之前介绍了单因子方差分析的基本思想,从假设检验、给出检验统计量到最后的判断,以及使用Excel进行分析示例。对于多因子方差分析的基本思想与单因子方差分析类似,同样是利用方差和 F F F检验统计量,这里介绍的多因素方差分析主要是给出检验统计量并做出判断,以及用Excel示例。
双因子方差分析方法与单因子有相似,但有差异。考虑两个因素对结果的影响时,不仅有两个因素各自对结果的影响,还有两个因素交互作用产生的影响。下面列出无重复双因子方差分析
和可重复上因子方差分析
的数据格式和偏差平方和,以及方差分析表。
无重复双因子方差分析
无重复双因子方差分析是考虑两个因子( A A A和 B B B)的变化对数据结果的影响,且两个因子不进行重复实验, 建立假设与单因素相似,即 H 0 H_0 H0: r ∗ k r*k r∗k个总体均值相等, H 1 H_1 H1: r ∗ k r*k r∗k个总体均值不相等。其数据结构如下表:
因子 A A A \ 因子 B B B | 因子 B 1 B_1 B1 | 因子 B 2 B_2 B2 | … | 因子 B k B_k Bk | 均值 x ˉ i ⋅ \bar{x}_{i·} xˉi⋅ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
因子 A 1 A_1 A1 | x 11 x_{11} x11 | x 12 x_{12} x12 | … | x 1 k x_{1k} x1k | x ˉ 1 ⋅ \bar{x}_{1·} xˉ1⋅ |
因子 A 2 A_2 A2 | x 21 x_{21} x21 | x 22 x_{22} x22 | … | x 2 k x_{2k} x2k | x ˉ 2 ⋅ \bar{x}_{2·} xˉ2⋅ |
… | … | … | … | … | … |
因子 A r A_r Ar | x r 1 x_{r1} xr1 | x r 2 x_{r2} xr2 | … | x r k x_{rk} xrk | x ˉ r ⋅ \bar{x}_{r·} xˉr⋅ |
均值 x ˉ ⋅ j \bar{x}_{·j} xˉ⋅j | x ˉ ⋅ 1 \bar{x}_{·1} xˉ⋅1 | x ˉ ⋅ 2 \bar{x}_{·2} xˉ⋅2 | … | x ˉ ⋅ k \bar{x}_{·k} xˉ⋅k | x ˉ ˉ \bar{\bar{x}} xˉˉ |
其中, x ˉ ⋅ 1 = ∑ i x i 1 r , x ˉ ⋅ 2 = ∑ i x i 2 r , . . . , x ˉ ⋅ k = ∑ i x i k r , ( i = 1 , 2 , . . . , r ) \bar{x}_{·1}=\frac{\sum_{i}{x_{i1}}}{r}, \bar{x}_{·2}=\frac{\sum_{i}{x_{i2}}}{r}, ..., \bar{x}_{·k}=\frac{\sum_{i}{x_{ik}}}{r}, (i=1,2,...,r) xˉ⋅1=r∑ixi1,xˉ⋅2=r∑ixi2,...,xˉ⋅k=r∑ixik,(i=1,2,...,r)
x ˉ 1 ⋅ = ∑ j x 1 j k , x ˉ 2 ⋅ = ∑ j x 2 j k , . . . , x ˉ r ⋅ = ∑ j x r j k , ( j = 1 , 2 , . . . , k ) \bar{x}_{1·}=\frac{\sum_{j}{x_{1j}}}{k}, \bar{x}_{2·}=\frac{\sum_{j}{x_{2j}}}{k}, ..., \bar{x}_{r·}=\frac{\sum_{j}{x_{rj}}}{k}, (j=1,2,...,k) xˉ1⋅=k∑jx1j,xˉ2⋅=k∑jx2j,...,xˉr⋅=k∑jxrj,(j=1,2,...,k)
总体均值 x ˉ ˉ \bar{\bar{x}} xˉˉ: x ˉ ˉ = ∑ i = 1 i = k x ˉ i ⋅ k = ∑ j = 1 j = r x ˉ ⋅ j r = ∑ i ∑ j x i j r k \bar{\bar{x}} = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^{i=k}\bar{x}_{i·}}{k} =\frac{\sum_{j=1}^{j=r}\bar{x}_{·j}}{r} = \frac{\sum_{i}{\sum_{j}{x_{ij}}}}{rk} xˉˉ=k∑i=1i=kxˉi⋅=r∑j=1j=rxˉ⋅j=rk∑i∑jxij
下面先给出对应因子的偏差平方和:
偏差平方和及自由度
总体偏差平方和
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SS_T = \sum_{j=1}^{k}{\sum_{i=1}^{r}{(x_{ij}-\bar{\bar{x}})^2}},
SST=j=1∑ki=1∑r(xij−xˉˉ)2,自由度为
d
f
T
=
k
r
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1
df_T=kr-1
dfT=kr−1.
因子A偏差平方和
因子A在不同水平间的效应差异(主效应
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SS_A = \sum_{j=1}^{k}{\sum_{i=1}^{r}{(\bar{x}_{i·}-\bar{\bar{x}})^2}} =k{\sum_{i=1}^{r}{(\bar{x}_{i·}-\bar{\bar{x}})^2}},
SSA=j=1∑ki=1∑r(xˉi⋅−xˉˉ)2=ki=1∑r(xˉi⋅−xˉˉ)2,自由度为
d
f
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r
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df_A=r-1
dfA=r−1.
因子B偏差平方和
因子B在不同水平间的效应差异(主效应
)
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SS_B = \sum_{j=1}^{k}{\sum_{i=1}^{r}{(\bar{x}_{·j}-\bar{\bar{x}})^2}} ={\sum_{j=1}^{k}{r(\bar{x}_{·j}-\bar{\bar{x}})^2}},
SSB=j=1∑ki=1∑r(xˉ⋅j−xˉˉ)2=j=1∑kr(xˉ⋅j−xˉˉ)2,自由度为
k
−
1
k-1
k−1.
随机误差的偏差平方和
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SS_e = \sum_{j=1}^{k}{\sum_{i=1}^{r}{(x_{ij}-\bar{x}_{i·}-\bar{x}_{·j} +\bar{\bar{x}})^2}},
SSe=j=1∑ki=1∑r(xij−xˉi⋅−xˉ⋅j+xˉˉ)2,自由度为
d
f
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df_e=(k-1)(r-1)
dfe=(k−1)(r−1).
偏差平方和之间有如下等式:
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SS_T= SS_A+SS_B+SS_e
SST=SSA+SSB+SSe
无重复双因子方差分析表
差异源 | 偏差平方和 | 自由度 | 均方 | F F F值 | p p p值 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
因子 A A A | S S A SS_A SSA | d f A df_A dfA | M S A = S S A r − 1 MS_A=\frac{SS_A}{r-1} MSA=r−1SSA | F A = M S A M S e F_A=\frac{MS_A}{MS_e} FA=MSeMSA | F α ( d f A , d f e ) F_{\alpha}(df_A, df_e) Fα(dfA,dfe) |
因子 B B B | S S B SS_B SSB | d f B df_B dfB | M S B = S S B k − 1 MS_B=\frac{SS_B}{k-1} MSB=k−1SSB | F B = M S B M S e F_B=\frac{MS_B}{MS_e} FB=MSeMSB | F α ( d f B , d f e ) F_{\alpha}(df_B, df_e) Fα(dfB,dfe) |
误差 e e e | S S e SS_e SSe | d f e df_e dfe | M S e = S S e ( r − 1 ) ( k − 1 ) MS_e=\frac{SS_e}{(r-1)(k-1)} MSe=(r−1)(k−1)SSe | ||
总和 | S T = S S A + S S B + S S e S_T=SS_A+SS_B+SS_e ST=SSA+SSB+SSe | r k − 1 rk-1 rk−1 |
可重复双因子方差分析
可重复双因子方差分析是对两个因子的实验,且有同一水平下的重复实验,其数据格式如下(重复次数相同):
因子 A A A \ 因子 B B B | 因子 B 1 B_1 B1 | 因子 B 2 B_2 B2 | … | 因子 B k B_k Bk | 均值 x ˉ i ⋅ ⋅ \bar{x}_{i··} xˉi⋅⋅ | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
因子 A 1 A_1 A1 | x 111 x_{111} x111 | x 121 x_{121} x121 | … | x 1 k 1 x_{1k1} x1k1 | ||
x 112 x_{112} x112 | x 122 x_{122} x122 | . . . ... ... | x 1 k 2 x_{1k2} x1k2 | |||
. . . ... ... | . . . ... ... | . . . ... ... | . . . ... ... | |||
x 11 p x_{11p} x11p | x 12 p x_{12p} x12p | . . . ... ... | x 1 k p x_{1kp} x1kp | |||
均值 x 1 j ⋅ x_{1j·} x1j⋅ | x ˉ 11 ⋅ \bar{x}_{11·} xˉ11⋅ | x ˉ 12 ⋅ \bar{x}_{12·} xˉ12⋅ | . . . ... ... | x ˉ 1 k ⋅ \bar{x}_{1k·} xˉ1k⋅ | x ˉ 1 ⋅ ⋅ \bar{x}_{1··} xˉ1⋅⋅ | |
因子 A 2 A_2 A2 | x 211 x_{211} x211 | x 221 x_{221} x221 | … | x 2 k 1 x_{2k1} x2k1 | ||
x 212 x_{212} x212 | x 222 x_{222} x222 | . . . ... ... | x 2 k 2 x_{2k2} x2k2 | |||
. . . ... ... | . . . ... ... | . . . ... ... | . . . ... ... | |||
x 21 p x_{21p} x21p | x 22 p x_{22p} x22p | . . . ... ... | x 2 k p x_{2kp} x2kp | |||
均值 x 2 j ⋅ x_{2j·} x2j⋅ | x ˉ 21 ⋅ \bar{x}_{21·} xˉ21⋅ | x ˉ 22 ⋅ \bar{x}_{22·} xˉ22⋅ | . . . ... ... | x ˉ 2 k ⋅ \bar{x}_{2k·} xˉ2k⋅ | x ˉ 2 ⋅ ⋅ \bar{x}_{2··} xˉ2⋅⋅ | |
. . . ... ... | . . . ... ... | . . . ... ... | . . . ... ... | . . . ... ... | . . . ... ... | |
因子 A r A_r Ar | x r 11 x_{r11} xr11 | x r 21 x_{r21} xr21 | … | x r k 1 x_{rk1} xrk1 | ||
x r 12 x_{r12} xr12 | x r 22 x_{r22} xr22 | . . . ... ... | x r k 2 x_{rk2} xrk2 | |||
. . . ... ... | . . . ... ... | . . . ... ... | . . . ... ... | |||
x r 1 p x_{r1p} xr1p | x r 2 p x_{r2p} xr2p | . . . ... ... | x r k p x_{rkp} xrkp | |||
均值 x r j ⋅ x_{rj·} xrj⋅ | x ˉ r 1 ⋅ \bar{x}_{r1·} xˉr1⋅ | x ˉ r 2 ⋅ \bar{x}_{r2·} xˉr2⋅ | . . . ... ... | x ˉ r k ⋅ \bar{x}_{rk·} xˉrk⋅ | x ˉ r ⋅ ⋅ \bar{x}_{r··} xˉr⋅⋅ | |
均值 x ˉ ⋅ j ⋅ \bar{x}_{·j·} xˉ⋅j⋅ | x ˉ ⋅ 1 ⋅ \bar{x}_{·1·} xˉ⋅1⋅ | x ˉ ⋅ 2 ⋅ \bar{x}_{·2·} xˉ⋅2⋅ | … | x ˉ ⋅ k ⋅ \bar{x}_{·k·} xˉ⋅k⋅ | x ˉ ˉ \bar{\bar{x}} xˉˉ |
其中,
-
所有 r ∗ k ∗ p r*k*p r∗k∗p个数据的平均:
x ˉ ˉ = 1 r k p ∑ i = 1 r ∑ j = 1 k ∑ m = 1 p x i j m \bar{\bar{x}} = \frac{1}{rkp}{\sum_{i=1}^{r}\sum_{j=1}^{k}\sum_{m=1}^{p}{x_{ijm}}} xˉˉ=rkp1i=1∑rj=1∑km=1∑pxijm -
A i A_i Ai, B j B_j Bj条件下, p p p次重复的平均:
x ˉ i j ⋅ = 1 p ∑ m = 1 p x i j m , e g : x ˉ 11 ⋅ = 1 p ∑ m = 1 p x 11 m , x ˉ 12 ⋅ = 1 p ∑ m = 1 p x 12 m \bar{x}_{ij·} = \frac{1}{p}{\sum_{m=1}^{p}{x_{ijm}}} , \\ eg: \bar{x}_{11·} = \frac{1}{p}{\sum_{m=1}^{p}{x_{11m}}} , \bar{x}_{12·} = \frac{1}{p}{\sum_{m=1}^{p}{x_{12m}}} xˉij⋅=p1m=1∑pxijm,eg:xˉ11⋅=p1m=1∑px11m,xˉ12⋅=p1m=1∑px12m -
A i A_i Ai条件下, k ∗ p k*p k∗p个数据的平均:
x ˉ i ⋅ ⋅ = 1 k p ∑ j = 1 k ∑ m = 1 p x i j m , e g : x ˉ 1 ⋅ ⋅ = 1 k p ∑ j = 1 k ∑ m = 1 p x 1 j m , x ˉ 2 ⋅ ⋅ = 1 k p ∑ j = 1 k ∑ m = 1 p x 2 j m \bar{x}_{i··} = \frac{1}{kp}{\sum_{j=1}^{k}\sum_{m=1}^{p}{x_{ijm}}}, \\ eg: \bar{x}_{1··} = \frac{1}{kp}{\sum_{j=1}^{k}\sum_{m=1}^{p}{x_{1jm}}}, \ \bar{x}_{2··} = \frac{1}{kp}{\sum_{j=1}^{k}\sum_{m=1}^{p}{x_{2jm}}} xˉi⋅⋅=kp1j=1∑km=1∑pxijm,eg:xˉ1⋅⋅=kp1j=1∑km=1∑px1jm, xˉ2⋅⋅=kp1j=1∑km=1∑px2jm -
B j B_j Bj条件下, r ∗ p r*p r∗p个数据的平均:
x ˉ ⋅ j ⋅ = 1 r p ∑ i = 1 r ∑ m = 1 p x i j m , e g : x ˉ ⋅ 1 ⋅ = 1 r p ∑ i = 1 r ∑ m = 1 p x i 1 m , x ˉ ⋅ 2 ⋅ = 1 r p ∑ i = 1 r ∑ m = 1 p x i 2 m \bar{x}_{·j·} = \frac{1}{rp}{\sum_{i=1}^{r}\sum_{m=1}^{p}{x_{ijm}}}, \\ eg: \bar{x}_{·1·} = \frac{1}{rp}{\sum_{i=1}^{r}\sum_{m=1}^{p}{x_{i1m}}}, \ \bar{x}_{·2·} = \frac{1}{rp}{\sum_{i=1}^{r}\sum_{m=1}^{p}{x_{i2m}}} xˉ⋅j⋅=rp1i=1∑rm=1∑pxijm,eg:xˉ⋅1⋅=rp1i=1∑rm=1∑pxi1m, xˉ⋅2⋅=rp1i=1∑rm=1∑pxi2m
注:上述表中,列出数据是以等重复次数列出,对于重复次数不等的情形,计算均值方法类似。
偏差平方和及自由度
总体偏差平方和
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自
由
度
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1
SS_T = {\sum_{i=1}^{r}\sum_{j=1}^{k}\sum_{m=1}^{p}{(x_{ijm} - \bar{\bar{x}})^2}}, \ 自由度df_T = rkp -1
SST=i=1∑rj=1∑km=1∑p(xijm−xˉˉ)2, 自由度dfT=rkp−1
因子
A
A
A偏差平方和
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SS_A = {\sum_{i=1}^{r}\sum_{j=1}^{k}\sum_{m=1}^{p}{(x_{i··} - \bar{\bar{x}})^2}} =kp\sum_{i=1}^{r}(x_{i··} - \bar{\bar{x}})^2
SSA=i=1∑rj=1∑km=1∑p(xi⋅⋅−xˉˉ)2=kpi=1∑r(xi⋅⋅−xˉˉ)2
自由度为
d
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df_B = r-1
dfB=r−1.
因子
B
B
B偏差平方和
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SS_B = {\sum_{i=1}^{r}\sum_{j=1}^{k}\sum_{m=1}^{p}{(x_{·j·} - \bar{\bar{x}})^2}} =rp\sum_{j=1}^{k}{(x_{·j·} - \bar{\bar{x}})^2},
SSB=i=1∑rj=1∑km=1∑p(x⋅j⋅−xˉˉ)2=rpj=1∑k(x⋅j⋅−xˉˉ)2,
自由度为
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df_B = k-1
dfB=k−1.
随机误差的偏差平方和
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SS_e = {\sum_{i=1}^{r}\sum_{j=1}^{k}\sum_{m=1}^{p}{(x_{ijm} - \bar{x}_{ij·})^2}},
SSe=i=1∑rj=1∑km=1∑p(xijm−xˉij⋅)2,
自由度为
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df_e=rk(p-1)
dfe=rk(p−1).
因子
A
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AB
AB的交互影响偏差平方和
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SS_{AB} = SS_T - SS_A -SS_B = \sum_{i=1}^{r}\sum_{j=1}^{k}\sum_{m=1}^{p}[(\bar{\bar{x}} + \bar{x}_{ij·}) - (x_{i··} + x_{·j·}) ]^2,
SSAB=SST−SSA−SSB=i=1∑rj=1∑km=1∑p[(xˉˉ+xˉij⋅)−(xi⋅⋅+x⋅j⋅)]2,
自由度为
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df_{AB}=df_T - df_A -df_B = (r-1)(k-1)
dfAB=dfT−dfA−dfB=(r−1)(k−1).
重复双因子方差分析表
对应偏差平方和的均方(
M
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d
f
MS = SS/df
MS=SS/df),分别记为
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M
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M
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MS_A, MS_B, MS_e, MS_{AB}
MSA,MSB,MSe,MSAB。
与单因子方差分析相似,仍使用
F
F
F检验统计量。
差异源 | 偏差平方和 | 自由度 | 均方 | F F F值 | p p p值 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
因子 A A A | S S A SS_A SSA | d f A df_A dfA | M S A MS_A MSA | F A = M S A M S e F_A=\frac{MS_A}{MS_e} FA=MSeMSA | F α ( d f A , d f e ) F_\alpha(df_A, df_e) Fα(dfA,dfe) |
因子 B B B | S S B SS_B SSB | d f B df_B dfB | M S B MS_B MSB | F B = M S B M S e F_B=\frac{MS_B}{MS_e} FB=MSeMSB | F α ( d f A , d f e ) F_\alpha(df_A, df_e) Fα(dfA,dfe) |
交互 A B AB AB | S S A B SS_{AB} SSAB | d f A B df_{AB} dfAB | M S A B MS_{AB} MSAB | F A B = M S A B M S e F_{AB} = \frac{MS_{AB}}{MS_e} FAB=MSeMSAB | F α ( d f A B , d f e ) F_\alpha(df_{AB}, df_e) Fα(dfAB,dfe) |
误差 e e e | S S e SS_e SSe | d f e df_e dfe | M S e MS_e MSe | ||
总和 | S T = S S A + S S B + S S A B + S S e S_T=SS_A+SS_B+SS_{AB}+SS_e ST=SSA+SSB+SSAB+SSe | d f T df_T dfT |
当交互作用不显著时,可用随机误差平方和与交互作用偏差平方和作为新误差平方和:
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SS_E = SS_{AB} + SS_e,
SSE=SSAB+SSe,
自由度
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df_E =df_{AB} + df_e
dfE=dfAB+dfe, 均方为
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E
/
d
f
E
MS_E = SS_E/ df_E
MSE=SSE/dfE.
则对应
A
A
A,
B
B
B的
F
F
F值和
p
p
p的计算则为:
F
A
=
M
S
A
/
M
S
E
,
p
=
F
α
(
d
f
A
,
d
f
E
)
;
F
B
=
M
S
B
/
M
S
E
,
p
=
F
α
(
d
f
B
,
d
f
E
)
.
F_A= MS_A / MS_E, p = F_\alpha(df_A, df_E); \\ F_B = MS_B / MS_E, p = F_\alpha(df_B, df_E).
FA=MSA/MSE,p=Fα(dfA,dfE);FB=MSB/MSE,p=Fα(dfB,dfE).
Excel表中示例
Excel版本: Microsoft Office 2016
无重复双因子示例
- 选择"数据分析" - "无重复双因素方差分析"工具:
(其中行为因子A对应的数据,列为因子B对应的数据) - 选择数据,指定置信水平
α
\alpha
α值,默认0.05,指定输出结果区域:
- 上一步确定后生成分析结果:
上面结果中,差异源
中行
、列
和误差
分别对应的是因子 A A A,因子 B B B和随机误差 e e e的信息。各列中SS
即为对应偏差平方和,df
为对应自由度,MS
为对应均方,F
为对应 F F F值,P-value
为对应 p p p值,F-crit
为 F F F临界值。
- 对于
p
p
p值,也可用Excel中的函数
=F.DIST.RT({F_value},df1,df2)
得到。
- 对于
F
F
F临界值,也可用
=F.INV(1-{alpha},df1,df2)
得到:
可重复双因子示例
-
类似无重复双因子方差分析,选择"可重复上因素分析"工具:
-
选择数据,填写"样本行数"(示例中对因子A进行3次重复)、置信水平和输出区域:
-
上一步确定后,生成如下结果:
上面结果中,差异源
中样本
、列
、交互
和内部
分别对应的是因子 A A A,因子 B B B、 A B AB AB交互影响和随机误差 e e e的信息。各列中SS
即为对应偏差平方和,df
为对应自由度,MS
为对应均方,F
为对应 F F F值,P-value
为对应 p p p值,F-crit
为 F F F临界值。与无重复双因子方差分析相同,其 p p p值和 F F F临界值也可通过Excel中函数得到:
=F.DIST.RT({F_value},df1,df2)
和=F.INV(1-{alpha},df1,df2)
。
2019-07- 26