前言
最近发现了一个有意思的工具,世人称其雅可比式,其作为基础工具,他的出现确实提高了生产效率。下面将介绍雅可比的几个运用场景。
一、简介
雅可比行列式通常称为雅可比式,它是以n个n元函数的偏导数为元素的行列式。事实上,在函数都连续可微(即偏导数都连续)的前提下,它就是函数组的微分形式下的系数矩阵(即雅可比矩阵)的行列式。
二、隐函数求导法
1. 一个方程的场景
设 F ( x , y , z ) = 0 F(x, y, z)=0 F(x,y,z)=0, P 0 ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) P_0(x_0, y_0, z_0) P0(x0,y0,z0),若满足 ① F ( P 0 ) = 0 F(P_0)=0 F(P0)=0;② F z ′ ( P 0 ) ≠ 0 F'_z(P_0) \neq 0 Fz′(P0)=0,则在 P 0 P_0 P0 的某邻域内可确定 z = z ( x , y ) z=z(x, y) z=z(x,y),且有 ∂ z ∂ x = − F x ′ F z ′ , ∂ z ∂ y = − F y ′ F z ′ \frac{\partial z}{\partial x}= -\frac{F'_x}{F'_z},\frac{\partial z}{\partial y}= -\frac{F'_y}{F'_z} ∂x∂z=−Fz′Fx′,∂y∂z=−Fz′Fy′
2. 方程组的场景
设 { F ( x , y , u , v ) = 0 G ( x , y , u , v ) = 0 \begin{cases} F(x, y, u, v) = 0 &\text{} \\ G(x, y, u, v) = 0 &\text{} \end{cases} {F(x,y,u,v)=0G(x,y,u,v)=0 若记 ∣ ∂ F ∂ u ∂ F ∂ v ∂ G ∂ u ∂ G ∂ v ∣ = ∂ ( F , G ) ∂ ( u , v ) \begin{vmatrix} \frac{\partial F}{\partial u}&\frac{\partial F}{\partial v} \\ \\ \frac{\partial G}{\partial u}&\frac{\partial G}{\partial v} \end{vmatrix}=\frac{\partial (F, G)}{\partial (u, v)} ∣∣∣∣∣∣∂u∂F∂u∂G∂v∂F∂v∂G∣∣∣∣∣∣=∂(u,v)∂(F,G)(以后同),当满足 ∂ ( F , G ) ∂ ( u , v ) ≠ 0 \frac{\partial (F, G)}{\partial (u, v)} \neq 0 ∂(u,v)∂(F,G)=0时,可确定 { u = u ( x , y ) v = v ( x , y ) \begin{cases} u = u(x, y) &\text{} \\ v = v(x, y) &\text{} \end{cases} {u=u(x,y)v=v(x,y),即有 ∂ u ∂ x = − ∂ ( F , G ) ∂ ( x , v ) ∂ ( F , G ) ∂ ( u , v ) , ∂ u ∂ y = − ∂ ( F , G ) ∂ ( y , v ) ∂ ( F , G ) ∂ ( u , v ) \frac{\partial u}{\partial x}= -\frac{\frac{\partial(F, G)}{\partial(x,v)}}{\frac{\partial(F,G)}{\partial(u,v)}}, \frac{\partial u}{\partial y}= -\frac{\frac{\partial(F, G)}{\partial(y,v)}}{\frac{\partial(F,G)}{\partial(u,v)}} ∂x∂u=−∂(u,v)∂(F,G)∂(x,v)∂(F,G),∂y∂u=−∂(u,v)∂(F,G)∂(y,v)∂(F,G) ∂ v ∂ x = − ∂ ( F , G ) ∂ ( u , x ) ∂ ( F , G ) ∂ ( u , v ) , ∂ v ∂ y = − ∂ ( F , G ) ∂ ( u , y ) ∂ ( F , G ) ∂ ( u , v ) \frac{\partial v}{\partial x}= -\frac{\frac{\partial(F, G)}{\partial(u,x)}}{\frac{\partial(F,G)}{\partial(u,v)}}, \frac{\partial v}{\partial y}= -\frac{\frac{\partial(F, G)}{\partial(u,y)}}{\frac{\partial(F,G)}{\partial(u,v)}} ∂x∂v=−∂(u,v)∂(F,G)∂(u,x)∂(F,G),∂y∂v=−∂(u,v)∂(F,G)∂(u,y)∂(F,G)
三、积分换元法
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\underset{\Omega_{xyz}}{\iiint} f(x, y, z)dxdydz \xlongequal[z=z(u,v,w)]{x=x(u,v,w) \atop y=y(u,v,w)} \underset{\Omega_{uvw}}{\iiint} f[x(u,v,w), y(u,v,w), z(u,v,w)] \begin{vmatrix} \frac{\partial(x,y,z)}{\partial(u,v,w)} \end{vmatrix}dudvdw.
Ωxyz∭f(x,y,z)dxdydzy=y(u,v,w)x=x(u,v,w)z=z(u,v,w)Ωuvw∭f[x(u,v,w),y(u,v,w),z(u,v,w)]∣∣∣∂(u,v,w)∂(x,y,z)∣∣∣dudvdw.
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f(x,y,z) \rightarrow f[x(u,v,w),y(u,v,w),z(u,v,w)]
f(x,y,z)→f[x(u,v,w),y(u,v,w),z(u,v,w)]
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\underset{\Omega_{xyz}}{\iiint} \rightarrow \underset{\Omega_{uvw}}{\iiint}
Ωxyz∭→Ωuvw∭
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dxdydz \rightarrow \begin{vmatrix} \frac{\partial(x,y,z)}{\partial(u,v,w)} \end{vmatrix}dudvdw
dxdydz→∣∣∣∂(u,v,w)∂(x,y,z)∣∣∣dudvdw
其中
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\begin{cases} x=x(u,v,w) \\ y=y(u,v,w) \\ z=z(u,v,w) \end{cases}
⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧x=x(u,v,w)y=y(u,v,w)z=z(u,v,w) 是空间
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(u,v,w) 的一一映射。
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x=x(u,v,w),y=y(u,v,w),z(u,v,w),有一阶连续偏导数,且
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\frac{\partial(x,y,z)}{\partial(u,v,w)}=\begin{vmatrix} \frac{\partial(x)}{\partial(u)} & \frac{\partial(x)}{\partial(v)} & \frac{\partial(x)}{\partial(w)} \\ \frac{\partial(y)}{\partial(u)} & \frac{\partial(y)}{\partial(v)} & \frac{\partial(y)}{\partial(w)} \\ \frac{\partial(z)}{\partial(u)} & \frac{\partial(z)}{\partial(v)} & \frac{\partial(z)}{\partial(w)}\end{vmatrix} \neq 0
∂(u,v,w)∂(x,y,z)=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∂(u)∂(x)∂(u)∂(y)∂(u)∂(z)∂(v)∂(x)∂(v)∂(y)∂(v)∂(z)∂(w)∂(x)∂(w)∂(y)∂(w)∂(z)∣∣∣∣∣∣∣=0
1、直角坐标系转柱面坐标系
① 设:
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\begin{cases} x=r\cos{\vartheta} \\ y=r\sin{\vartheta} \\ z=z \end{cases}
⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧x=rcosϑy=rsinϑz=z
② 坐标系转换:
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\underset{\Omega_{xyz}}{\iiint} f(x, y, z)dxdydz = \underset{\Omega_{r \vartheta z}}{\iiint} f(r\cos{\vartheta}, r\sin{\vartheta}, z) \begin{vmatrix} \frac{\partial(x,y,z)}{\partial(r,\vartheta,z)} \end{vmatrix}dr d\vartheta dz \\ =\underset{\Omega_{r \vartheta z}}{\iiint} f(r\cos{\vartheta}, r\sin{\vartheta}, z) | \begin{vmatrix} \frac{\partial(x)}{\partial(r)} & \frac{\partial(x)}{\partial(\vartheta)} & \frac{\partial(x)}{\partial(z)} \\ \frac{\partial(y)}{\partial(r)} & \frac{\partial(y)}{\partial(\vartheta)} & \frac{\partial(y)}{\partial(z)} \\ \frac{\partial(z)}{\partial(r)} & \frac{\partial(z)}{\partial(\vartheta)} & \frac{\partial(z)}{\partial(z)}\end{vmatrix} |dr d\vartheta dz \\ =\underset{\Omega_{r \vartheta z}}{\iiint} f(r\cos{\vartheta}, r\sin{\vartheta}, z) | \begin{vmatrix} \cos{\vartheta} & -r \sin{\vartheta} & 0 \\ \sin{\vartheta} & r \cos{\vartheta} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1\end{vmatrix} |dr d\vartheta dz \\ =\underset{\Omega_{r \vartheta z}}{\iiint} f(r\cos{\vartheta}, r\sin{\vartheta}, z) r drd \vartheta dz
Ωxyz∭f(x,y,z)dxdydz=Ωrϑz∭f(rcosϑ,rsinϑ,z)∣∣∣∂(r,ϑ,z)∂(x,y,z)∣∣∣drdϑdz=Ωrϑz∭f(rcosϑ,rsinϑ,z)∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∂(r)∂(x)∂(r)∂(y)∂(r)∂(z)∂(ϑ)∂(x)∂(ϑ)∂(y)∂(ϑ)∂(z)∂(z)∂(x)∂(z)∂(y)∂(z)∂(z)∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣drdϑdz=Ωrϑz∭f(rcosϑ,rsinϑ,z)∣∣∣∣∣∣∣cosϑsinϑ0−rsinϑrcosϑ0001∣∣∣∣∣∣∣drdϑdz=Ωrϑz∭f(rcosϑ,rsinϑ,z)rdrdϑdz
2、直角坐标系转球面坐标系
① 设:
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\begin{cases} x=r\sin{\varphi}\cos{\vartheta} \\ y=r\sin{\varphi}\sin{\vartheta} \\ z=r\cos{\varphi} \end{cases}
⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧x=rsinφcosϑy=rsinφsinϑz=rcosφ
② 坐标系转换:
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\underset{\Omega_{xyz}}{\iiint} f(x, y, z)dxdydz = \underset{\Omega_{r \vartheta \varphi}}{\iiint} f(r\sin{\varphi}\cos{\vartheta}, r\sin{\varphi}\sin{\vartheta}, r\cos{\varphi}) \begin{vmatrix} \frac{\partial(x,y,z)}{\partial(r,\vartheta,\varphi)} \end{vmatrix}dr d\vartheta d\varphi \\ =\underset{\Omega_{r \vartheta \varphi}}{\iiint} f(r\sin{\varphi}\cos{\vartheta}, r\sin{\varphi}\sin{\vartheta}, r\cos{\varphi}) | \begin{vmatrix} \frac{\partial(x)}{\partial(r)} & \frac{\partial(x)}{\partial(\vartheta)} & \frac{\partial(x)}{\partial(\varphi)} \\ \frac{\partial(y)}{\partial(r)} & \frac{\partial(y)}{\partial(\vartheta)} & \frac{\partial(y)}{\partial(\varphi)} \\ \frac{\partial(z)}{\partial(r)} & \frac{\partial(z)}{\partial(\vartheta)} & \frac{\partial(z)}{\partial(\varphi)}\end{vmatrix} |dr d\vartheta d\varphi \\ =\underset{\Omega_{r \vartheta \varphi}}{\iiint} f(r\sin{\varphi}\cos{\vartheta}, r\sin{\varphi}\sin{\vartheta}, r\cos{\varphi}) | \begin{vmatrix} \sin{\varphi}\cos{\vartheta} & -r \sin{\varphi}\sin{\vartheta} & r \cos{\varphi}\cos{\vartheta} \\ \sin{\varphi}\sin{\vartheta} & r \sin{\varphi}\cos{\vartheta} & r \cos{\varphi}\sin{\vartheta} \\ \cos{\varphi} & 0 & -r \sin{\varphi} \end{vmatrix} |dr d\vartheta d \varphi \\ =\underset{\Omega_{r \vartheta \varphi}}{\iiint} f(r\sin{\varphi}\cos{\vartheta}, r\sin{\varphi}\sin{\vartheta}, r\cos{\varphi}) r^2 \sin{\varphi} drd \vartheta d \varphi
Ωxyz∭f(x,y,z)dxdydz=Ωrϑφ∭f(rsinφcosϑ,rsinφsinϑ,rcosφ)∣∣∣∂(r,ϑ,φ)∂(x,y,z)∣∣∣drdϑdφ=Ωrϑφ∭f(rsinφcosϑ,rsinφsinϑ,rcosφ)∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∂(r)∂(x)∂(r)∂(y)∂(r)∂(z)∂(ϑ)∂(x)∂(ϑ)∂(y)∂(ϑ)∂(z)∂(φ)∂(x)∂(φ)∂(y)∂(φ)∂(z)∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣drdϑdφ=Ωrϑφ∭f(rsinφcosϑ,rsinφsinϑ,rcosφ)∣∣∣∣∣∣∣sinφcosϑsinφsinϑcosφ−rsinφsinϑrsinφcosϑ0rcosφcosϑrcosφsinϑ−rsinφ∣∣∣∣∣∣∣drdϑdφ=Ωrϑφ∭f(rsinφcosϑ,rsinφsinϑ,rcosφ)r2sinφdrdϑdφ
四、二维正态分布判断
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(X,Y) 服从二维正态分布(注:概率密度方程见附1)
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⟹(X,Y)⋅A 也服从二维正态分布,其中
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A 为二阶可逆矩阵。证明如下:
① 设二维随机变量
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(X,Y) 有连续的联合概率密度
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f(X,Y)(x,y),变换
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{u=u(x,y)v=v(x,y) 有唯一的反函数
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{x=x(u,v)y=y(u,v),
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y(u,v) 有连续偏导数
② 二维随机变量
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(U,V)=(U(X,Y),V(X,Y)) 的联合概率密度为
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f_{(U,V)}(u,v)=f_{(X,Y)}(x(u,v),y(u,v)) \sdot |J|
f(U,V)(u,v)=f(X,Y)(x(u,v),y(u,v))⋅∣J∣ 其中
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J
J 为雅可比行列式,且
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≠
0
J=\frac{\partial(x,y)}{\partial(u,v)}=\begin{vmatrix} \frac{\partial(x)}{\partial(u)} & \frac{\partial(x)}{\partial(v)} \\ \frac{\partial(y)}{\partial(u)} & \frac{\partial(y)}{\partial(v)} \end{vmatrix} \neq 0
J=∂(u,v)∂(x,y)=∣∣∣∣∣∂(u)∂(x)∂(u)∂(y)∂(v)∂(x)∂(v)∂(y)∣∣∣∣∣=0 因此
(
U
,
V
)
(U, V)
(U,V) 服从二维正态分布。
1、经典例题
设
(
X
,
Y
)
∼
N
(
μ
1
,
μ
2
,
σ
1
,
σ
2
;
ρ
)
(X,Y) \sim N(\mu_1,\mu_2, \sigma_{1}, \sigma_{2}; \rho)
(X,Y)∼N(μ1,μ2,σ1,σ2;ρ),令
U
=
X
−
μ
1
σ
1
U=\frac{X-\mu_{1}}{\sigma_{1}}
U=σ1X−μ1,
V
=
Y
−
μ
2
σ
2
V=\frac{Y-\mu_{2}}{\sigma_{2}}
V=σ2Y−μ2,证明:
(
U
,
V
)
(U,V)
(U,V) 服从二维(标准)正态分布。
证明:
① 因为
{
x
=
σ
1
u
+
μ
1
y
=
σ
2
v
+
μ
2
\begin{cases} x=\sigma_{1}u+\mu_{1} \\ y=\sigma_{2}v+\mu_{2} \end{cases}
{x=σ1u+μ1y=σ2v+μ2
② 因此
J
=
∂
(
x
,
y
)
∂
(
u
,
v
)
=
∣
∂
(
x
)
∂
(
u
)
∂
(
x
)
∂
(
v
)
∂
(
y
)
∂
(
u
)
∂
(
y
)
∂
(
v
)
∣
=
∣
σ
1
0
0
σ
2
∣
=
σ
1
σ
2
J=\frac{\partial(x,y)}{\partial(u,v)} =\begin{vmatrix} \frac{\partial(x)}{\partial(u)} & \frac{\partial(x)}{\partial(v)} \\ \frac{\partial(y)}{\partial(u)} & \frac{\partial(y)}{\partial(v)} \end{vmatrix} =\begin{vmatrix} \sigma_{1} & 0 \\ 0 & \sigma_{2} \end{vmatrix} =\sigma_{1}\sigma_{2}
J=∂(u,v)∂(x,y)=∣∣∣∣∣∂(u)∂(x)∂(u)∂(y)∂(v)∂(x)∂(v)∂(y)∣∣∣∣∣=∣∣∣∣σ100σ2∣∣∣∣=σ1σ2
③ 故可得
f
(
U
,
V
)
(
u
,
v
)
=
f
(
X
,
Y
)
(
σ
1
u
+
μ
1
,
σ
2
v
+
μ
2
)
⋅
σ
1
σ
2
=
1
2
π
1
−
ρ
2
e
−
1
2
(
1
−
ρ
2
)
⋅
(
u
2
−
2
ρ
u
v
+
v
2
)
f_{(U,V)}(u,v)=f_{(X,Y)}(\sigma_{1}u+\mu_{1},\sigma_{2}v+\mu_{2}) \sdot \sigma_{1} \sigma_{2}=\frac{1}{2\pi\sqrt{1-\rho^2}}e^{-\frac{1}{2(1-\rho^2)} \sdot (u^2-2\rho uv+v^2)}
f(U,V)(u,v)=f(X,Y)(σ1u+μ1,σ2v+μ2)⋅σ1σ2=2π1−ρ21e−2(1−ρ2)1⋅(u2−2ρuv+v2)
即
(
U
,
V
)
∼
N
(
0
,
0
,
1
,
1
;
ρ
)
(U,V) \sim N(0,0,1,1;\rho)
(U,V)∼N(0,0,1,1;ρ)。
总结
雅克比式如同一个转换器,当运用于积分时,可以将基于某个参考系的积分转换为基于另一个方便计算的参考系而不用思考其转换细节。雅克比式屏蔽掉了复杂的转换过程,将不同的转换思维过程抽象为了计算雅克比行列式。如本文中阐述的,将直角坐标系下的积分分别转换为柱面坐标系下的积分和球面坐标系下的积分。通过雅克比式转换就可以忽略掉柱面坐标系下的积分和球面坐标系下的积分的具体过程。
附录
附1:
(
X
,
Y
)
(X,Y)
(X,Y) 服从二维正态分布,即
(
X
,
Y
)
∼
N
(
μ
1
,
μ
2
,
σ
1
,
σ
2
;
ρ
)
(X,Y) \sim N(\mu_1,\mu_2, \sigma_{1}, \sigma_{2}; \rho)
(X,Y)∼N(μ1,μ2,σ1,σ2;ρ),则
(
X
,
Y
)
(X,Y)
(X,Y) 的概率密度为:
f
(
X
,
Y
)
(
x
,
y
)
=
1
2
π
σ
1
σ
2
1
−
ρ
2
exp
{
−
1
2
(
1
−
ρ
2
)
⋅
[
(
x
−
μ
1
)
2
σ
1
2
−
2
ρ
(
x
−
μ
1
)
(
y
−
μ
2
)
σ
1
σ
2
+
(
y
−
μ
2
)
2
σ
2
2
]
}
f_{(X,Y)}(x,y)=\frac{1}{2\pi\sigma_{1}\sigma_{2}\sqrt{1-\rho^2}} \exp\{{\frac{-1}{2(1-\rho^2)} \sdot [\frac{(x-\mu_{1})^2}{\sigma_{1}^2}-\frac{2\rho(x-\mu_{1})(y-\mu_{2})}{\sigma_{1}\sigma_{2}}+\frac{(y-\mu_{2})^2}{\sigma_{2}^2}]}\}
f(X,Y)(x,y)=2πσ1σ21−ρ21exp{2(1−ρ2)−1⋅[σ12(x−μ1)2−σ1σ22ρ(x−μ1)(y−μ2)+σ22(y−μ2)2]}