已知函数
f
(
x
)
=
x
(
1
−
ln
x
)
f(x)=x(1-\ln x)
f(x)=x(1−lnx)
(1)讨论
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)的单调性
(2)设
a
,
b
a,b
a,b为两个不相等的正数,且
b
ln
a
−
a
ln
b
=
a
−
b
b\ln a-a\ln b=a-b
blna−alnb=a−b,
\qquad
求证:
2
<
1
a
+
1
b
<
e
2<\dfrac 1a+\dfrac 1b<e
2<a1+b1<e
解:
\quad
(1)
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)定义域为
(
0
,
+
∞
)
(0,+\infty)
(0,+∞),
f
′
(
x
)
=
−
ln
x
f'(x)=-\ln x
f′(x)=−lnx
\qquad
当
x
∈
(
0
,
1
)
x\in(0,1)
x∈(0,1)时,
f
′
(
x
)
<
0
f'(x)<0
f′(x)<0
\qquad
当
x
=
1
x=1
x=1时,
f
′
(
x
)
=
0
f'(x)=0
f′(x)=0
\qquad
当
x
∈
(
1
,
+
∞
)
x\in(1,+\infty)
x∈(1,+∞)时,
f
′
(
x
)
>
0
f'(x)>0
f′(x)>0
\qquad 所以单调递增区间为 ( 0 , 1 ] (0,1] (0,1],单调递减区间为 [ 1 , + ∞ ) [1,+\infty) [1,+∞)
\quad (2) b ln a − a ln b = a − b b\ln a-a\ln b=a-b blna−alnb=a−b整理得 ln a + 1 a = ln b + 1 b \dfrac{\ln a+1}{a}=\dfrac{\ln b+1}{b} alna+1=blnb+1,即 f ( 1 a ) = f ( 1 b ) f(\dfrac 1a)=f(\dfrac 1b) f(a1)=f(b1)
\qquad 设 x 1 = 1 a x_1=\dfrac 1a x1=a1, x 2 = 1 b x_2=\dfrac 1b x2=b1,不妨设 x 1 < x 2 x_1<x_2 x1<x2
\qquad 由(1)得 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)在 ( 0 , 1 ] (0,1] (0,1]单调递增,在 [ 1 , + ∞ ) [1,+\infty) [1,+∞)单调递减
\qquad 所以 x 1 ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) , x 2 ∈ ( 1 , + ∞ ) x_1\in (0,1),x_2\in(1,+\infty) x1∈(0,1),x2∈(1,+∞)
\qquad ①证明 1 a + 1 b > 2 \dfrac 1a+\dfrac 1b>2 a1+b1>2
\qquad 令 F ( x ) = f ( x ) − f ( 2 − x ) F(x)=f(x)-f(2-x) F(x)=f(x)−f(2−x)
\qquad 则 F ′ ( x ) = − ln x − ln ( 2 − x ) = − ln x ( 2 − x ) F'(x)=-\ln x-\ln(2-x)=-\ln x(2-x) F′(x)=−lnx−ln(2−x)=−lnx(2−x)
\qquad 当 x ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) x\in(0,1) x∈(0,1)时, F ′ ( x ) < 0 F'(x)<0 F′(x)<0,即 F ( x ) F(x) F(x)单调递增
F ( x ) < F ( 1 ) = 0 \qquad F(x)<F(1)=0 F(x)<F(1)=0,即 f ( 2 − x ) > f ( x ) f(2-x)>f(x) f(2−x)>f(x), f ( 2 − x 1 ) > f ( x 1 ) = f ( x 2 ) f(2-x_1)>f(x_1)=f(x_2) f(2−x1)>f(x1)=f(x2)
∵ 1 < 2 − x 1 < 2 \qquad \because 1<2-x_1<2 ∵1<2−x1<2, f ( x ) f(x) f(x)在 [ 1 , + ∞ ) [1,+\infty) [1,+∞)上单调递减
∴ 2 − x 1 < x 2 \qquad \therefore 2-x_1<x_2 ∴2−x1<x2,得 x 1 + x 2 > 2 x_1+x_2>2 x1+x2>2,即 1 a + 1 b > 2 \dfrac 1a+\dfrac 1b>2 a1+b1>2
\qquad ②证明 1 a + 1 b < e \dfrac 1a+\dfrac 1b<e a1+b1<e
\qquad 令 F ( x ) = f ( x ) − f ( e − x ) = 2 x − e + ( e − x ) ln ( e − x ) − x ln x F(x)=f(x)-f(e-x)=2x-e+(e-x)\ln(e-x)-x\ln x F(x)=f(x)−f(e−x)=2x−e+(e−x)ln(e−x)−xlnx
g ( x ) = 2 x − e + ( e − x ) ln ( e − x ) \qquad \quad g(x)=2x-e+(e-x)\ln(e-x) g(x)=2x−e+(e−x)ln(e−x)
\qquad 当 x ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) x\in(0,1) x∈(0,1)时, g ′ ( x ) = 1 − ln ( e − x ) > 0 g'(x)=1-\ln(e-x)>0 g′(x)=1−ln(e−x)>0
\qquad 所以 g ( x ) g(x) g(x)单调递增,得 g ( x ) > g ( 0 ) = 0 g(x)>g(0)=0 g(x)>g(0)=0
∵ \qquad \because ∵当 x ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) x\in(0,1) x∈(0,1)时, − x ln x > 0 -x\ln x>0 −xlnx>0
∴ F ( x ) = g ( x ) − x ln x > 0 \qquad \therefore F(x)=g(x)-x\ln x>0 ∴F(x)=g(x)−xlnx>0
\qquad 即 f ( x ) > f ( e − x ) f(x)>f(e-x) f(x)>f(e−x), f ( e − x 1 ) < f ( x 1 ) = f ( x 2 ) f(e-x_1)<f(x_1)=f(x_2) f(e−x1)<f(x1)=f(x2)
∵ e − 1 < e − x 1 < e \qquad \because e-1<e-x_1<e ∵e−1<e−x1<e, f ( x ) f(x) f(x)在 [ 1 , + ∞ ) [1,+\infty) [1,+∞)上单调递减,且 f ( e − x 1 ) < f ( x 1 ) = f ( x 2 ) f(e-x_1)<f(x_1)=f(x_2) f(e−x1)<f(x1)=f(x2)
∴ e − x 1 > x 2 \qquad \therefore e-x_1>x_2 ∴e−x1>x2,得 x 1 + x 2 < e x_1+x_2<e x1+x2<e,即 1 a + 1 b < e \dfrac 1a+\dfrac 1b<e a1+b1<e
\qquad 综上所述, 2 < 1 a + 1 b < e 2<\dfrac 1a+\dfrac 1b<e 2<a1+b1<e
总结
以上是对这段时间学的内容的练习。解题过程并不严谨,但解题思路值得参考。若有错误,欢迎大家提出。