乘法和逆矩阵
1 矩阵乘法
1.1 法一：常规方法
A m n × B n p = C m p A_{mn}\qquad\times \qquad B_{np}\qquad=\qquad C_{mp} Amn×Bnp=Cmp
c i j c_{ij} cij
c i j = a i 1 × b 1 j + a i 2 × b 2 j + . . . + a i n × b n j c_{ij}=a_{i1}\times b_{1j}+a_{i2}\times b_{2j}+...+a_{in}\times b_{nj} cij=ai1×b1j+ai2×b2j+...+ain×bnj
1.2 法二：列方法
A m n × B n p = C m p [ ] m × n × [ ] n × p = [ ] m × p A_{mn}\qquad\times \qquad B_{np}\qquad=\qquad C_{mp}\\ \quad \\ \quad \\ \left[ \begin{array}{ccc} & & \\ & &\\ & & \end{array} \right]_{m\times n}\times\quad \left[ \begin{array}{c|cc} & & \\ & &\\ & & \end{array} \right]_{n\times p}=\quad \left[ \begin{array}{c|cc} & & \\ & &\\ & & \end{array} \right]_{m\times p} Amn×Bnp=Cmp⎣⎡⎦⎤m×n×⎣⎡⎦⎤n×p=⎣⎡⎦⎤m×p
A m n × B j = C j [ ] m × n × [ ] j = [ ] j A_{mn}\qquad\times \qquad B_{j}\qquad=\qquad C_{j}\\ \quad \\ \quad \\ \left[ \begin{array}{ccc} & & \\ & &\\ & & \end{array} \right]_{m\times n}\times\quad \left[ \begin{array}{c} \\ \\ \\ \end{array} \right]_{j}\quad=\quad \left[ \begin{array}{c} \\ \\ \\ \end{array} \right]_{j} Amn×Bj=Cj⎣⎡⎦⎤m×n×⎣⎡⎦⎤j=⎣⎡⎦⎤j
1.3 法三：行方法
A m n × B n p = C m p [ ] m × n × [ ] n × p = [ ] m × p A_{mn}\qquad\times \qquad B_{np}\qquad=\qquad C_{mp}\\ \quad \\ \quad \\ \left[ \begin{array}{ccc} & & \\\hline & &\\ & & \end{array} \right]_{m\times n}\times\quad \left[ \begin{array}{ccc} & & \\ & &\\ & & \end{array} \right]_{n\times p}=\quad \left[ \begin{array}{ccc} & & \\\hline & &\\ & & \end{array} \right]_{m\times p} Amn×Bnp=Cmp⎣⎡⎦⎤m×n×⎣⎡⎦⎤n×p=⎣⎡⎦⎤m×p
A i × B n p = C i [ ] i × [ ] n × p = [ ] i A_{i}\qquad\times \qquad B_{np}\qquad=\qquad C_{i}\\ \quad \\ \quad \\ \left[ \begin{array}{ccc} & & \\ \end{array} \right]_{i}\quad\times\quad \left[ \begin{array}{ccc} & & \\ & &\\ & & \end{array} \right]_{n\times p}=\quad \left[ \begin{array}{ccc} & & \\ \end{array} \right]_{i} Ai×Bnp=Ci[]i×⎣⎡⎦⎤n×p=[]i
1.4 法四：列乘以行
[ a 11 a 12 ⋯ a 1 n a 21 a 22 ⋯ a 2 n ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ a m 1 a m 2 ⋯ a m n ] m × n [ b 11 b 12 ⋯ b 1 p b 21 b 22 ⋯ b 2 p ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ b n 1 b n 2 ⋯ b n p ] n × p \begin{bmatrix} a_{11}&a_{12}&\cdots&a_{1n}\\ a_{21}&a_{22}&\cdots&a_{2n}\\ \cdots&\cdots&\cdots&\cdots\\ a_{m1}&a_{m2}&\cdots&a_{mn} \end{bmatrix}_{m\times n} \qquad \begin{bmatrix} b_{11}&b_{12}&\cdots&b_{1p}\\ b_{21}&b_{22}&\cdots&b_{2p}\\ \cdots&\cdots&\cdots&\cdots\\ b_{n1}&b_{n2}&\cdots&b_{np} \end{bmatrix}_{n\times p} ⎣⎢⎢⎡a11a21⋯am1a12a22⋯am2⋯⋯⋯⋯a1na2n⋯amn⎦⎥⎥⎤m×n⎣⎢⎢⎡b11b21⋯bn1b12b22⋯bn2⋯⋯⋯⋯b1pb2p⋯bnp⎦⎥⎥⎤n×p
[ a m 1 a m 2 ⋯ a m n ] 1 × n × [ b 1 p b 2 p ⋯ b n p ] n × 1 = [ a m 1 × b 1 p + a m 2 × b 2 p + . . . + a m n × b n p ] \begin{bmatrix} a_{m1}&a_{m2}&\cdots&a_{mn} \end{bmatrix}_{1\times n} \times \quad \begin{bmatrix} b_{1p}\\ b_{2p}\\ \cdots\\ b_{np} \end{bmatrix}_{n\times 1}= \begin{bmatrix} a_{m1}\times b_{1p}+a_{m2}\times b_{2p}+...+a_{mn}\times b_{np} \end{bmatrix} [am1am2⋯amn]1×n×⎣⎢⎢⎡b1pb2p⋯bnp⎦⎥⎥⎤n×1=[am1×b1p+am2×b2p+...+amn×bnp]
[ a 1 n a 2 n ⋯ a m n ] m × 1 × [ b n 1 b n 2 ⋯ b n p ] 1 × p = ? \begin{bmatrix} a_{1n}\\ a_{2n}\\ \cdots\\ a_{mn} \end{bmatrix}_{m\times 1} \times \quad \begin{bmatrix} b_{n1}&b_{n2}&\cdots&b_{np} \end{bmatrix}_{1\times p}=\quad ? ⎣⎢⎢⎡a1na2n⋯amn⎦⎥⎥⎤m×1×[bn1bn2⋯bnp]1×p=?
⋯ = [ a 1 n × b n 1 a 1 n × b n 2 ⋯ a 1 n × b n p a 2 n × b n 1 a 2 n × b n 2 ⋯ a 2 n × b n p ⋯ a m n × b n 1 a m n × b n 2 ⋯ a m n × b n p ] m × p \cdots \quad=\quad \begin{bmatrix} a_{1n}\times b_{n1} & a_{1n}\times b_{n2} & \cdots & a_{1n}\times b_{np}\\ a_{2n}\times b_{n1} & a_{2n}\times b_{n2} & \cdots & a_{2n}\times b_{np}\\ \cdots\\ a_{mn}\times b_{n1} & a_{mn}\times b_{n2} & \cdots & a_{mn}\times b_{np} \end{bmatrix}_{m\times p} ⋯=⎣⎢⎢⎡a1n×bn1a2n×bn1⋯amn×bn1a1n×bn2a2n×bn2amn×bn2⋯⋯⋯a1n×bnpa2n×bnpamn×bnp⎦⎥⎥⎤m×p
[ b n 1 b n 2 ⋯ b n p ] 1 × p \begin{bmatrix} b_{n1}&b_{n2}&\cdots&b_{np} \end{bmatrix}_{1\times p} [bn1bn2⋯bnp]1×p
[ a 1 n a 2 n ⋯ a m n ] m × 1 \begin{bmatrix} a_{1n}\\ a_{2n}\\ \cdots\\ a_{mn} \end{bmatrix}_{m\times 1} ⎣⎢⎢⎡a1na2n⋯amn⎦⎥⎥⎤m×1
[ 2 7 3 8 4 9 ] × [ 1 6 0 0 ] = ? \begin{bmatrix} 2&7\\ 3&8\\ 4&9 \end{bmatrix} \quad \times \quad \begin{bmatrix} 1&6\\ 0&0 \end{bmatrix} \quad=\quad? ⎣⎡234789⎦⎤×[1060]=?
[ 2 7 3 8 4 9 ] × [ 1 6 0 0 ] = [ 2 3 4 ] × [ 1 6 ] + [ 7 8 9 ] × [ 0 0 ] = [ 2 12 3 18 4 24 ] + [ 0 0 0 0 0 0 ] = [ 2 12 3 18 4 24 ] \begin{bmatrix} 2&7\\ 3&8\\ 4&9 \end{bmatrix} \times \begin{bmatrix} 1&6\\ 0&0 \end{bmatrix}= \begin{bmatrix} 2\\ 3\\ 4 \end{bmatrix}\times \begin{bmatrix} 1&6 \end{bmatrix}+ \begin{bmatrix} 7\\ 8\\ 9 \end{bmatrix}\times \begin{bmatrix} 0&0 \end{bmatrix}\\ \quad\\ =\begin{bmatrix} 2&12\\ 3&18\\ 4&24 \end{bmatrix}+ \begin{bmatrix} 0&0\\ 0&0\\ 0&0 \end{bmatrix}= \begin{bmatrix} 2&12\\ 3&18\\ 4&24 \end{bmatrix} ⎣⎡234789⎦⎤×[1060]=⎣⎡234⎦⎤×[16]+⎣⎡789⎦⎤×[00]=⎣⎡234121824⎦⎤+⎣⎡000000⎦⎤=⎣⎡234121824⎦⎤
1.5 法五：分块矩阵
[ a 11 a 12 a 13 a 14 a 21 a 22 a 23 a 24 a 31 a 32 a 33 a 34 a 41 a 42 a 43 a 44 ] × [ b 11 b 12 b 13 b 14 b 21 b 22 b 23 b 24 b 31 b 32 b 33 b 34 b 41 b 42 b 43 b 44 ] \left[ \begin{array}{cccc} a_{11}&a_{12}&a_{13}&a_{14}\\ a_{21}&a_{22}&a_{23}&a_{24}\\ a_{31}&a_{32}&a_{33}&a_{34}\\ a_{41}&a_{42}&a_{43}&a_{44} \end{array} \right]\times \left[ \begin{array}{cccc} b_{11}&b_{12}&b_{13}&b_{14}\\ b_{21}&b_{22}&b_{23}&b_{24}\\ b_{31}&b_{32}&b_{33}&b_{34}\\ b_{41}&b_{42}&b_{43}&b_{44} \end{array} \right] ⎣⎢⎢⎡a11a21a31a41a12a22a32a42a13a23a33a43a14a24a34a44⎦⎥⎥⎤×⎣⎢⎢⎡b11b21b31b41b12b22b32b42b13b23b33b43b14b24b34b44⎦⎥⎥⎤
[ a 11 a 12 a 13 a 14 a 21 a 22 a 23 a 24 a 31 a 32 a 33 a 34 a 41 a 42 a 43 a 44 ] × [ b 11 b 12 b 13 b 14 b 21 b 22 b 23 b 24 b 31 b 32 b 33 b 34 b 41 b 42 b 43 b 44 ] = [ A 1 A 2 A 3 A 4 ] × [ B 1 B 2 B 3 B 4 ] \left[ \begin{array}{cc|cc} a_{11}&a_{12}&a_{13}&a_{14}\\ a_{21}&a_{22}&a_{23}&a_{24}\\\hline a_{31}&a_{32}&a_{33}&a_{34}\\ a_{41}&a_{42}&a_{43}&a_{44} \end{array} \right]\times \left[ \begin{array}{cc|cc} b_{11}&b_{12}&b_{13}&b_{14}\\ b_{21}&b_{22}&b_{23}&b_{24}\\\hline b_{31}&b_{32}&b_{33}&b_{34}\\ b_{41}&b_{42}&b_{43}&b_{44} \end{array} \right]\\ \quad \\ =\left[ \begin{array}{c|c} A1&A2\\\hline A3&A4 \end{array} \right]\times \left[ \begin{array}{c|c} B1&B2\\\hline B3&B4 \end{array} \right] ⎣⎢⎢⎡a11a21a31a41a12a22a32a42a13a23a33a43a14a24a34a44⎦⎥⎥⎤×⎣⎢⎢⎡b11b21b31b41b12b22b32b42b13b23b33b43b14b24b34b44⎦⎥⎥⎤=[A1A3A2A4]×[B1B3B2B4]
2 矩阵的逆（仅限方阵）
A × A − 1 = I A\times A^{-1}=I A×A−1=I
A × A − 1 = A − 1 × A = I A\times A^{-1}=A^{-1}\times A=I A×A−1=A−1×A=I
A = [ 1 3 2 6 ] A=\begin{bmatrix} 1&3\\ 2&6 \end{bmatrix} A=[1236]
2.1 判断是否存在逆矩阵
2.1.1 思路一
A × A − 1 = A − 1 × A = I A\times A^{-1}=A^{-1}\times A=I A×A−1=A−1×A=I
[ ? ? ? ? ] × [ 1 3 2 6 ] = [ 1 0 0 1 ] \begin{bmatrix} ?& ?\\ ?& ? \end{bmatrix}\times \begin{bmatrix} 1& 3\\ 2& 6 \end{bmatrix}= \begin{bmatrix} 1& 0\\ 0& 1 \end{bmatrix} [????]×[1236]=[1001]
[ 1 3 2 6 ] × [ ? ? ? ? ] = [ 1 0 0 1 ] \begin{bmatrix} 1& 3\\ 2& 6 \end{bmatrix}\times \begin{bmatrix} ?& ?\\ ?& ? \end{bmatrix}= \begin{bmatrix} 1& 0\\ 0& 1 \end{bmatrix} [1236]×[????]=[1001]
[ 1 3 2 6 ] \begin{bmatrix} 1& 3\\ 2& 6 \end{bmatrix} [1236]
x 1 × [ 1 3 ] + y 1 × [ 2 6 ] = [ 1 0 ] x 2 × [ 1 3 ] + y 2 × [ 2 6 ] = [ 0 1 ] x 3 × [ 1 2 ] + y 3 × [ 3 6 ] = [ 1 0 ] x 4 × [ 1 2 ] + y 4 × [ 3 6 ] = [ 0 1 ] x_1\times\begin{bmatrix} 1& 3\\ \end{bmatrix}+ y_1\times\begin{bmatrix} 2& 6\\ \end{bmatrix}= \begin{bmatrix} 1& 0 \end{bmatrix}\\ \quad\\ x_2\times\begin{bmatrix} 1& 3\\ \end{bmatrix}+ y_2\times\begin{bmatrix} 2& 6\\ \end{bmatrix}= \begin{bmatrix} 0& 1 \end{bmatrix}\\ \quad\\ x_3\times\begin{bmatrix} 1\\ 2 \end{bmatrix}+ y_3\times\begin{bmatrix} 3\\ 6 \end{bmatrix}= \begin{bmatrix} 1\\ 0 \end{bmatrix}\\ \quad\\ x_4\times\begin{bmatrix} 1\\ 2 \end{bmatrix}+ y_4\times\begin{bmatrix} 3\\ 6 \end{bmatrix}= \begin{bmatrix} 0\\ 1 \end{bmatrix}\\ \quad\\ x1×[13]+y1×[26]=[10]x2×[13]+y2×[26]=[01]x3×[12]+y3×[36]=[10]x4×[12]+y4×[36]=[01]
[ 1 0 ] [ 0 1 ] [ 1 0 ] [ 0 1 ] \begin{bmatrix} 1&0 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} 0&1 \end{bmatrix}\\ \quad\\ \begin{bmatrix} 1\\ 0 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} 0\\ 1 \end{bmatrix} [10][01][10][01]
[ 1 3 ] [ 2 6 ] [ 1 2 ] [ 3 6 ] \begin{bmatrix} 1& 3\\ \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} 2& 6\\ \end{bmatrix}\\ \quad\\ \begin{bmatrix} 1\\ 2 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} 3\\ 6 \end{bmatrix} [13][26][12][36]
A = [ 1 3 2 6 ] A=\begin{bmatrix} 1& 3\\ 2& 6 \end{bmatrix} A=[1236]
[ 1 0 0 1 ] \begin{bmatrix} 1& 0\\ 0& 1 \end{bmatrix} [1001]
A × B = [ 1 0 0 1 ] 或 B × A = [ 1 0 0 1 ] A\times B =\begin{bmatrix} 1& 0\\ 0& 1 \end{bmatrix}\quad或\quad B\times A =\begin{bmatrix} 1& 0\\ 0& 1 \end{bmatrix} A×B=[1001]或B×A=[1001]
2.1.2 判断是否存在逆矩阵思路二
A = [ 1 3 2 6 ] A=\begin{bmatrix} 1&3\\ 2&6 \end{bmatrix} A=[1236]
A × x = 0 A\times x = 0 A×x=0
{ A × x = 0 ① A × A − 1 = A − 1 × A = I ② \begin{cases} A\times x = 0\quad①\\ A\times A^{-1}=A^{-1}\times A=I \quad②\end{cases} {A×x=0①A×A−1=A−1×A=I②
A − 1 × A × x = A − 1 × 0 ↓ I × x = 0 ↓ x = 0 A^{-1}\times A\times x=A^{-1}\times 0\\ \stackrel{}{\downarrow}\\ I\times x= 0\\ \stackrel{}{\downarrow}\\ x=0 A−1×A×x=A−1×0↓I×x=0↓x=0
A × x = 0 A\times x = 0 A×x=0
2.2 高斯-约旦(Gauss-Jordan)消元法
A = [ 1 3 2 7 ] A=\begin{bmatrix} 1&3\\ 2&7 \end{bmatrix} A=[1237]
A × A − 1 = I [ 1 3 2 7 ] × [ a b c d ] = [ 1 0 0 1 ] A\quad\times\quad A^{-1}\quad=\quad I\\ \quad\\ \begin{bmatrix} 1&3\\ 2&7 \end{bmatrix}\times \begin{bmatrix} a&b\\ c&d \end{bmatrix}= \begin{bmatrix} 1&0\\ 0&1 \end{bmatrix} A×A−1=I[1237]×[acbd]=[1001]
[ 1 3 2 7 ] × [ a b ] = [ 1 0 ] [ 1 3 2 7 ] × [ c d ] = [ 0 1 ] 或 [ 1 3 2 7 ] × [ a c ] = [ 1 0 ] [ 1 3 2 7 ] × [ b d ] = [ 0 1 ] \begin{bmatrix} 1&3\\ 2&7 \end{bmatrix}\times \begin{bmatrix} a&b \end{bmatrix}= \begin{bmatrix} 1&0 \end{bmatrix}\\ \quad\\ \begin{bmatrix} 1&3\\ 2&7 \end{bmatrix}\times \begin{bmatrix} c&d \end{bmatrix}= \begin{bmatrix} 0&1 \end{bmatrix}\\ \quad\\ 或\\ \quad\\ \begin{bmatrix} 1&3\\ 2&7 \end{bmatrix}\times \begin{bmatrix} a\\ c \end{bmatrix}= \begin{bmatrix} 1\\ 0 \end{bmatrix}\\ \quad\\ \begin{bmatrix} 1&3\\ 2&7 \end{bmatrix}\times \begin{bmatrix} b\\ d \end{bmatrix}= \begin{bmatrix} 0\\ 1 \end{bmatrix} [1237]×[ab]=[10][1237]×[cd]=[01]或[1237]×[ac]=[10][1237]×[bd]=[01]
[ A I ] \left [ \begin{array}{c:c} \begin{matrix} A \end{matrix}& \begin{matrix} I \end{matrix} \end{array} \right ]\\ \quad [AI]
[ 1 3 2 7 1 0 0 1 ] \left [ \begin{array}{c:c} \begin{matrix} 1&3\\ 2&7 \end{matrix}& \begin{matrix} 1&0\\ 0&1 \end{matrix} \end{array} \right ] [12371001]
[ 1 3 2 7 1 0 0 1 ] ⟶ r o w 2 − 2 × r o w 1 [ 1 3 0 1 1 0 − 2 1 ] \left [ \begin{array}{c:c} \begin{matrix} 1&3\\ 2&7 \end{matrix}& \begin{matrix} 1&0\\ 0&1 \end{matrix} \end{array} \right ]\stackrel{row2-2\times row1}{\longrightarrow} \left [ \begin{array}{c:c} \begin{matrix} 1&3\\ 0&1 \end{matrix}& \begin{matrix} 1&0\\ -2&1 \end{matrix} \end{array} \right ] [12371001]⟶row2−2×row1[10311−201]
[ 1 3 0 1 1 0 − 2 1 ] ⟶ r o w 1 − 3 × r o w 2 [ 1 0 0 1 7 − 3 − 2 1 ] \left [ \begin{array}{c:c} \begin{matrix} 1&3\\ 0&1 \end{matrix}& \begin{matrix} 1&0\\ -2&1 \end{matrix} \end{array} \right ]\stackrel{row1-3\times row2}{\longrightarrow} \left [ \begin{array}{c:c} \begin{matrix} 1&0\\ 0&1 \end{matrix}& \begin{matrix} 7&-3\\ -2&1 \end{matrix} \end{array} \right ] [10311−201]⟶row1−3×row2[10017−2−31]
[ A I ] \left [ \begin{array}{c:c} \begin{matrix} A \end{matrix}& \begin{matrix} I \end{matrix} \end{array} \right ]\\ [AI]
[ I A − 1 ] \left [ \begin{array}{c:c} \begin{matrix} I \end{matrix}& \begin{matrix} A^{-1} \end{matrix} \end{array} \right ]\\ [IA−1]
[ A − 1 × A A − 1 × I ] = [ I A − 1 ] \left [ \begin{array}{c:c} \begin{matrix} A^{-1}\times A \end{matrix}& \begin{matrix} A^{-1}\times I \end{matrix} \end{array} \right ]= \left [ \begin{array}{c:c} \begin{matrix} I \end{matrix}& \begin{matrix} A^{-1} \end{matrix} \end{array} \right ]\\ [A−1×AA−1×I]=[IA−1]
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