Eigen库学习（七）Reductions,visitor和broadcasting

Reductions是什么？

Eigen中reductions是将matrix或array作为输入，返回一个单一的标量值。最常见的就是sum，他将所有的系数求和结果返回。

#include <iostream>
#include <Eigen/Dense>
 
using namespace std;
int main()
{
  Eigen::Matrix2d mat;
  mat << 1, 2,
         3, 4;
  cout << "Here is mat.sum():       " << mat.sum()       << endl;
  cout << "Here is mat.prod():      " << mat.prod()      << endl;
  cout << "Here is mat.mean():      " << mat.mean()      << endl;
  cout << "Here is mat.minCoeff():  " << mat.minCoeff()  << endl;
  cout << "Here is mat.maxCoeff():  " << mat.maxCoeff()  << endl;
  cout << "Here is mat.trace():     " << mat.trace()     << endl;
}

Reductions方法	含义
sum	累加
prod	累乘
mean	均值
minCoeff	最小值
maxCoeff	最大值
trace	矩阵的迹

Norm（范数）

关于范数的概念，可以参考这里这里。最常见的就是L1范数和L2范数：

L1范数

$$||x|{|}_1=\sum _{i=1}^n|x_i|$$
表示向量$x_1$的非零元素绝对值之和。L1范数有很多名字，例如我们熟悉的曼哈顿距离、最小绝对误差等。使用L1范数可以度量两个向量间的差异，如绝对误差和（Sum of Absolute Difference）:
$$SAD=\sum _{i=1}^n|x_{1i}-x_{2_i}|$$

L2范数

$$||x|{|}_1=\sqrt{\sum _{i=1}^n(x_i^2)}$$
这个是最最最常见的了，表示欧式距离，它表示$x_1$的平方和后开平方。它也可用来表示两个向量之间的差异，如如平方差和（Sum of Squared Difference）：
$$SSD(x_1,x_2)=\sqrt{\sum _{i=1}^n{(x_1-x_2)}^2}$$

回到Eigen，范数可以使用方法norm求得L2范数，比如说两个点之间的距离计算，或者平方和：

#include <Eigen/Dense>
#include <iostream>
 
using namespace Eigen;
using namespace std;

 
int main()
{
  Vector3f a(0,0,0);
  Vector3f b(1,1,1);
  std::cout<<(a-b).norm()<<std::endl;
  std::cout<<(a-b).squaredNorm()<<std::endl;
}

同样例子，可以计算平方和squaredNorm

使用pNorm<阶数>可以计算任意阶数范数，如阶数=1，求L1范数（绝对和）：

#include <Eigen/Dense>
#include <iostream>
 
using namespace Eigen;
using namespace std;

 
int main()
{
  Vector3f a(0,0,0);
  std::cout<<(a-b).lpNorm<1>(a)<<std::endl;
}

三、布尔Reduction

用于比较时调用的方法：

方法	含义
all()	returns true if all of the coefficients in a given Matrix or Array evaluate to true .
any()	returns true if at least one of the coefficients in a given Matrix or Array evaluates to true .
count()	returns the number of coefficients in a given Matrix or Array that evaluate to true.

#include <Eigen/Dense>
#include <iostream>
 
using namespace std;
using namespace Eigen;
 
int main()
{
  ArrayXXf a(2,2);
  
  a << 1,2,
       3,4;
 
  cout << "(a > 0).all()   = " << (a > 0).all() << endl;
  cout << "(a > 0).any()   = " << (a > 0).any() << endl;
  cout << "(a > 0).count() = " << (a > 0).count() << endl;
  cout << endl;
  cout << "(a > 2).all()   = " << (a > 2).all() << endl;
  cout << "(a > 2).any()   = " << (a > 2).any() << endl;
  cout << "(a > 2).count() = " << (a > 2).count() << endl;
}

四、Visitor 获得Reduction下标

#include <iostream>
#include <Eigen/Dense>
 
using namespace std;
using namespace Eigen;
 
int main()
{
  Eigen::MatrixXf m(2,2);
  
  m << 1, 2,
       3, 4;
 
  //get location of maximum
  MatrixXf::Index maxRow, maxCol;
  float max = m.maxCoeff(&maxRow, &maxCol);
 
  //get location of minimum
  MatrixXf::Index minRow, minCol;
  float min = m.minCoeff(&minRow, &minCol);
 
  cout << "Max: " << max <<  ", at: " <<
     maxRow << "," << maxCol << endl;
  cout << "Min: " << min << ", at: " <<
     minRow << "," << minCol << endl;
}

五、Partial reductions

Partial reductions就是矩阵的一部分进行reduction。其实就是两个方法：colwise() or rowwise() .

#include <iostream>
#include <Eigen/Dense>
 
using namespace std;
int main()
{
  Eigen::MatrixXf mat(2,4);
  mat << 1, 2, 6, 9,
         3, 1, 7, 2;
  
  std::cout << "Column's maximum: " << std::endl
   << mat.colwise().maxCoeff() << std::endl;
}

除了最值以外，还可和其他reduction结合：

#include <iostream>
#include <Eigen/Dense>
 
using namespace std;
using namespace Eigen;
int main()
{
  MatrixXf mat(2,4);
  mat << 1, 2, 6, 9,
         3, 1, 7, 2;
  
  MatrixXf::Index   maxIndex;
  float maxNorm = mat.colwise().sum().maxCoeff(&maxIndex);
  
  std::cout << "Maximum sum at position " << maxIndex << std::endl;
 
  std::cout << "The corresponding vector is: " << std::endl;
  std::cout << mat.col( maxIndex ) << std::endl;
  std::cout << "And its sum is is: " << maxNorm << std::endl;
}

六、Broadcasting

这个就是将一个向量应用到某个放下，下面这个例子，就将向量v，按行方向逐元素应用。

#include <iostream>
#include <Eigen/Dense>
 
using namespace std;
int main()
{
  Eigen::MatrixXf mat(2,4);
  Eigen::VectorXf v(2);
  
  mat << 1, 2, 6, 9,
         3, 1, 7, 2;
         
  v << 0,
       1;
       
  //add v to each column of m
  mat.colwise() += v;
  
  std::cout << "Broadcasting result: " << std::endl;
  std::cout << mat << std::endl;
}