Constant electric field
Introduction of constant electric field
维持恒定电流分布的电场称为恒定电场
常见的恒定电场为存在外部恒流源但不包括源的电场
Basic quantities
-
Electric current intensity I I I I = d q d t (1) \tag{1}I=\dfrac{dq}{dt} I=dtdq(1)
-
Electric current density J ⃗ ( v e c t o r ) \vec J \quad(vector) J(vector) J ⃗ = d I d S n ⃗ (2) \tag{2}\vec J=\dfrac{dI}{dS}\vec n J=dSdIn(2)
Basic theorems
- Ohm’s theorem J ⃗ = σ E ⃗ (3) \tag{3}\vec J=\sigma \vec E J=σE(3)
- Joule’s low：电场在导电媒介单位体积中消耗功率 P = E ⃗ ⋅ J ⃗ (4) \tag{4}P=\vec E\cdot \vec J P=E⋅J(4)
proof: 电场力对单位体积内的单位电荷做功设为dA
则 d A = E ⃗ ⋅ d q ⋅ l ⃗ = E ⃗ ⋅ ρ d V ⋅ v d t = E ⃗ ⋅ J ⃗ ⋅ d V ⋅ d t dA=\vec E\cdot dq\cdot \vec l=\vec E\cdot \rho dV\cdot vdt=\vec E\cdot \vec J\cdot dV\cdot dt dA=E⋅dq⋅l=E⋅ρdV⋅vdt=E⋅J⋅dV⋅dt
从而有 P = d P d V = d A / d t d V = E ⃗ ⋅ J ⃗ P=\dfrac{dP}{dV}=\dfrac{dA/dt}{dV}=\vec E\cdot \vec J P=dVdP=dVdA/dt=E⋅J
- The law of charge conservation：任意封闭系统内的电荷总量不变，电流流出量=电荷减少量
∮
s
J
⃗
⋅
d
S
=
−
d
q
d
t
=
−
d
d
t
∫
V
ρ
d
V
=
−
∫
V
d
ρ
d
t
d
V
(a)
\tag{a}\begin{aligned}\oint_s\vec J\cdot dS&=-\dfrac{dq}{dt}\\ &=-\dfrac{d}{dt}\int_V\rho dV\\ &=-\int_V\dfrac{d\rho}{dt}dV \end{aligned}
∮sJ⋅dS=−dtdq=−dtd∫VρdV=−∫VdtdρdV(a)
The left equation can be transformed into volume integral by using divergence theorem
∮ s J ⃗ ⋅ d S = ∫ V ∇ ⋅ J ⃗ d V (b) \tag{b}\oint_s\vec J\cdot dS=\int_V\nabla\cdot\vec JdV ∮sJ⋅dS=∫V∇⋅JdV(b)
Bring equation(b) into equation(a),we get
∫ V ∇ ⋅ J ⃗ d V = − ∫ V d ρ d t d V (c) \tag{c}\int_V\nabla\cdot\vec JdV=-\int_V\dfrac{d\rho}{dt}dV ∫V∇⋅JdV=−∫VdtdρdV(c)
Or write as ∇ ⋅ J ⃗ = − d ρ d t (d) \tag{d}\nabla\cdot\vec J=-\dfrac{d\rho}{dt} ∇⋅J=−dtdρ(d)
Since the distribution of charge in constant electric field is a time invariant,so equation(d) can be simplified as follows
∇ ⋅ J ⃗ = 0 (5) \tag{5}\nabla\cdot \vec J=0 ∇⋅J=0(5)
至此，我们已经归结了恒定电场中的基本方程，概况而言：恒定电场是无源无旋场
恒定电场的边界条件
J
1
n
=
J
2
n
(normal direction)
\tag{normal direction}J_{1n}=J_{2n}
J1n=J2n(normal direction)
E
1
t
=
E
2
t
(tangle direction)
\tag{tangle direction}E_{1t}=E_{2t}
E1t=E2t(tangle direction)
静电比拟法
“电源以外的恒定电场” VS “不存在电荷区域的静电场”
恒定电场中的基本量与静电场中的基本量构成对偶关系
Based on these principles，我们提出一种方法：静电比拟法
例如，利用静电比拟法已知电容求电导
内外半径分别为a,b的带电球壳，在两球壳上分别有+Q,-Q的电荷
则其电容
C
=
Q
U
=
Q
∫
a
b
E
⃗
d
r
=
Q
∫
a
b
Q
4
π
ε
0
r
2
d
r
=
4
π
ε
0
1
a
−
1
b
=
4
π
ε
0
a
b
b
−
a
C=\dfrac{Q}{U}=\dfrac{Q}{\int_a^b\vec Edr}=\dfrac{Q}{\int_a^b\dfrac{Q}{4\pi\varepsilon _0r^2}dr}=\dfrac{4\pi\varepsilon_0}{\dfrac{1}{a}-\dfrac{1}{b}}=\dfrac{4\pi\varepsilon_0ab}{b-a}
C=UQ=∫abEdrQ=∫ab4πε0r2QdrQ=a1−b14πε0=b−a4πε0ab
利用静电比拟法，将介电系数 ε 0 \varepsilon_0 ε0换为电导率 σ \sigma σ，即得到该球体对应的球形电导 G G G G = 4 π σ a b b − a (6) \tag{6}G=\dfrac{4\pi\sigma ab}{b-a} G=b−a4πσab(6)
上式可作为结论记住
扫一扫
6955
被折叠的 条评论
为什么被折叠?
到【灌水乐园】发言
