从句详细解析

考研英语中,从句是语法考查的重点之一,掌握从句的用法对理解长难句、写作和翻译都至关重要。以下是关于从句的详细知识点总结:


一、从句的基本概念

从句是依附于主句的句子成分,不能独立存在,由从属连词​(如that, which, when等)或关系词​(如who, whose, where等)引导。从句分为三大类:

  1. 名词性从句​(在句中充当名词)
  2. 定语从句​(修饰名词或代词)
  3. 状语从句​(修饰动词、形容词或整个句子)

二、名词性从句

在句中充当主语、宾语、表语或同位语,由以下连词引导:

  • that​(无实义,仅连接作用,宾语从句中可省略)
  • whether/if​(表“是否”)
  • 疑问词​(what, who, when, where, why, how等)
1. ​主语从句
  • 在句中作主语,位于谓语动词之前。

    • 例句:
      • That he passed the exam surprised us all.(that引导)
      • Whether we can finish the task on time is uncertain.(whether引导)
      • What he said is true.(疑问词引导)
  • 形式主语it:当主语从句较长时,常用it作形式主语,从句后置。

    • 例句:
      • It is obvious that he lied.(真正主语是that从句)
      • It doesn’t matter whether you come early or late.
2. ​宾语从句
  • 在句中作动词或介词的宾语。

    • 例句:
      • I know (that) you are right.(that可省略)
      • She asked if I needed help.(if引导)
      • He didn’t tell me where he went.(疑问词引导)
  • 注意

    • 宾语从句的时态可能与主句时态一致(主句过去时,从句一般用过去时态)。
    • 介词后的宾语从句一般不用if,而用whether。
      • : We talked about whether he would come.
3. ​表语从句
  • 在系动词(be, seem, appear等)后作表语。
    • 例句:
      • The problem is that we lack experience.
      • The question is whether they will agree.
4. ​同位语从句
  • 对抽象名词(fact, idea, belief, news等)进行解释说明,常用that引导。
    • 例句:
      • The news that he won the prize excited us.
      • I have no idea where he is now.

三、定语从句(形容词性从句)​

修饰名词或代词,分为限制性定语从句​(无逗号隔开)和非限制性定语从句​(有逗号隔开,补充说明)。

1. ​关系代词引导
  • who​(指人,作主语或宾语)
    • The man who is talking is my teacher.(作主语)
  • whom​(指人,作宾语,可省略)
    • The girl (whom) you met is my sister.
  • which​(指物,作主语或宾语)
    • The book which is on the desk is mine.(作主语)
  • that​(指人或物,作主语或宾语,不可用于非限制性从句)
    • The car that he bought is expensive.
  • whose​(表所属关系,修饰人或物)
    • The student whose father is a doctor studies hard.
2. ​关系副词引导
  • when​(表时间,先行词为time, day等)
    • I’ll never forget the day when we first met.
  • where​(表地点,先行词为place, city等)
    • This is the school where I studied.
  • why​(表原因,先行词为reason)
    • Tell me the reason why you were late.
3. ​特殊用法
  • 介词+关系代词​(which/whom)
    • The house in which he lives is old.(= where he lives)
  • 非限制性定语从句​(用逗号隔开,不可用that)
    • Tom, who is my friend, works in Beijing.
  • as引导的定语从句
    • As we all know, the earth is round.(固定搭配)
    • Such people as you describe are rare.(such...as结构)

四、状语从句(副词性从句)​

在句中作状语,表示时间、条件、原因等,由从属连词引导。

1. ​时间状语从句
  • 连词:when, while, as, before, after, since, until, as soon as等。
    • 例句:
      • When he arrives, I’ll call you.
      • I’ll wait until you come back.
2. ​条件状语从句
  • 连词:if, unless(除非), as long as(只要)等。
    • 例句:
      • If it rains, we’ll stay at home.
      • You’ll fail unless you work hard.
3. ​原因状语从句
  • 连词:because, since, as, now that(既然)等。
    • 例句:
      • He didn’t come because he was ill.
      • Since you’re busy, I’ll go alone.
4. ​让步状语从句
  • 连词:although, though, even if, no matter how/what等。
    • 例句:
      • Although he tried hard, he failed.
      • No matter what happens, don’t give up.
5. ​目的状语从句
  • 连词:so that, in order that(为了)等。
    • 例句:
      • He studies hard so that he can pass the exam.
6. ​结果状语从句
  • 连词:so...that, such...that(如此…以至于)。
    • 例句:
      • He was so tired that he fell asleep.
      • It’s such a hot day that we stay indoors.
7. ​比较状语从句
  • 连词:than, as...as, not so...as等。
    • 例句:
      • He runs faster than I do.
      • She is as tall as her sister.
8. ​方式状语从句
  • 连词:as, as if/though(好像)。
    • 例句:
      • Do as I told you.
      • He talks as if he knew everything.

五、易错点与注意事项

  1. 区分定语从句和同位语从句

    • 定语从句修饰名词,同位语从句解释名词内容。
      • The fact that he mentioned is true.(定语从句,that作宾语)
      • The fact that he succeeded is true.(同位语从句,that无实义)
  2. 关系词的选择

    • 看先行词是人/物,以及从句中缺少的成分(主语、宾语、状语等)。
    • 非限制性从句中不可用that。
  3. 状语从句的时态

    • 条件/时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替将来时。
      • If it rains tomorrow, we’ll cancel the trip.
  4. 省略现象

    • 状语从句中,若主语与主句一致且含be动词,可省略主语和be。
      • When (he was) asked, he kept silent.

六、真题例句分析

  1. 名词性从句
    • It is widely acknowledged that environmental pollution is a global issue.(主语从句)
  2. 定语从句
    • The researchers found that the cells, which were damaged, could not regenerate.(非限制性定语从句)
  3. 状语从句
    • Unless we take immediate action, the problem will worsen.(条件状语从句)

通过系统掌握以上知识点,结合真题练习,可以显著提升从句的分析和运用能力。建议多拆解长难句,并在写作中灵活运用各类从句以增加句式多样性。

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