前置知识:瑕积分
习题1
计算 ∫ 0 1 1 1 − x 2 d x \int_0^1\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}dx ∫011−x21dx
解:
x
=
1
\qquad x=1
x=1为瑕点
\qquad 原式 = lim δ → 0 + ∫ 0 1 − δ 1 1 − x 2 d x = lim δ → 0 + arcsin ( x ) ∣ 0 1 − δ = lim δ → 0 + arcsin ( 1 − δ ) = π 2 =\lim\limits_{\delta \to 0^+}\int_0^{1-\delta}\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}dx=\lim\limits_{\delta \to 0^+}\arcsin(x)\bigg\vert_0^{1-\delta}=\lim\limits_{\delta \to 0^+}\arcsin(1-\delta)=\dfrac{\pi}{2} =δ→0+lim∫01−δ1−x21dx=δ→0+limarcsin(x) 01−δ=δ→0+limarcsin(1−δ)=2π
习题2
计算 ∫ 0 1 1 ( 2 + x ) 1 − x d x \int_0^1\dfrac{1}{(2+x)\sqrt{1-x}}dx ∫01(2+x)1−x1dx
解:
x
=
1
\qquad x=1
x=1为瑕点
\qquad 原式 = lim δ → 0 + ∫ 0 1 − δ 1 ( 2 + x ) 1 − x d x =\lim\limits_{\delta \to 0^+}\int_0^{1-\delta}\dfrac{1}{(2+x)\sqrt{1-x}}dx =δ→0+lim∫01−δ(2+x)1−x1dx
\qquad 令 x = 1 − t 2 x=1-t^2 x=1−t2, t = 1 − x t=\sqrt{1-x} t=1−x, d x = − 2 t d t dx=-2tdt dx=−2tdt
\qquad 原式 = lim δ → 0 + ∫ 1 δ 1 ( 3 − t 2 ) t ⋅ ( − 2 t ) d t = lim δ → 0 + ∫ δ 1 2 3 − t 2 d t =\lim\limits_{\delta \to 0^+}\int_1^{\delta}\dfrac{1}{(3-t^2)t}\cdot (-2t)dt=\lim\limits_{\delta \to 0^+}\int_{\delta}^1\dfrac{2}{3-t^2}dt =δ→0+lim∫1δ(3−t2)t1⋅(−2t)dt=δ→0+lim∫δ13−t22dt
= lim δ → 0 + − ∫ δ 1 2 t 2 − 3 d t = lim δ → 0 + − 1 3 ∫ δ 1 ( 1 t − 3 − 1 t + 3 ) d t \qquad\quad \ \ \ =\lim\limits_{\delta \to 0^+}-\int_{\delta}^1\dfrac{2}{t^2-3}dt=\lim\limits_{\delta \to 0^+}-\dfrac{1}{\sqrt 3}\int_{\delta}^1(\dfrac{1}{t-\sqrt 3}-\dfrac{1}{t+\sqrt 3})dt =δ→0+lim−∫δ1t2−32dt=δ→0+lim−31∫δ1(t−31−t+31)dt
= lim δ → 0 + − 1 3 ∫ δ 1 ( 1 t − 3 − 1 t + 3 ) d t = − 1 3 ln ∣ t − 3 t + 3 ∣ ∣ δ 1 = 1 3 ln 3 + 1 3 − 1 \qquad\quad \ \ \ =\lim\limits_{\delta \to 0^+}-\dfrac{1}{\sqrt 3}\int_{\delta}^1(\dfrac{1}{t-\sqrt 3}-\dfrac{1}{t+\sqrt 3})dt=-\dfrac{1}{\sqrt 3}\ln|\dfrac{t-\sqrt 3}{{t+\sqrt 3}}|\bigg\vert_{\delta}^1=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt 3}\ln\dfrac{\sqrt 3+1}{\sqrt 3-1} =δ→0+lim−31∫δ1(t−31−t+31)dt=−31ln∣t+3t−3∣ δ1=31ln3−13+1
习题3
讨论 ∫ − 1 1 1 x 2 d x \int_{-1}^1\dfrac{1}{x^2}dx ∫−11x21dx的收敛性
解:
x
=
0
\qquad x=0
x=0为瑕点
\qquad 原式 = lim δ → 0 + ∫ − 1 − δ 1 x 2 d x + ∫ δ 1 1 x 2 d x = lim δ → 0 + − 1 x ∣ − 1 − δ − 1 x ∣ δ 1 = + ∞ =\lim\limits_{\delta \to 0^+}\int_{-1}^{-\delta}\dfrac{1}{x^2}dx+\int_{\delta}^1\dfrac{1}{x^2}dx=\lim\limits_{\delta \to 0^+}-\dfrac 1x\bigg\vert_{-1}^{-\delta}-\dfrac 1x\bigg\vert_{\delta}^1=+\infty =δ→0+lim∫−1−δx21dx+∫δ1x21dx=δ→0+lim−x1 −1−δ−x1 δ1=+∞
\qquad 所以 ∫ − 1 1 1 x 2 d x \int_{-1}^1\dfrac{1}{x^2}dx ∫−11x21dx发散。
总结
找到瑕点,将其余部分按普通积分来处理,即可解决这类问题。