什么是URDF?
Unified Robot Description Format,统一机器人描述格式；
ROS中一个非常重要的机器人模型描述格式；
可以解析URDF文件中使用XML格式描述的机器人模型；
ROS同时也提供URDF文件的C++解析器；
link
1.描述机器人某个刚体部分的外观和物理属性
2.尺寸(size)、颜色(color)、形状(shape)、惯性矩阵(inertial matrix)、碰撞参数(collision properties)等
visual
描述机器人link部分的外观参数
inertial
描述link的惯性参数
collision
描述link的碰撞属性
joint
1.描述机器人关节的运动学和动力学属性
2.包括关节运动的位置和速度限制
3.根据关节运动形式，可以将其分为六种类型
calibration:
关节的参考位置，用来校准关节的绝对位置
dynamics
描述关节的物理属性，例如阻尼值、物理静摩擦等，经常在动力学仿真中用到；
limit
描述运动的一些极限值，包括关节运动的上下限位置、速度限制、力矩限制
mimic
描述该关节与已有关节的关系
safety_controller
描述安全控制器参数bot
robot
1.完整机器人模型的顶层标签
2.link和joint标签都必须包含在robot标签内
一个完整的机器人模型，由一系列link和joint组成
URDF建模实验
一、创建一个机器人建模功能包
catkin_create_pkg mbot_description urdf xacro
display_mbot_base_urdf.launch
<launch>
<param name="robot_description" textfile="$(find mbot_description)/urdf/mbot_base.urdf" />
<!-- 设置GUI参数，显示关节控制插件 -->
<param name="use_gui" value="true"/>
<!-- 运行joint_state_publisher节点，发布机器人的关节状态 -->
<node name="joint_state_publisher" pkg="joint_state_publisher" type="joint_state_publisher" />
<!-- 运行robot_state_publisher节点，发布tf -->
<node name="robot_state_publisher" pkg="robot_state_publisher" type="state_publisher" />
<!-- 运行rviz可视化界面 -->
<node name="rviz" pkg="rviz" type="rviz" args="-d $(find mbot_description)/config/mbot_urdf.rviz" required="true" />
</launch>
1.joint_state_publisher:发布每个joint的状态，而且可以通过UI界面对joint进行控制
2.robot_state_publisher:将机器人各个links,joints之间的关系，通过TF的形式，整理成三维姿态信息发布
mbot_base.urdf
<?xml version="1.0" ?>
<robot name="mbot">
<link name="base_link">
<visual>
<origin xyz=" 0 0 0" rpy="0 0 0" />
<geometry>
<cylinder length="0.16" radius="0.20"/>
</geometry>
<material name="yellow">
<color rgba="1 0.4 0 1"/>
</material>
</visual>
</link>
<joint name="left_wheel_joint" type="continuous">
<origin xyz="0 0.19 -0.05" rpy="0 0 0"/>
<parent link="base_link"/>
<child link="left_wheel_link"/>
<axis xyz="0 1 0"/>
</joint>
<link name="left_wheel_link">
<visual>
<origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="1.5707 0 0" />
<geometry>
<cylinder radius="0.06" length = "0.025"/>
</geometry>
<material name="white">
<color rgba="1 1 1 0.9"/>
</material>
</visual>
</link>
<joint name="right_wheel_joint" type="continuous">
<origin xyz="0 -0.19 -0.05" rpy="0 0 0"/>
<parent link="base_link"/>
<child link="right_wheel_link"/>
<axis xyz="0 1 0"/>
</joint>
<link name="right_wheel_link">
<visual>
<origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="1.5707 0 0" />
<geometry>
<cylinder radius="0.06" length = "0.025"/>
</geometry>
<material name="white">
<color rgba="1 1 1 0.9"/>
</material>
</visual>
</link>
<joint name="front_caster_joint" type="continuous">
<origin xyz="0.18 0 -0.095" rpy="0 0 0"/>
<parent link="base_link"/>
<child link="front_caster_link"/>
<axis xyz="0 1 0"/>
</joint>
<link name="front_caster_link">
<visual>
<origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="0 0 0"/>
<geometry>
<sphere radius="0.015" />
</geometry>
<material name="black">
<color rgba="0 0 0 0.95"/>
</material>
</visual>
</link>
<joint name="back_caster_joint" type="continuous">
<origin xyz="-0.18 0 -0.095" rpy="0 0 0"/>
<parent link="base_link"/>
<child link="back_caster_link"/>
<axis xyz="0 1 0"/>
</joint>
<link name="back_caster_link">
<visual>
<origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="0 0 0"/>
<geometry>
<sphere radius="0.015" />
</geometry>
<material name="black">
<color rgba="0 0 0 0.95"/>
</material>
</visual>
</link>
</robot>
mbot_with_camera.urdf
<?xml version="1.0" ?>
<robot name="mbot">
<link name="base_link">
<visual>
<origin xyz=" 0 0 0" rpy="0 0 0" />
<geometry>
<cylinder length="0.16" radius="0.20"/>
</geometry>
<material name="yellow">
<color rgba="1 0.4 0 1"/>
</material>
</visual>
</link>
<joint name="left_wheel_joint" type="continuous">
<origin xyz="0 0.19 -0.05" rpy="0 0 0"/>
<parent link="base_link"/>
<child link="left_wheel_link"/>
<axis xyz="0 1 0"/>
</joint>
<link name="left_wheel_link">
<visual>
<origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="1.5707 0 0" />
<geometry>
<cylinder radius="0.06" length = "0.025"/>
</geometry>
<material name="white">
<color rgba="1 1 1 0.9"/>
</material>
</visual>
</link>
<joint name="right_wheel_joint" type="continuous">
<origin xyz="0 -0.19 -0.05" rpy="0 0 0"/>
<parent link="base_link"/>
<child link="right_wheel_link"/>
<axis xyz="0 1 0"/>
</joint>
<link name="right_wheel_link">
<visual>
<origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="1.5707 0 0" />
<geometry>
<cylinder radius="0.06" length = "0.025"/>
</geometry>
<material name="white">
<color rgba="1 1 1 0.9"/>
</material>
</visual>
</link>
<joint name="front_caster_joint" type="continuous">
<origin xyz="0.18 0 -0.095" rpy="0 0 0"/>
<parent link="base_link"/>
<child link="front_caster_link"/>
<axis xyz="0 1 0"/>
</joint>
<link name="front_caster_link">
<visual>
<origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="0 0 0"/>
<geometry>
<sphere radius="0.015" />
</geometry>
<material name="black">
<color rgba="0 0 0 0.95"/>
</material>
</visual>
</link>
<joint name="back_caster_joint" type="continuous">
<origin xyz="-0.18 0 -0.095" rpy="0 0 0"/>
<parent link="base_link"/>
<child link="back_caster_link"/>
<axis xyz="0 1 0"/>
</joint>
<link name="back_caster_link">
<visual>
<origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="0 0 0"/>
<geometry>
<sphere radius="0.015" />
</geometry>
<material name="black">
<color rgba="0 0 0 0.95"/>
</material>
</visual>
</link>
<link name="camera_link">
<visual>
<origin xyz=" 0 0 0 " rpy="0 0 0" />
<geometry>
<box size="0.03 0.04 0.04" />
</geometry>
<material name="black">
<color rgba="0 0 0 0.95"/>
</material>
</visual>
</link>
<joint name="camera_joint" type="fixed">
<origin xyz="0.17 0 0.10" rpy="0 0 0"/>
<parent link="base_link"/>
<child link="camera_link"/>
</joint>
</robot>
mbot_with_kinect.urdf
<?xml version="1.0" ?>
<robot name="mbot">
<link name="base_link">
<visual>
<origin xyz=" 0 0 0" rpy="0 0 0" />
<geometry>
<cylinder length="0.16" radius="0.20"/>
</geometry>
<material name="yellow">
<color rgba="1 0.4 0 1"/>
</material>
</visual>
</link>
<joint name="left_wheel_joint" type="continuous">
<origin xyz="0 0.19 -0.05" rpy="0 0 0"/>
<parent link="base_link"/>
<child link="left_wheel_link"/>
<axis xyz="0 1 0"/>
</joint>
<link name="left_wheel_link">
<visual>
<origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="1.5707 0 0" />
<geometry>
<cylinder radius="0.06" length = "0.025"/>
</geometry>
<material name="white">
<color rgba="1 1 1 0.9"/>
</material>
</visual>
</link>
<joint name="right_wheel_joint" type="continuous">
<origin xyz="0 -0.19 -0.05" rpy="0 0 0"/>
<parent link="base_link"/>
<child link="right_wheel_link"/>
<axis xyz="0 1 0"/>
</joint>
<link name="right_wheel_link">
<visual>
<origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="1.5707 0 0" />
<geometry>
<cylinder radius="0.06" length = "0.025"/>
</geometry>
<material name="white">
<color rgba="1 1 1 0.9"/>
</material>
</visual>
</link>
<joint name="front_caster_joint" type="continuous">
<origin xyz="0.18 0 -0.095" rpy="0 0 0"/>
<parent link="base_link"/>
<child link="front_caster_link"/>
<axis xyz="0 1 0"/>
</joint>
<link name="front_caster_link">
<visual>
<origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="0 0 0"/>
<geometry>
<sphere radius="0.015" />
</geometry>
<material name="black">
<color rgba="0 0 0 0.95"/>
</material>
</visual>
</link>
<joint name="back_caster_joint" type="continuous">
<origin xyz="-0.18 0 -0.095" rpy="0 0 0"/>
<parent link="base_link"/>
<child link="back_caster_link"/>
<axis xyz="0 1 0"/>
</joint>
<link name="back_caster_link">
<visual>
<origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="0 0 0"/>
<geometry>
<sphere radius="0.015" />
</geometry>
<material name="black">
<color rgba="0 0 0 0.95"/>
</material>
</visual>
</link>
<link name="kinect_link">
<visual>
<origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="0 0 1.5708"/>
<geometry>
<mesh filename="package://mbot_description/meshes/kinect.dae" />
</geometry>
</visual>
</link>
<joint name="laser_joint" type="fixed">
<origin xyz="0.15 0 0.11" rpy="0 0 0"/>
<parent link="base_link"/>
<child link="kinect_link"/>
</joint>
</robot>
mbot_with_laser.urdf
<?xml version="1.0" ?>
<robot name="mbot">
<link name="base_link">
<visual>
<origin xyz=" 0 0 0" rpy="0 0 0" />
<geometry>
<cylinder length="0.16" radius="0.20"/>
</geometry>
<material name="yellow">
<color rgba="1 0.4 0 1"/>
</material>
</visual>
</link>
<joint name="left_wheel_joint" type="continuous">
<origin xyz="0 0.19 -0.05" rpy="0 0 0"/>
<parent link="base_link"/>
<child link="left_wheel_link"/>
<axis xyz="0 1 0"/>
</joint>
<link name="left_wheel_link">
<visual>
<origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="1.5707 0 0" />
<geometry>
<cylinder radius="0.06" length = "0.025"/>
</geometry>
<material name="white">
<color rgba="1 1 1 0.9"/>
</material>
</visual>
</link>
<joint name="right_wheel_joint" type="continuous">
<origin xyz="0 -0.19 -0.05" rpy="0 0 0"/>
<parent link="base_link"/>
<child link="right_wheel_link"/>
<axis xyz="0 1 0"/>
</joint>
<link name="right_wheel_link">
<visual>
<origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="1.5707 0 0" />
<geometry>
<cylinder radius="0.06" length = "0.025"/>
</geometry>
<material name="white">
<color rgba="1 1 1 0.9"/>
</material>
</visual>
</link>
<joint name="front_caster_joint" type="continuous">
<origin xyz="0.18 0 -0.095" rpy="0 0 0"/>
<parent link="base_link"/>
<child link="front_caster_link"/>
<axis xyz="0 1 0"/>
</joint>
<link name="front_caster_link">
<visual>
<origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="0 0 0"/>
<geometry>
<sphere radius="0.015" />
</geometry>
<material name="black">
<color rgba="0 0 0 0.95"/>
</material>
</visual>
</link>
<joint name="back_caster_joint" type="continuous">
<origin xyz="-0.18 0 -0.095" rpy="0 0 0"/>
<parent link="base_link"/>
<child link="back_caster_link"/>
<axis xyz="0 1 0"/>
</joint>
<link name="back_caster_link">
<visual>
<origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="0 0 0"/>
<geometry>
<sphere radius="0.015" />
</geometry>
<material name="black">
<color rgba="0 0 0 0.95"/>
</material>
</visual>
</link>
<link name="laser_link">
<visual>
<origin xyz=" 0 0 0 " rpy="0 0 0" />
<geometry>
<cylinder length="0.05" radius="0.05"/>
</geometry>
<material name="black"/>
</visual>
</link>
<joint name="laser_joint" type="fixed">
<origin xyz="0 0 0.105" rpy="0 0 0"/>
<parent link="base_link"/>
<child link="laser_link"/>
</joint>
</robot>
二、四轮小车urdf模型
2.1创建功能包及其文件夹并完成编译
(1)编写URDF描述文件
mecanum_robot.urdf
标签属性如下：
<link> 一个link对应模型的一个模块，可以通过标签 joint 让子模块与 base_link 进行关联
|——<visual> 描述一个link的外观，大小，颜色，材质纹理等
|——|——<geometry> 定义该link的几何模型，包含该几何模型的尺寸，单位：米
|——|——|——<box> 矩形，定义属性：size（包含长宽高，数据用空格隔开）
|——|——|——<cylinder> 圆柱体，定义属性：1、length，2、radius
|——|——|——<sphere> 球体，定义属性：radius
|——|——<material> 定义颜色和透明度（RGBA），取值区间 [0,1]
|——<collision> 描述碰撞检测属性
urdf文件:
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<robot name="mecanum_robot">
<link name="base_link">
<visual>
<geometry>
<box size="0.25 .16 .05"/>
</geometry>
<origin rpy="0 0 1.57075" xyz="0 0 0"/>
<material name="blue">
<color rgba="0 0 .8 1"/>
</material>
</visual>
</link>
<link name="right_front_wheel">
<visual>
<geometry>
<cylinder length=".02" radius="0.025"/>
</geometry>
<material name="black">
<color rgba="0 0 0 1"/>
</material>
</visual>
</link>
<joint name="right_front_wheel_joint" type="continuous">
<axis xyz="0 0 1"/>
<parent link="base_link"/>
<child link="right_front_wheel"/>
<origin rpy="0 1.57075 0" xyz="0.08 0.1 -0.03"/>
<limit effort="100" velocity="100"/>
<joint_properties damping="0.0" friction="0.0"/>
</joint>
<link name="right_back_wheel">
<visual>
<geometry>
<cylinder length=".02" radius="0.025"/>
</geometry>
<material name="black">
<color rgba="0 0 0 1"/>
</material>
</visual>
</link>
<joint name="right_back_wheel_joint" type="continuous">
<axis xyz="0 0 1"/>
<parent link="base_link"/>
<child link="right_back_wheel"/>
<origin rpy="0 1.57075 0" xyz="0.08 -0.1 -0.03"/>
<limit effort="100" velocity="100"/>
<joint_properties damping="0.0" friction="0.0"/>
</joint>
<link name="left_front_wheel">
<visual>
<geometry>
<cylinder length=".02" radius="0.025"/>
</geometry>
<material name="black">
<color rgba="0 0 0 1"/>
</material>
</visual>
</link>
<joint name="left_front_wheel_joint" type="continuous">
<axis xyz="0 0 1"/>
<parent link="base_link"/>
<child link="left_front_wheel"/>
<origin rpy="0 1.57075 0" xyz="-0.08 0.1 -0.03"/>
<limit effort="100" velocity="100"/>
<joint_properties damping="0.0" friction="0.0"/>
</joint>
<link name="left_back_wheel">
<visual>
<geometry>
<cylinder length=".02" radius="0.025"/>
</geometry>
<material name="black">
<color rgba="0 0 0 1"/>
</material>
</visual>
</link>
<joint name="left_back_wheel_joint" type="continuous">
<axis xyz="0 0 1"/>
<parent link="base_link"/>
<child link="left_back_wheel"/>
<origin rpy="0 1.57075 0" xyz="-0.08 -0.1 -0.03"/>
<limit effort="100" velocity="100"/>
<joint_properties damping="0.0" friction="0.0"/>
</joint>
<link name="head">
<visual>
<geometry>
<box size=".02 .03 .03"/>
</geometry>
<material name="white">
<color rgba="1 1 1 1"/>
</material>
</visual>
</link>
<joint name="tobox" type="fixed">
<parent link="base_link"/>
<child link="head"/>
<origin xyz="0 0.08 0.025"/>
</joint>
</robot>
(2)编写launch文件
display.launch
<launch>
<param name="robot_description" textfile="$(find mbot_description)/urdf/mecanum_robot.urdf" />
<!-- 设置GUI参数，显示关节控制插件 -->
<param name="use_gui" value="true"/>
<!-- 运行joint_state_publisher节点，发布机器人的关节状态 -->
<node name="joint_state_publisher" pkg="joint_state_publisher" type="joint_state_publisher" />
<!-- 运行robot_state_publisher节点，发布tf -->
<node name="robot_state_publisher" pkg="robot_state_publisher" type="state_publisher" />
<!-- 运行rviz可视化界面 -->
<node name="rviz" pkg="rviz" type="rviz" args="-d $(find mbot_description)/config/mbot_urdf.rviz" required="true" />
</launch>
(3)运行
$ roslaunch robot_description display.launch
Urdf目录下执行:
$ urdf_to_graphiz mecanum_robot.urdf.urdf
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