前置知识:无穷小量和无穷大量
无穷小的比较
若 f ( x ) , g ( x ) f(x),g(x) f(x),g(x)为同一变化过程下的无穷小
lim f ( x ) g ( x ) = { 0 , f ( x ) 是 比 g ( x ) 高 阶 的 无 穷 小 , 记 作 f ( x ) = o ( g ( x ) ) k , f ( x ) 与 g ( x ) 同 阶 无 穷 小 ( k ≠ 0 , 1 ) 1 , f ( x ) 与 g ( x ) 等 价 无 穷 小 , 记 作 f ( x ) ∼ g ( x ) \lim\dfrac{f(x)}{g(x)}= \left\{\begin{matrix} 0,f(x)是比g(x)高阶的无穷小,记作 f(x)=o(g(x)) \\ \\ k,f(x)与g(x)同阶无穷小(k\neq 0,1) \qquad\qquad\qquad \quad \\ \\ 1,f(x)与g(x)等价无穷小,记作f(x)\sim g(x)\qquad\quad \end{matrix}\right. limg(x)f(x)=⎩⎪⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎪⎧0,f(x)是比g(x)高阶的无穷小,记作f(x)=o(g(x))k,f(x)与g(x)同阶无穷小(k=0,1)1,f(x)与g(x)等价无穷小,记作f(x)∼g(x)
若 lim f ( x ) g k ( x ) = l ≠ 0 \lim\dfrac{f(x)}{g^k(x)}=l\neq 0 limgk(x)f(x)=l=0,则称 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)为 g ( x ) g(x) g(x)的 k k k阶无穷小。
常见的等价无穷小
x → 0 x\rightarrow 0 x→0时
- x ∼ sin x ∼ tan x ∼ arcsin x ∼ arctan x ∼ l n ( 1 + x ) ∼ e x − 1 x\sim \sin x \sim \tan x \sim \arcsin x \sim \arctan x \sim ln(1+x) \sim e^x-1 x∼sinx∼tanx∼arcsinx∼arctanx∼ln(1+x)∼ex−1
- 1 − cos x ∼ 1 2 x 2 1 − c o s a x ∼ a 2 x 2 1-\cos x \sim \frac12x^2 \quad 1-cos^a x \sim \frac a2 x^2 1−cosx∼21x21−cosax∼2ax2
- 1 + x − 1 ∼ 1 2 x ( 1 + x ) a − 1 ∼ a x \sqrt{1+x}-1\sim \frac12x \quad (1+x)^a-1 \sim ax 1+x−1∼21x(1+x)a−1∼ax
等价无穷小的使用
- 前提: x → 0 x\rightarrow 0 x→0
- x x x可用整体替换
- 乘积可换,但加减时要慎用
例题
题1
求 lim x → 0 1 − cos x x sin x \lim\limits_{x\rightarrow 0}\dfrac{1-\cos x}{x\sin x} x→0limxsinx1−cosx
解:原式 = lim x → 0 1 2 x 2 x ⋅ x = 1 2 =\lim\limits_{x\rightarrow 0}\dfrac{\frac 12x^2}{x\cdot x}=\dfrac 12 =x→0limx⋅x21x2=21
题2
求 lim x → 0 e x 2 − 1 x sin x \lim\limits_{x\rightarrow 0}\dfrac{e^{x^2}-1}{x\sin x} x→0limxsinxex2−1
解:原式 = lim x → 0 x 2 x ⋅ x = 1 =\lim\limits_{x\rightarrow 0}\dfrac{x^2}{x\cdot x}=1 =x→0limx⋅xx2=1
题3
求 lim x → 0 ( 1 − 1 2 x 2 ) 2 3 − 1 x ln ( 1 + x ) \lim\limits_{x\rightarrow 0}\dfrac{(1-\frac 12x^2)^{\frac 23}-1}{x\ln(1+x)} x→0limxln(1+x)(1−21x2)32−1
解:原式 = lim x → 0 2 3 ⋅ ( − 1 2 x 2 ) x ⋅ x = lim x → 0 − 1 3 x 2 x 2 = − 1 3 =\lim\limits_{x\rightarrow 0}\dfrac{\frac 23\cdot(-\frac 12x^2)}{x\cdot x}=\lim\limits_{x\rightarrow 0}\dfrac{-\frac 13x^2}{x^2}=-\dfrac 13 =x→0limx⋅x32⋅(−21x2)=x→0limx2−31x2=−31
题4
求 lim x → 0 1 + tan x − 1 + sin x x ln ( 1 + x 2 ) \lim\limits_{x\rightarrow 0}\dfrac{\sqrt{1+\tan x}-\sqrt{1+\sin x}}{x\ln(1+x^2)} x→0limxln(1+x2)1+tanx−1+sinx
解:原式 = lim x → 0 ( 1 + tan x − 1 + sin x ) ( 1 + tan x + 1 + sin x ) x ⋅ x 2 ( 1 + tan x + 1 + sin x ) =\lim\limits_{x\rightarrow 0}\dfrac{(\sqrt{1+\tan x}-\sqrt{1+\sin x})( \sqrt{1+\tan x}+\sqrt{1+\sin x})}{x\cdot x^2(\sqrt{1+\tan x}+\sqrt{1+\sin x})} =x→0limx⋅x2(1+tanx+1+sinx)(1+tanx−1+sinx)(1+tanx+1+sinx)
= lim x → 0 tan x − sin x x 3 ( 1 + tan x + 1 + sin x ) \qquad \qquad =\lim\limits_{x\rightarrow 0}\dfrac{\tan x-\sin x}{x^3(\sqrt{1+\tan x}+\sqrt{1+\sin x})} =x→0limx3(1+tanx+1+sinx)tanx−sinx
= 1 2 lim x → 0 tan x − sin x x 3 \qquad \qquad =\dfrac 12\lim\limits_{x\rightarrow 0}\dfrac{\tan x-\sin x}{x^3} =21x→0limx3tanx−sinx
= 1 2 lim x → 0 tan x ( 1 − cos x ) x 3 \qquad \qquad =\dfrac12\lim\limits_{x\rightarrow 0}\dfrac{\tan x(1-\cos x)}{x^3} =21x→0limx3tanx(1−cosx)
= 1 2 lim x → 0 x ⋅ 1 2 x 2 x 3 \qquad \qquad =\dfrac 12\lim\limits_{x\rightarrow 0}\dfrac{x\cdot \frac 12x^2}{x^3} =21x→0limx3x⋅21x2
= 1 2 × 1 2 \qquad \qquad =\dfrac 12\times \dfrac 12 =21×21
= 1 4 \qquad \qquad =\dfrac 14 =41
总结
- o ( f ( x ) ) o(f(x)) o(f(x))表示 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)的高阶无穷小
- 要学会灵活使用等价无穷小替换