2023 年 12 月大学英语四级考试真题（第 2 套）——阅读版——仔细阅读题

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2023 年 12 月大学英语四级考试真题（第 2 套）

Part III Reading Comprehension ( 40 minutes)

Section C

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

Passage One

Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.

  Having a rival can keep you committed to achieving your goals and enhance your overall performance. But before you go out and find an entrepreneur to outcompete, it’s important to understand and avoid the traps that often come with rivalry. After all, competitive rivalry can also hinder effective decision-making and increase your willingness to take risks, behaviors that can ultimately hurt your venture’s success.
  Finding someone you’re committed to outcompeting can be a great way to stay focused on your goals and push your venture to the next level. But when you’re intently focused on outperforming your rivals, you may begin to develop a “win-at-all-costs” mentality that causes you to ignore how you achieve success. One group of researchers, for example, examined the link between rivalry and unethical behavior. They found that when people compete against their rivals, they are more willing to behave unethically to win. But such behavior may stain your reputation and strain relationships important to your success. One way to avoid this trap is to stop and reflect on what’s important. While outperforming your rivals may provide short-term benefits, the loss ofyour integrity will have long-term consequences.
  One reason having a rival can enhance your venture’s performance is that it creates a level of excitement that drives you to work harder. But this eagerness to win may also hurt your venture’s success, particularly when it causes you to make impulsive, insensible decisions. But it’s possible to avoid such costly mistakes by making a habit of engaging in critical thinking, such as considering opposing viewpoints and conducting cost- benefit analyses, especially for those decisions that are complex and can determine the future ofyour venture.
  The sense of eagerness that comes with having a rival can not only cause you to make poorer decisions, but it can also lead you to take greater risks that put your venture in peril. One way you can overcome the risk-inducing effects of rivalry that stand to endanger your venture’s success is to remain attentive to your emotional state and actively monitor how such feelings are affecting your decision-making.

2023-12-02-46.—细节辨认题—难—定位难，同义替换“competitive rivalry benefit”替换为“Having a rival can keep you”

46. How can competitive rivalry benefit entrepreneurs according to the passage?【原文：Having a rival can keep you committed to achieving your goals and enhance your overall performance. But before you go out and find an entrepreneur to outcompete, it’s important to understand and avoid the traps that often come with rivalry. 】
    A. By enabling them to outcompete other entrepreneurs. 【虽然出现原词，但是意思看起来不对，不过大概率会误选，因为不好定位准确】
    B. By enabling them to make their venture a success.
    C. By helping them to reach long-term goals.
    D. By helping them to stay goal-oriented.

46. 根据这篇文章，竞争性的较量如何使企业家受益?
A. 通过让他们能够超越其他企业家。          
B. 通过让他们的企业取得成功。
C. 通过帮助他们实现长期目标。                    
D. 通过帮助他们保持以目标为导向。

根据题干关键词competitive rivalry benefit entrepreneurs 可以将答案定位到第一段第一句。

第一段第一句指出，拥有一个竞争对手可以让你致力于实现自己的目标并提升你的整体表现。由此可知，通过帮助企业家保持以目标为导向并提升表现，竞争性的较量可以让企业家受益，故本题选D。其他三项的内容都与原文不符，均排除。

2023-12-02-47.—推理判断题—难—没有同义替换，纯看懂推理

47. What is one of the traps entrepreneurs may often fall into when competing with rivals?【原文： They found that when people compete against their rivals, they are more willing to behave unethically to win. But such behavior may stain your reputation and strain relationships important to your success. 】
    A. They may adopt strategies that are bound to ruin their venture.
    B. They may resort to unethical means to outperform their rivals.
    C. They may be too eager to succeed while ignoring the huge labor cost.
    D. They may be intently focused on winning at the current market level.

47. 企业家在与竞争对手竞争时可能经常掉进什么陷阱当中?
A. 他们可能会采取必然会毁掉他们企业的策略。
B. 他们可能会诉诸不道德的手段来超越他们的竞争对手。
C. 他们可能过于渴望成功，而忽略了巨大的人力成本。
D. 他们可能非常专注于在当前的市场水平获胜。

根据题干关键词traps entrepreneurs may ofen fall into可以将答案定位到第二段。第六句说到避免掉进这个陷阱的方法，而题目问的是陷阱是什么，需要从上文去寻找。
第二段第四句指出，当与竞争对手竞争时，人们更愿意为了赢得胜利而做出不道德的行为。第五句指出这种做法的弊端，然后第六句给出了避免掉进这个陷阱的方法。由此可知，陷阱就是第四句提到的，人们为了超越竞争对手而做出一些不道德的行为，故本题选B。

选项A 过于绝对，原文只是说他们可能会做出不道德的行为，玷污企业的声誉，并没有说这必然会毁掉整个企业，故排除。

选项C 和D 的内容原文均没有提及，可以排除。

2023-12-02-48.—细节题—难—原词复现陷阱+同义替换词汇不懂—reflect on替换为deliberate仔细考虑

48. What are entrepreneurs advised to do to avoid traps that often accompany rivalry?【原文：One way to avoid this trap is to stop and reflect on what’s important. While outperforming your rivals may provide short-term benefits, the loss ofyour integrity will have long-term consequences.】
    A. Deliberate on what really matters.
    C. Estimate the long-term consequences.
    B. Prioritize reaping immediate benefits.
    D. Reflect on what successes are achievable.

48. 作者建议企业家做什么来避免那些往往伴随竞争而来的陷阱?
A. 慎重考虑什么才是真正重要的事。          
B. 优先获取眼前的利益 。 
C. 估计长期的后果。             
D. 反思哪些成功是可以实现的。

根据题干关键词avoid traps以及上一题的定位分析可以将答案定位到第二段倒数第二句。

第二段倒数第二句指出，避免掉进这个陷阱的一个方法是停下来，反思一下什么才是重要的。由此可知，作者建议企业家慎重考虑什么才是真正重要的，故本题选A。 选项中的deliberate意为“慎重考虑，仔细思考”，与原文中的reflect on属于同义替换。其余三个选项虽然使用了原文词汇，但是表达的意思与原文均不一致，可以排除。

2023-12-02-49.—细节题—critical thinking替换为critical reasoning。

49. How can entrepreneurs avoid making impulsive and insensible decisions?【原文：But this eagerness to win may also hurt your venture’s success, particularly when it causes you to make impulsive, insensible decisions. But it’s possible to avoid such costly mistakes by making a habit of engaging in critical thinking, such as considering opposing viewpoints and conducting cost- benefit analyses, especially for those decisions that are complex and can determine the future ofyour venture.】
    A. By engaging themselves in critical reasoning.
    B. By developing a habit of keeping their integrity.
    C. By criticizing themselves for previous poor performances.
    D. By refraining from being too excited about their successes.

49. 企业家如何才能避免做出冲动和不明智的决定?
A. 通过进行批判性论证。                     
B. 养成保持正直的习惯 。
C. 批评自己以前的糟糕表现。              
D. 不要对自己的成功过于兴奋。

根据题干关键词avoid making impulsive and insensible decisions可以将答案定位到第三段第二句、第三句。

第三段第二句指出，这种对胜利的渴望也可能有损于你的企业的成功，特别是当它导致你做出了冲动、不明智的决策时。接着第三句给出了避免这种错误的方法——养成进行批判性思考的习惯，并举例说明。由此可知，企业家通过进行批判性论证，可以避免做出冲动和不明智的决定，故本题选A 。选项中的critical reasoning 与原文中的critical thinking属于同义替换。

其余三个选项原文均没有提及，可以排除。

2023-12-02-50.—remain attentive to … and actively monitor（密切关注并积极监控）替换为keep…in check（约束；控制）

50. How can entrepreneurs overcome the risk-inducing effects of rivalry?【原文：One way you can overcome the risk-inducing effects of rivalry that stand to endanger your venture’s success is to remain attentive to your emotional state and actively monitor how such feelings are affecting your decision-making.】
    A. By paying close attention to their current performance.
    B. By taking steps that stand to endanger their rivals’ success.
    C. By monitoring how their decision-making impacts their mentality.
    D. By keeping their emotions in check to avoid making poor decisions.

50. 企业家如何克服竞争的风险诱发效应?
A. 通过密切关注他们目前的表现。            
B. 通过采取措施来危及对手的成功。       
C. 通过监控他们的决策是如何影响他们的心态的。   
D. 通过约束自己的情绪，以避免做出错误的决策。

根据题干关键词risk-inducing effects of rivalry可以将答案定位到最后一段最后一句。

最后一段最后一句指出，竞争有风险诱发效应，这会危及企业的成功，能克服这种效应的一种方法是密切 关注你的情绪状态，并积极地监控这样的情绪是如何影响你的决策的。换句话说，想要克服竞争带来的风险，就要约束自己的情绪，不要让情绪影响你做出错误的决策，故本题选D 。选项中的keep…in check意 为“约束；控制”与原文中的remain attentive to … and actively monitor（密切关注并积极监控）属于同义替换。

选项A错在密切关注的对象不正确，原文说的是密切关注自己的情绪，而不是表现，可以排除。

选项 B原文未提及，而且明显属于不道德的行为，比较容易排除。

原文是说监控情绪如何影响决策，而不是监控决策如何影响心态，故也排除选项C。

Passage Two

Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.

  A multitasker is one who can perform two or more tasks effectively at the same time, which — apart from the obvious differences — is similar to what a computer does. The concept does indeed come from the realms of technology, where it is used to refer to an operating system that can execute multiple tasks at the same time. However, the question is: can a person really be a multitasker?
  For most scientists, the answer is no. So much so that, according to experts in neuroscience(神经系统科学), our brains do not handle multitasking situations well. As soon as two tasks require our attention, productivity suffers. What we call multitasking, therefore, is in reality the ability to move more or less quickly from one task to another. This requires two essential conditions: that one of the tasks needs to be automatic, like walking or eating, and that they both need different mental processes. Answering the phone and writing at the same time, for example.
  However, on the other side of the coin there are people who maintain that it is possible to be, or at least seem to be, multitasking. A recent study concluded that regardless of whether people are actually handling several tasks or not, the mere fact that they perceive this activity as multitasking has a positive effect on their performance.
  The business perspective offers a different view： multitasking is understood as the ability to adapt to all types of environment within a company and effectively undertake different activities within a set time frame. Indeed, many companies look for people who are skilled in multitasking to improve their productivity. From this different perspective, you can not only be multitasking but this ability can also be taught: something that is easier in fluid organisations, which favour flexibility in their working practices.
  The benefits of multitasking are clear. Being quicker and more efficient increases our performance and the number of tasks completed. But having to pay attention to several things at once means that the powers of concentration are reduced and that can lead to more mistakes.

2023-12-02-51.细节辨认题—难—定位难，同义替换“refer to”替换为“come from”—答案同义替换简单“at once”替换为“at the same time”

51. What does a “multitasker” originally refer to?【原文：A multitasker is one who can perform two or more tasks effectively at the same time, which — apart from the obvious differences — is similar to what a computer does. The concept does indeed come from the realms of technology, where it is used to refer to an operating system that can execute multiple tasks at the same time. However, the question is: can a person really be a multitasker?】
    A. An operating system capable of doing several tasks at once.
    B. A skilled worker executing more than one task at the same time.
    C. A sophisticated technology doing several tasks effectively at once.
    D. An efficient person able to perform multiple tasks at the same time.

51. “多重任务处理者”最初指的是什么?
A. 一个能够同时进行多项任务的操作系统。   
B. 一个同时执行多项任务的技术工人 。 
C.一项可以同时有效完成多项任务的复杂技术。
D. 一个能够同时进行多项任务的高效人士。	 

根据题干关键词“multitasker”originally refer to可以将答案定位到第一段前两句。题干中的originally refer to 与原文中的come from属于同义替换。

第一段第一句指出，多重任务处理者是可以同时有效地处理两项或多项任务的人。但是这并没有说这个概念最初指什么，我们继续往下看，可以发现，第二句给出了答案：这个概念确实源自技术领域，它用来指代可以同时执行多项任务的操作系统。由此可知，选项A 正确。

其他三项的内容都与原文不符，均可以 排除。

2023-12-02-52.—细节辨认题—找到定位句，确认主语是brain，谓语是not handle，宾语是multitask，选出C。

52. Why can’t people really be multitaskers according to neuroscientists?【原文：For most scientists, the answer is no. So much so that, according to experts in neuroscience(神经系统科学), our brains do not handle multitasking situations well. 】
    A. They are not sufficiently exposed to multitasking situations.
    B. They are not comparable to mechanical operating systems.
    C. Their brains do not allow them to multitask.
    D. Their attention span cannot be expanded.

52. 根据神经科学家的说法，人们为什么不能成为真正的多重任务处理者?
A. 他们没有充分接触多重任务处理的情况。     
B. 他们无法与机械的操作系统相比。   
C.他们的大脑不允许他们同时处理多项任务。    
D. 他们的注意力范围无法扩大。    

根据题干关键词neuroscientists可以将答案定位到第二段第二句。
第一段第一句指出，根据神经系统科学去家的说法，我们的大脑无法很好地处理多重任务的情况。由此可知，人们不能真正地进行多重任务处理是因为大脑不允许，故选项C 正确。

其他三项的内容原文均没有提及，可以排除。

2023-12-02-53.—细节辨认题—1.通过关键词找到原文定位出；2.找主语是people；3.谓语是perceive，答案是perceive替换为perception

53. What do we learn from the conclusion of a recent study on multitasking?【原文：A recent study concluded that regardless of whether people are actually handling several tasks or not, the mere fact that they perceive this activity as multitasking has a positive effect on their performance.】
    A. People make greater achievements by maintaining whatever they are doing is multitasking.
    B. People’s performance benefits from the perception of what they are doing as multitasking.
    C. People’s active mental processes exert a positive effect on their multitasking.
    D. People can improve their capabilities by handling multitasking situations.

53. 从最近一项关于多重任务处理的研究结论中，我们能了解到什么?
A. 通过坚称他们所做的任何事情都是多重任务处理，人们取得更大的成就。
B. 人们认为自己正在进行的工作是多重任务处理，这种想法对他们的表现有益处。
C. 人们活跃的心理过程对他们的多重任务处理产生了积极的影响。
D. 人们可以通过处理多重任务的情况来提升自己的能力。

根据题干关键词the conclusion ofa recent study可以将答案定位到第三段第二句。
第三段第二句指出，最近的一项研究得出结论，无论人们是否真的在同时处理几项任务，只要他们认为这项活动是多重任务处理，就会对他们的表现起到积极的作用。由此可知，只要人们认为自己在处理多重任务，他们就能从这种想法中受益，故选项B 正确。选项中的perception与原文中的perceive属于同义替换。

其他三项的内容均与原文不符，可以排除。

2023-12-02-54.—推理判断题—关键字是“ability”和"activities"

54. How does the business world view multitasking?【原文：The business perspective offers a different view： multitasking is understood as the ability to adapt to all types of environment within a company and effectively undertake different activities within a set time frame. Indeed, many companies look for people who are skilled in multitasking to improve their productivity.】
    A. It is a rare skill often found in fluid organisations.
    B. It is an adaptable capability required of all workers.
    C. It is an essential quality many employees lack.
    D. It is a desirable ability that can be developed.

54. 商界如何看待多重任务处理?
A. 它是一种罕见的技能，常出现在流动性强的组织中。   
B. 它是一种所有员工都需要拥有的适应能力。
C. 它是许多员工都缺乏的一项必备特质。        
D. 它是一种可以培养的理想能力。

根据题干关键词business world view multitasking可以将答案定位到倒数第二段。

倒数第二段开头指出，从商业角度来看，多重任务处理被认为是适应公司的所有环境类型，并在设定的时间范围内有效地开展不同活动的能力。事实上，许多公司都在寻找擅长多重任务处理的人来提高其生产力。由此可知，多重任务处理是一种值得拥有的理想能力。本段第三句话指出，你不仅可以同时处理多项任务，而且这种能力也可以被教授。既然它是能被教授的，那么就说明，这种能力是能通过学习而培养的，故选项D正确。

选项A错在原文并没有说这是一种罕见的技能。选项B错在原文没有说所有员工都需要拥有这种能力。

选项C原文并未提及，可排除。

2023-12-02-55.—推理判断题—结合最后一段的意思和but推出需要避免multitasking.

55. What does the author imply we should do if we have to focus on some task and do it well?【原文：The benefits of multitasking are clear. Being quicker and more efficient increases our performance and the number of tasks completed. But having to pay attention to several things at once means that the powers of concentration are reduced and that can lead to more mistakes.】
    A. Work in a flexible way.
    B. Learn from mistakes.
    C. Avoid multitasking.
    D. Increase efficiency.

55.如果我们必须专注于某项任务并把它做好，作者暗示我们应该怎么做?
A. 以灵活的方式工作。
B. 从错误中吸取教训。
C. 避免进行多重任务处理。
D. 提高效率。

根据题干关键词have to focus on some task可以将答案定位到最后一段最后一句。

最后一段开头先指出多重任务处理的好处，最后一句以but转折指出多重任务处理的弊端，即不得不同时关注几件事就意味着注意力会减弱，从而可能会导致更多的错误。从这句话可以分析得知，作者在暗示我们，如果我们想专注于一项任务，并且把它做好，我们最好不要采用多重任务处理的方式，故选项C正确。

其他三项的内容均与原文不符，可以排除。