tan x 2 ( − π < x < π ) , 则 sin x = 2 u 1 + u 2 , cos x = 1 − u 2 1 + u 2 . \text { 若 } u=\tan \frac{x}{2}(-\pi<x<\pi) \text {, 则 } \sin x=\frac{2 u}{1+u^{2}}, \cos x=\frac{1-u^{2}}{1+u^{2}} \text {. } 若 u=tan2x(−π<x<π), 则 sinx=1+u22u,cosx=1+u21−u2.
对数
ln x = 1 2 ln x ln 1 x = − ln x ln ( 1 + 1 x ) = ln x + 1 x = ln ( x + 1 ) − ln x \begin{array}{l} \ln \sqrt{x}=\frac{1}{2} \ln x \\ \ln \frac{1}{x}=-\ln x \\ {\color{Red}\ln \left(1+\frac{1}{x}\right)=\ln \frac{x+1}{x}=\ln (x+1)-\ln x } \end{array} lnx=21lnxlnx1=−lnxln(1+x1)=lnxx+1=ln(x+1)−lnx
一元二次方程基础
因式分解公式
( a + b ) 3 = a 3 + 3 a 2 b + 3 a b 2 + b 3 ( a − b ) 3 = a 2 − 3 a 2 b + 3 a b 2 − b 2 a 3 − b 2 = ( a − b ) ( a 2 + a b + b 2 ) . a 2 − b 2 = ( a + b ) ( a − b ) . a 3 + b 3 = ( a + b ) ( a 2 − a b + b 2 ) a 3 − b 2 = ( a − b ) ( a 2 + a b + b 2 ) a n − b 4 = ( a − b ) ( a n − 1 + a n − 1 b + ⋯ + a b 2 − 2 + b n − 1 ) ( n 是正整数). \begin{array}{ll} {\color{Red} (a+b)^{3}=a^{3}+3 a^{2} b+3 a b^{2}+b^{3}\\ }\\ {\color{Red} (a-b)^{3}=a^{2}-3 a^{2} b+3 a b^{2}-b^{2}\\ }\\ a^{3}-b^{2}=(a-b)\left(a^{2}+a b+b^{2}\right) . \\ a^{2}-b^{2}=(a+b)(a-b) . & \\ {\color{Purple} a^{3}+b^{3}=(a+b)\left(a^{2}-a b+b^{2}\right)} \\ {\color{Purple} a^{3}-b^{2}=(a-b)\left(a^{2}+a b+b^{2}\right)} \\ a^{n}-b^{4}=(a-b)\left(a^{n-1}+a^{n-1} b+\cdots+a b^{2-2}+b^{n-1}\right)(n \text { 是正整数). } \end{array} (a+b)3=a3+3a2b+3ab2+b3(a−b)3=a2−3a2b+3ab2−b2a3−b2=(a−b)(a2+ab+b2).a2−b2=(a+b)(a−b).a3+b3=(a+b)(a2−ab+b2)a3−b2=(a−b)(a2+ab+b2)an−b4=(a−b)(an−1+an−1b+⋯+ab2−2+bn−1)(n 是正整数).
二项式定理
( a + b ) n = ∑ k = 1 0 C ∗ a n − 2 b ∗ = a ∗ + n a − 1 b + n ( n − 1 ) 2 ! a − 2 b 2 + ⋯ + n ( n − 1 ) ⋯ ( n − k + 1 ) k ! a − − 2 b ∗ + ⋯ + n a b − 1 + b ∗ \begin{aligned} (a+b)^{n}=\sum_{k=1}^{0} \mathrm{C}^{*} a^{n-2} b^{*}= & a^{*}+n a^{-1} b+\frac{n(n-1)}{2 !} a^{-2} b^{2}+\cdots+ \\ & \frac{n(n-1) \cdots(n-k+1)}{k !} a^{--2} b^{*}+\cdots+n a b^{-1}+b^{*} \end{aligned} (a+b)n=k=1∑0C∗an−2b∗=a∗+na−1b+2!n(n−1)a−2b2+⋯+k!n(n−1)⋯(n−k+1)a−−2b∗+⋯+nab−1+b∗
杨辉三角形
阶乘
常用不等式
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