矩阵及其运算和相关性质

矩阵及其运算

矩阵的定义

定义:由$m\times n$个数$a_{ij}(i=1,2,...,m;j=1,2,...,n)$排成的$m$行$n$列的数表,称为$m$行$n$列矩阵,简称$m\times n$矩阵
$$A=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}{a}_{11}& a_{12}& ...& a_{1n}\\ a_{21}& a_{22}& ...& a_{2n}\\ ...& ...& ...& ...\\ a_{m1}& a_{m2}& ...& a_{mn}\end{array}\right)$$
矩阵的元 : 矩阵$A$中的$m\times n$个元素称为矩阵的元,$a_{ij}$称为矩阵的$(i,j)$元.
矩阵的简记 : $(a_{ij})$或者$(a_{ij}{)}_{m\times n}$或者$A_{m\times n}$
方阵 : 行数与列数都等于$n$的矩阵称为方阵,记做$A_n$
行矩阵 : 只有一行的矩阵$A=(a_1,a_2,...,a_n)$的矩阵叫行矩阵,也称为行向量
列矩阵 : 只有一列的矩阵称作列矩阵,也称为列向量,如下:
$$B=\left(\begin{array}{c}{b}_1\\ b_2\\ .\\ .\\ .\\ b_n\end{array}\right)$$
同形矩阵 : 如果两个矩阵行列数相等,则称为同形矩阵
矩阵相等 : 如果矩阵$A=(a_{ij}{)}_{m\times n}$和矩阵$B=(b_{ij}{)}_{m\times n}$是同形矩阵,并且$A$和$B$的第$(i,j)$元都相等,则矩阵$A$和$B$相等,记做$A=B$
零矩阵 : 矩阵中的元都为零的矩阵,叫做零矩阵,记做 : $0$,该处与一般的零值是有区别的,该处的零为一个矩阵,不是一个数字.
单位矩阵 : (主)对角线上的元素都为1,其他位置的元素都为0的你$n$阶方阵,称作为单位矩阵.
$$E=\left(\begin{array}{cccccc}1& 0& 0& ...& 0& 0\\ 0& 1& 0& ...& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 1& ...& 0& 0\\ ...& ...& ...& 1& ...& ...\\ 0& 0& 0& ...& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& ...& 0& 1\end{array}\right)$$
对角矩阵 : 对于$n$阶方阵,不在对角线上的元都为0的方阵,叫做对角矩阵,记作:
$$\begin{gathered} \Lambda =diag({\lambda }_1,{\lambda }_2,...,{\lambda }_n) \\ =\left(\begin{array}{cccccc}{\lambda }_1& 0& 0& ...& 0& 0\\ 0& {\lambda }_2& 0& ...& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& {\lambda }_3& ...& 0& 0\\ ...& ...& ...& {\lambda }_i& ...& ...\\ 0& 0& 0& ...& {\lambda }_{n-1}& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& ...& 0& {\lambda }_n\end{array}\right) \end{gathered}$$

矩阵运算

矩阵的加法

定义 设有两个同形矩阵$A=(a_{ij}{)}_{m\times n}$和$B=(b_{ij}{)}_{m\times n}$,规定$A+B$矩阵相加为:
$$A+B=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}{a}_{11}+b_{11}& a_{12}+b_{12}& ...& a_{1n}+b_{1n}\\ a_{21}+b_{21}& a_{22}+b_{21}& ...& a_{2n}+b_{2n}\\ ...& ...& ...& ...\\ a_{m1}+b_{m1}& a_{m2}+b_{m2}& ...& a_{mn}+b_{mn}\end{array}\right)$$
数与矩阵相乘
$$\lambda A=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}\lambda a_{11}& \lambda a_{12}& ...& \lambda a_{1n}\\ \lambda a_{21}& \lambda a_{22}& ...& \lambda a_{2n}\\ ...& ...& ...& ...\\ \lambda a_{m1}& \lambda a_{m2}& ...& \lambda a_{mn}\end{array}\right)$$

矩阵与矩阵相乘

定义 如果有$A=(a_{ij}{)}_{m\times s}$为一个$m\times s$矩阵,$B=(b_{ij}{)}_{s\times n}$为一个$s\times n$形矩阵,则定义$A\times B$得到的矩阵为$C=(c_{ij}{)}_{m\times n}$形矩阵:
$$\begin{gathered} A\times B=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}{a}_{11}& a_{12}& ...& a_{1s}\\ a_{21}& a_{22}& ...& a_{2s}\\ ...& ...& ...& ...\\ a_{m1}& a_{m2}& ...& a_{ms}\end{array}\right)\times \left(\begin{array}{cccc}{b}_{11}& b_{12}& ...& b_{1n}\\ b_{21}& b_{22}& ...& b_{2n}\\ ...& ...& ...& ...\\ b_{s1}& b_{s2}& ...& b_{sn}\end{array}\right) \\ {c}_{11}=a_{11}\ast b_{11}+a_{12}\ast b_{21}+...+a_{1j}\ast b_{j1}+...+a_{1s}\ast b_{s1} \\ {c}_{12}=a_{11}\ast b_{12}+a_{12}\ast b_{22}+...+a_{1j}\ast b_{j2}+...+a_{1s}\ast b_{s2} \\ ... \\ {c}_{1n}=a_{11}\ast b_{1n}+a_{12}\ast b_{2n}+...+a_{1j}\ast b_{jn}+...+a_{1s}\ast b_{sn} \\ ... \\ {c}_{2n}=a_{21}\ast b_{1n}+a_{22}\ast b_{2n}+...+a_{2j}\ast b_{jn}+...+a_{2s}\ast b_{sn} \\ {c}_{3n}=a_{31}\ast b_{1n}+a_{32}\ast b_{2n}+...+a_{3j}\ast b_{jn}+...+a_{3s}\ast b_{sn} \\ ... \\ {c}_{mn}=a_{m1}\ast b_{1n}+a_{m2}\ast b_{2n}+...+a_{mj}\ast b_{jn}+...+a_{ms}\ast b_{sn} \end{gathered}$$
由上可得,$C$中第$(i,j)$元的值如下:
c i j = a i 1 b 1 j + a i 2 b 2 j + . . . + a i s b s j = ∑ k = 1 s a i k b k j   i ∈ { 1 , 2 , . . . , m } ;   j ∈ { 1 , 2 , . . . , n } c_{ij} = a_{i1}b_{1j}+a_{i2}b_{2j}+...+a_{is}b_{sj} = \sum_{k=1}^s a_{ik}b_{kj}\\ \space \\ i \isin \{1,2,...,m\}; \space j \isin \{1,2,...,n\} cij​=ai1​b1j​+ai2​b2j​+...+ais​bsj​=k=1∑s​aik​bkj​ i∈{1,2,...,m}; j∈{1,2,...,n}
矩阵乘法的性质
1. $(AB)C=A(BC)$
2. $\lambda (AB)=(\lambda A)B=A(\lambda B)$其中$\lambda$为一个数
3. $(A+B)C=AC+BC$     或者     $A(B+C)=AB+AC$
4. $E_m{A}_{m\times n}=A_{m\times n}{E}_n=A_{m\times n}$
5. 称$\lambda E_n$为纯量阵,则由2和4性质可得$\lambda E_n{A}_n=E_n(\lambda A_n)=\lambda A_n$:
6. 矩阵的幂运算只适用于方正:
$$\begin{gathered} (A_n{)}^k(A_n{)}^j=(A_n{)}^{k+j} \\ ((A_n{)}^k{)}^l=(A_n{)}^{kl} \end{gathered}$$

矩阵转置

定义:将矩阵$A$的行换成同序数的列,形成的新矩阵称为$A$的转置矩阵,记做$A^T$
$$\begin{gathered} A=(a_{ij}{)}_{m\times n}=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}{a}_{11}& a_{12}& ...& a_{1n}\\ a_{21}& a_{22}& ...& a_{2n}\\ ...& ...& ...& ...\\ a_{m1}& a_{m2}& ...& a_{mn}\end{array}\right) \\ {A}^T=(a_{ji}{)}_{n\times m}=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}{a}_{11}& a_{12}& ...& a_{1m}\\ a_{21}& a_{22}& ...& a_{2m}\\ ...& ...& ...& ...\\ a_{n1}& a_{n2}& ...& a_{nm}\end{array}\right) \end{gathered}$$
性质1:$(A^T{)}^T=A$
性质2:$(A+B{)}^T=A^T+B^T$
性质3:$(\lambda A{)}^T=\lambda A^T$
性质4:$(AB{)}^T=B^T{A}^T$,(特别注意,转置后乘法需要交换顺序)

方阵的行列式

定义:由方阵$A$的各个元素组成的行列式,称为方阵$A$的行列式,记作:$\left|\begin{array}{c}A\end{array}\right|$或者$detA$
性质1 : $\left|\begin{array}{c}{A}^T\end{array}\right|=\left|\begin{array}{c}A\end{array}\right|$
性质2: $\left|\begin{array}{c}\lambda A_n\end{array}\right|={\lambda }^n\left|\begin{array}{c}A\end{array}\right|$
性质3: $\left|\begin{array}{c}AB\end{array}\right|=\left|\begin{array}{c}A\end{array}\right|\left|\begin{array}{c}B\end{array}\right|$
伴随矩阵:以方阵$A$的行列式$\left|\begin{array}{c}A\end{array}\right|$的各个元素$A_{ij}$的代数余子式组成的矩阵,叫做伴随矩阵,记作:$A^{\ast }$
$$A^{\ast }=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}{A}_{11}& A_{12}& ...& A_{1n}\\ A_{21}& A_{22}& ...& A_{2n}\\ ...& ...& ...& ...\\ A_{n1}& A_{n2}& ...& A_{nn}\end{array}\right)$$
伴随矩阵有以下性质:
$$A^{\ast }A=A{A}^{\ast }=\left|\begin{array}{c}A\end{array}\right|E$$