《Discrete Mathematic with Applications》读书笔记二

The Logic Of Quantified Statements

predicate calculus

statement calculus(propositional calculus)

2.1 Introduction to Predicates and Quantified Statements I

Formal Versus Informal Language

It is important to be able to translate from formal to informal language when trying to make sense of mathematical concepts that are new to you. It is equally important to be able to translate from informal to formal language when thinking out a complicated problem.

Universal Conditional Statements

Implicit Quantification

2.2 Introduction to Predicates and Quantified Statements II

Negations of Quantified Statements

The negation of a universal statement("all are") is logically

equivalent to an existential statement("some are not")

Note that when we speak of logical equivalence for quantified statements, we mean that the statements

always have identical truth values no matter what predicates are substituted for the predicate variables

and no matter what sets are used for the domains of the predicate variables.

Another way to avoid error when taking negations of statements that are given in informal language is to ask yourself,

"What exactly would it mean for the given statement to be false?" What statement, if true, would be equivalent to saying that the given statement is false?"

Negation of Universal Conditional Statements