The Logic Of Quantified Statements
predicate calculus
statement calculus(propositional calculus)
2.1 Introduction to Predicates and Quantified Statements I
Formal Versus Informal Language
It is important to be able to translate from formal to informal language when trying to make sense of mathematical concepts that are new to you. It is equally important to be able to translate from informal to formal language when thinking out a complicated problem.
Universal Conditional Statements
Implicit Quantification
2.2 Introduction to Predicates and Quantified Statements II
Negations of Quantified Statements
The negation of a universal statement("all are") is logically
equivalent to an existential statement("some are not")
Note that when we speak of logical equivalence for quantified statements, we mean that the statements
always have identical truth values no matter what predicates are substituted for the predicate variables
and no matter what sets are used for the domains of the predicate variables.
Another way to avoid error when taking negations of statements that are given in informal language is to ask yourself,
"What exactly would it mean for the given statement to be false?" What statement, if true, would be equivalent to saying that the given statement is false?"
Negation of Universal Conditional Statements