OpenGL高级光照篇--阴影映射-31

最新推荐文章于 2024-07-22 17:10:47 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2024-07-22 17:10:47 发布

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分类专栏： OpenGL学习笔记文章标签： opengl

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_41155760/article/details/117115014

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本文详细探讨了阴影失真和阴影悬浮问题在实时渲染中的表现，以及如何通过阴影偏移和正确设置深度贴图的环绕方式来解决这些问题。介绍了正交投影与透视投影在阴影计算中的应用，并阐述了PCF（Percentage-Closer Filtering）技术用于软化阴影，提高视觉质量。

摘要由CSDN通过智能技术生成

参考：学习链接

阴影失真：这里解释的很好！
阴影悬浮：参考这里

阴影失真：使用了偏移解决
阴影悬浮：使用偏移过大导致，解决方案：不适用偏移，正面剔除，背面渲染深度图。

当前实时渲染领域还没找到一种完美的阴影算法。目前有几种近似阴影技术，但它们都有自己的弱点和不足，这点我们必须要考虑到。

视频游戏中较多使用的一种技术是阴影贴图（shadow mapping），效果不错，而且相对容易实现。

具体理论参考上面链接！

可视化深度图：

#include <glad/glad.h>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
#include <stb_image.h>

#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>

#include <learnopengl/shader.h>
#include <learnopengl/camera.h>
#include <learnopengl/model.h>

#include <iostream>

void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height);
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos);
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset);
void processInput(GLFWwindow* window);
unsigned int loadTexture(char const* path);
void renderScene(const Shader& shader);
void renderCube();
void renderQuad();

// settings
const unsigned int SCR_WIDTH = 800;
const unsigned int SCR_HEIGHT = 600;

// camera
Camera camera(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f));
float lastX = (float)SCR_WIDTH / 2.0;
float lastY = (float)SCR_HEIGHT / 2.0;
bool firstMouse = true;

// timing
float deltaTime = 0.0f;
float lastFrame = 0.0f;

unsigned int planeVAO;

int main()
{
	// glfw: initialize and configure
	// ------------------------------
	glfwInit();
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_SAMPLES, 4);

#ifdef __APPLE__
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_FORWARD_COMPAT, GL_TRUE);
#endif

	// glfw window creation
	// --------------------
	GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, "LearnOpenGL", NULL, NULL);
	if (window == NULL)
	{
		std::cout << "Failed to create GLFW window" << std::endl;
		glfwTerminate();
		return -1;
	}
	glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
	glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebuffer_size_callback);
	glfwSetCursorPosCallback(window, mouse_callback);
	glfwSetScrollCallback(window, scroll_callback);

	// tell GLFW to capture our mouse
	glfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_CURSOR, GLFW_CURSOR_DISABLED);

	// glad: load all OpenGL function pointers
	// ---------------------------------------
	if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress))
	{
		std::cout << "Failed to initialize GLAD" << std::endl;
		return -1;
	}

	// configure global opengl state
	// -----------------------------
	glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
	glEnable(GL_MULTISAMPLE); // enabled by default on some drivers, but not all so always enable to make sure

	// build and compile shaders
	// -------------------------
	Shader shaderMap("Shaders/Learn31_ShadowMap.vs", "Shaders/Learn31_ShadowMap.fs");
	Shader debugQuad("Shaders/Learn31_quad.vs", "Shaders/Learn31_quad.fs");


	// set up vertex data (and buffer(s)) and configure vertex attributes
	// ------------------------------------------------------------------
	float cubeVertices[] = {
		// positions            // normals         // texcoords
		25.0f, -0.5f,  25.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,  25.0f,  0.0f,
	   -25.0f, -0.5f,  25.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,   0.0f,  0.0f,
	   -25.0f, -0.5f, -25.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,   0.0f, 25.0f,

		25.0f, -0.5f,  25.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,  25.0f,  0.0f,
	   -25.0f, -0.5f, -25.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,   0.0f, 25.0f,
		25.0f, -0.5f, -25.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,  25.0f, 10.0f
	};
	// setup cube VAO
	unsigned int planeVBO;
	glGenVertexArrays(1, &planeVAO);
	glGenBuffers(1, &planeVBO);
	glBindVertexArray(planeVAO);
	glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, planeVBO);
	glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(cubeVertices), &cubeVertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
	glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
	glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
	glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
	glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
	glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);
	glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);
	glVertexAttribPointer(2, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)(6 * sizeof(float)));
	glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);
	glBindVertexArray(0);

	//创建深度贴图
	//1.先创建帧缓冲
	GLuint depthMapFBO;
	glGenFramebuffers(1, &depthMapFBO);
	//2.创建2D纹理，提供给帧缓冲的深度缓冲使用
	const GLuint SHADOW_WIDTH = 1024, SHADOW_HEIGHT = 1024;

	GLuint depthMap;
	glGenTextures(1, &depthMap);
	glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, depthMap);
	glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT, SHADOW_WIDTH, SHADOW_HEIGHT, 0, GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT, GL_FLOAT, NULL);
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);

	//3.把生成的深度纹理作为帧缓冲的深度缓冲
	glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, depthMapFBO);
	glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT, GL_TEXTURE_2D, depthMap, 0);
	//显式告诉OpenGL我们不适用任何颜色数据进行渲染,
	//通过将调用glDrawBuffer和glReadBuffer把读和绘制缓冲设置为GL_NONE来做这件事。
	glDrawBuffer(GL_NONE);
	glReadBuffer(GL_NONE);
	//解绑
	glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0);

	debugQuad.use();
	debugQuad.setInt("depthMap", 0);

	glm::vec3 lightPos(-2.0f, 4.0f, -1.0f);

	unsigned int woodTexture = loadTexture("Images/wood.png");

	// render loop
	// -----------
	while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
	{
		// per-frame time logic
		// --------------------
		float currentFrame = glfwGetTime();
		deltaTime = currentFrame - lastFrame;
		lastFrame = currentFrame;

		// input
		// -----
		processInput(window);

		// render
		// ------
		glClearColor(0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 1.0f);
		glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);


		//1.生成深度纹理贴图:渲染场景的深度
		//设定分辨率：这里一定要记得调用glViewport。
		//因为阴影贴图经常和我们原来渲染的场景（通常是窗口分辨率）有着不同的分辨率，
		//我们需要改变视口（viewport）的参数以适应阴影贴图的尺寸.
		glViewport(0, 0, SHADOW_WIDTH, SHADOW_HEIGHT);
		//1.1绑定到深度帧缓冲
		glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, depthMapFBO);
		//1.2清除下深度帧缓冲
		glClear(GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
		//1.3配置shader和Matrix
		GLfloat near_plane = 1.0f, far_plane = 7.5f;
		//1.3.1平行光用正交投影
		glm::mat4 lightProjection = glm::ortho(-10.0f, 10.0f, -10.0f, 10.0f, near_plane, far_plane);
		//1.3.2光视角的视图矩阵
		glm::mat4 lightView = glm::lookAt(glm::vec3(-1.0f, 4.0f, -1.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
		//1.3.3光空间的变换矩阵
		glm::mat4 lightSpaceMatrix = lightProjection * lightView;
		shaderMap.use();
		shaderMap.setMat4("lightSpaceMatrix", lightSpaceMatrix);
		shaderMap.setMat4("model", glm::mat4(1.0f));
		glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
		glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, woodTexture);

		//开始渲染场景
		renderScene(shaderMap);

		//解绑帧缓冲:绑定到默认缓冲，显示用的
		glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0);

		//正常渲染场景，这次使用深度贴图
		//记得恢复原来的屏幕分辨率
		glViewport(0, 0, SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT);
		glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
		//配置shader和matrix
		debugQuad.use();
		//这两个不知道设置干嘛用，shader里没用到
		debugQuad.setFloat("near_plane", near_plane);
		debugQuad.setFloat("far_plane", far_plane);
		glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
		glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, depthMap);

		//渲染场景
		renderQuad();

		// glfw: swap buffers and poll IO events (keys pressed/released, mouse moved etc.)
		// -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
		glfwSwapBuffers(window);
		glfwPollEvents();
	}

	glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &planeVAO);
	glDeleteBuffers(1, &planeVBO);

	glfwTerminate();
	return 0;
}

// process all input: query GLFW whether relevant keys are pressed/released this frame and react accordingly
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void processInput(GLFWwindow* window)
{
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)
		glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);

	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_W) == GLFW_PRESS)
		camera.ProcessKeyboard(FORWARD, deltaTime);
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_S) == GLFW_PRESS)
		camera.ProcessKeyboard(BACKWARD, deltaTime);
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_A) == GLFW_PRESS)
		camera.ProcessKeyboard(LEFT, deltaTime);
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_D) == GLFW_PRESS)
		camera.ProcessKeyboard(RIGHT, deltaTime);
}

// glfw: whenever the window size changed (by OS or user resize) this callback function executes
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height)
{
	// make sure the viewport matches the new window dimensions; note that width and 
	// height will be significantly larger than specified on retina displays.
	glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
}

// glfw: whenever the mouse moves, this callback is called
// -------------------------------------------------------
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos)
{
	if (firstMouse)
	{
		lastX = xpos;
		lastY = ypos;
		firstMouse = false;
	}

	float xoffset = xpos - lastX;
	float yoffset = lastY - ypos; // reversed since y-coordinates go from bottom to top

	lastX = xpos;
	lastY = ypos;

	camera.ProcessMouseMovement(xoffset, yoffset);
}

// glfw: whenever the mouse scroll wheel scrolls, this callback is called
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset)
{
	camera.ProcessMouseScroll(yoffset);
}

void renderScene(const Shader& shader)
{
	//floor
	glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
	shader.setMat4("model", model);
	glBindVertexArray(planeVAO);
	glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 6);

	// cubes
	model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
	model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.5f, 0.0));
	model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(0.5f));
	shader.setMat4("model", model);
	renderCube();
	model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
	model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(2.0f, 0.0f, 1.0));
	model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(0.5f));
	shader.setMat4("model", model);
	renderCube();
	model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
	model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(-1.0f, 0.0f, 2.0));
	model = glm::rotate(model, glm::radians(60.0f), glm::normalize(glm::vec3(1.0, 0.0, 1.0)));
	model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(0.25));
	shader.setMat4("model", model);
	renderCube();
}

// renderCube() renders a 1x1 3D cube in NDC.
// -------------------------------------------------
unsigned int cubeVAO = 0;
unsigned int cubeVBO = 0;
void renderCube()
{
	// initialize (if necessary)
	if (cubeVAO == 0)
	{
		float vertices[] = {
			// back face
			-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
			 1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
			 1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right         
			 1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
			-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
			-1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
			// front face
			-1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
			 1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
			 1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
			 1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
			-1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
			-1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
			// left face
			-1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // top-right
			-1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
			-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // bottom-left
			-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // bottom-left
			-1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
			-1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // top-right
			// right face
			 1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // top-left
			 1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // bottom-right
			 1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right         
			 1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // bottom-right
			 1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // top-left
			 1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left     
			// bottom face
			-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
			 1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
			 1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
			 1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
			-1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
			-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
			// top face
			-1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
			 1.0f,  1.0f , 1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
			 1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right     
			 1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
			-1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
			-1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f  // bottom-left        
		};
		glGenVertexArrays(1, &cubeVAO);
		glGenBuffers(1, &cubeVBO);
		// fill buffer
		glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, cubeVBO);
		glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
		// link vertex attributes
		glBindVertexArray(cubeVAO);
		glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
		glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
		glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
		glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
		glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);
		glVertexAttribPointer(2, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)(6 * sizeof(float)));
		glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
		glBindVertexArray(0);
	}
	// render Cube
	glBindVertexArray(cubeVAO);
	glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
	glBindVertexArray(0);
}

// renderQuad() renders a 1x1 XY quad in NDC
// -----------------------------------------
unsigned int quadVAO = 0;
unsigned int quadVBO;
void renderQuad()
{
	if (quadVAO == 0)
	{
		float quadVertices[] = {
			// positions        // texture Coords
			-1.0f,  1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
			-1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
			 1.0f,  1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
			 1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
		};
		// setup plane VAO
		glGenVertexArrays(1, &quadVAO);
		glGenBuffers(1, &quadVBO);
		glBindVertexArray(quadVAO);
		glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, quadVBO);
		glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(quadVertices), &quadVertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
		glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
		glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
		glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
		glVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
	}
	glBindVertexArray(quadVAO);
	glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4);
	glBindVertexArray(0);
}

unsigned int loadTexture(char const* path)
{
	unsigned int textureID;
	glGenTextures(1, &textureID);

	int width, height, nrComponents;
	unsigned char* data = stbi_load(path, &width, &height, &nrComponents, 0);
	if (data)
	{
		GLenum format;
		if (nrComponents == 1)
			format = GL_RED;
		else if (nrComponents == 3)
			format = GL_RGB;
		else if (nrComponents == 4)
			format = GL_RGBA;

		glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureID);
		glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, format, width, height, 0, format, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
		glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);

		glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, format == GL_RGBA ? GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE : GL_REPEAT); // for this tutorial: use GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE to prevent semi-transparent borders. Due to interpolation it takes texels from next repeat 
		glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, format == GL_RGBA ? GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE : GL_REPEAT);
		glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR);
		glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);

		stbi_image_free(data);
	}
	else
	{
		std::cout << "Texture failed to load at path: " << path << std::endl;
		stbi_image_free(data);
	}

	return textureID;
}

阴影贴图Shader：

#version 330 core
layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;

uniform mat4 lightSpaceMatrix;
uniform mat4 model;

void main()
{
	//把顶点变换到光空间中
    gl_Position = lightSpaceMatrix * model * vec4(aPos, 1.0f);    
}

#version 330 core

void main()
{
	//空片段着色器什么也不干，运行完后，深度缓冲会被更新
	//因为底层无论如何都会默认去设置深度缓冲。
	//下面这行代码测试用
    //gl_FragDepth=gl_fragCoord.z;
}

可视化阴影深度Shader:

#version 330 core
layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;
layout (location = 1) in vec2 texcoord;

out vec2 uv;

void main()
{
	gl_Position=vec4(aPos,1.0);
	uv=texcoord;
}

#version 330 core
out vec4 color;

in vec2 uv;

uniform sampler2D depthMap;

void main()
{
	//可视化深度值
	float depthValue=texture(depthMap,uv).r;
	color=vec4(vec3(depthValue),1.0);
}

在这里插入图片描述

渲染阴影：
正确地生成深度贴图以后我们就可以开始生成阴影了。

程序代码：

#include <glad/glad.h>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
#include <stb_image.h>

#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>

#include <learnopengl/shader.h>
#include <learnopengl/camera.h>
#include <learnopengl/model.h>

#include <iostream>

void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height);
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos);
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset);
void processInput(GLFWwindow* window);
unsigned int loadTexture(char const* path);
void renderScene(const Shader& shader);
void renderCube();
void renderQuad();

// settings
const unsigned int SCR_WIDTH = 800;
const unsigned int SCR_HEIGHT = 600;

// camera
Camera camera(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f));
float lastX = (float)SCR_WIDTH / 2.0;
float lastY = (float)SCR_HEIGHT / 2.0;
bool firstMouse = true;

// timing
float deltaTime = 0.0f;
float lastFrame = 0.0f;

unsigned int planeVAO;

int main()
{
	// glfw: initialize and configure
	// ------------------------------
	glfwInit();
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_SAMPLES, 4);

#ifdef __APPLE__
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_FORWARD_COMPAT, GL_TRUE);
#endif

	// glfw window creation
	// --------------------
	GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, "LearnOpenGL", NULL, NULL);
	if (window == NULL)
	{
		std::cout << "Failed to create GLFW window" << std::endl;
		glfwTerminate();
		return -1;
	}
	glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
	glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebuffer_size_callback);
	glfwSetCursorPosCallback(window, mouse_callback);
	glfwSetScrollCallback(window, scroll_callback);

	// tell GLFW to capture our mouse
	glfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_CURSOR, GLFW_CURSOR_DISABLED);

	// glad: load all OpenGL function pointers
	// ---------------------------------------
	if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress))
	{
		std::cout << "Failed to initialize GLAD" << std::endl;
		return -1;
	}

	// configure global opengl state
	// -----------------------------
	glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
	glEnable(GL_MULTISAMPLE); // enabled by default on some drivers, but not all so always enable to make sure

	// build and compile shaders
	// -------------------------
	Shader shader("Shaders/Learn31_normal.vs", "Shaders/Learn31_normal.fs");
	Shader shaderMap("Shaders/Learn31_ShadowMap.vs", "Shaders/Learn31_ShadowMap.fs");
	Shader debugQuad("Shaders/Learn31_quad.vs", "Shaders/Learn31_quad.fs");


	// set up vertex data (and buffer(s)) and configure vertex attributes
	// ------------------------------------------------------------------
	float cubeVertices[] = {
		// positions            // normals         // texcoords
		25.0f, -0.5f,  25.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,  25.0f,  0.0f,
	   -25.0f, -0.5f,  25.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,   0.0f,  0.0f,
	   -25.0f, -0.5f, -25.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,   0.0f, 25.0f,

		25.0f, -0.5f,  25.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,  25.0f,  0.0f,
	   -25.0f, -0.5f, -25.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,   0.0f, 25.0f,
		25.0f, -0.5f, -25.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,  25.0f, 10.0f
	};
	// setup cube VAO
	unsigned int planeVBO;
	glGenVertexArrays(1, &planeVAO);
	glGenBuffers(1, &planeVBO);
	glBindVertexArray(planeVAO);
	glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, planeVBO);
	glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(cubeVertices), &cubeVertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
	glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
	glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
	glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
	glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
	glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);
	glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);
	glVertexAttribPointer(2, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)(6 * sizeof(float)));
	glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);
	glBindVertexArray(0);

	//创建深度贴图
	//1.先创建帧缓冲
	GLuint depthMapFBO;
	glGenFramebuffers(1, &depthMapFBO);
	//2.创建2D纹理，提供给帧缓冲的深度缓冲使用
	const GLuint SHADOW_WIDTH = 1024, SHADOW_HEIGHT = 1024;

	GLuint depthMap;
	glGenTextures(1, &depthMap);
	glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, depthMap);
	glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT, SHADOW_WIDTH, SHADOW_HEIGHT, 0, GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT, GL_FLOAT, NULL);
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);

	//3.把生成的深度纹理作为帧缓冲的深度缓冲
	glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, depthMapFBO);
	glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT, GL_TEXTURE_2D, depthMap, 0);
	//显式告诉OpenGL我们不适用任何颜色数据进行渲染,
	//通过将调用glDrawBuffer和glReadBuffer把读和绘制缓冲设置为GL_NONE来做这件事。
	glDrawBuffer(GL_NONE);
	glReadBuffer(GL_NONE);
	//解绑
	glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0);

	debugQuad.use();
	debugQuad.setInt("depthMap", 0);
	shader.use();
	shader.setInt("diffuseTexture", 0);
	shader.setInt("shadowMap", 1);


	glm::vec3 lightPos(-2.0f, 4.0f, -1.0f);

	unsigned int woodTexture = loadTexture("Images/wood.png");

	// render loop
	// -----------
	while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
	{
		// per-frame time logic
		// --------------------
		float currentFrame = glfwGetTime();
		deltaTime = currentFrame - lastFrame;
		lastFrame = currentFrame;

		// input
		// -----
		processInput(window);

		// render
		// ------
		glClearColor(0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 1.0f);
		glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);


		//1.生成深度纹理贴图:渲染场景的深度
		//设定分辨率：这里一定要记得调用glViewport。
		//因为阴影贴图经常和我们原来渲染的场景（通常是窗口分辨率）有着不同的分辨率，
		//我们需要改变视口（viewport）的参数以适应阴影贴图的尺寸.
		glViewport(0, 0, SHADOW_WIDTH, SHADOW_HEIGHT);
		//1.1绑定到深度帧缓冲
		glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, depthMapFBO);
		//1.2清除下深度帧缓冲
		glClear(GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
		//1.3配置shader和Matrix
		GLfloat near_plane = 1.0f, far_plane = 7.5f;
		//1.3.1平行光用正交投影
		glm::mat4 lightProjection = glm::ortho(-10.0f, 10.0f, -10.0f, 10.0f, near_plane, far_plane);
		//1.3.2光视角的视图矩阵
		glm::mat4 lightView = glm::lookAt(glm::vec3(-1.0f, 4.0f, -1.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
		//1.3.3光空间的变换矩阵
		glm::mat4 lightSpaceMatrix = lightProjection * lightView;
		shaderMap.use();
		shaderMap.setMat4("lightSpaceMatrix", lightSpaceMatrix);
		shaderMap.setMat4("model", glm::mat4(1.0f));
		glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
		glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, woodTexture);

		//开始渲染场景
		renderScene(shaderMap);

		//解绑帧缓冲:绑定到默认缓冲，显示用的
		glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0);

		//正常渲染场景，这次使用深度贴图
		//记得恢复原来的屏幕分辨率
		glViewport(0, 0, SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT);
		glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
		//配置shader和matrix

		//正常渲染场景
		shader.use();
		//设置Matrix
		glm::mat4 projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(camera.Zoom), (float)SCR_WIDTH / (float)SCR_HEIGHT, 0.1f, 100.0f);
		glm::mat4 view = camera.GetViewMatrix();
		shader.setMat4("projection", projection);
		shader.setMat4("view", view);

		//设置灯其他uniform
		shader.setVec3("viewPos", camera.Position);
		shader.setVec3("lightPos", lightPos);
		shader.setMat4("lightSpaceMatrix", lightSpaceMatrix);
		glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
		glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, woodTexture);
		glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
		glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, depthMap);
		renderScene(shader);

		//取消下面的调试代码
		//debugQuad.use();
		这两个不知道设置干嘛用，shader里没用到
		//debugQuad.setFloat("near_plane", near_plane);
		//debugQuad.setFloat("far_plane", far_plane);
		//glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
		//glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, depthMap);
		//渲染场景
		//renderQuad();

		// glfw: swap buffers and poll IO events (keys pressed/released, mouse moved etc.)
		// -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
		glfwSwapBuffers(window);
		glfwPollEvents();
	}

	glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &planeVAO);
	glDeleteBuffers(1, &planeVBO);

	glfwTerminate();
	return 0;
}

// process all input: query GLFW whether relevant keys are pressed/released this frame and react accordingly
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void processInput(GLFWwindow* window)
{
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)
		glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);

	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_W) == GLFW_PRESS)
		camera.ProcessKeyboard(FORWARD, deltaTime);
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_S) == GLFW_PRESS)
		camera.ProcessKeyboard(BACKWARD, deltaTime);
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_A) == GLFW_PRESS)
		camera.ProcessKeyboard(LEFT, deltaTime);
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_D) == GLFW_PRESS)
		camera.ProcessKeyboard(RIGHT, deltaTime);
}

// glfw: whenever the window size changed (by OS or user resize) this callback function executes
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height)
{
	// make sure the viewport matches the new window dimensions; note that width and 
	// height will be significantly larger than specified on retina displays.
	glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
}

// glfw: whenever the mouse moves, this callback is called
// -------------------------------------------------------
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos)
{
	if (firstMouse)
	{
		lastX = xpos;
		lastY = ypos;
		firstMouse = false;
	}

	float xoffset = xpos - lastX;
	float yoffset = lastY - ypos; // reversed since y-coordinates go from bottom to top

	lastX = xpos;
	lastY = ypos;

	camera.ProcessMouseMovement(xoffset, yoffset);
}

// glfw: whenever the mouse scroll wheel scrolls, this callback is called
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset)
{
	camera.ProcessMouseScroll(yoffset);
}

void renderScene(const Shader& shader)
{
	//floor
	glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
	shader.setMat4("model", model);
	glBindVertexArray(planeVAO);
	glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 6);

	// cubes
	model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
	model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.5f, 0.0));
	model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(0.5f));
	shader.setMat4("model", model);
	renderCube();
	model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
	model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(2.0f, 0.0f, 1.0));
	model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(0.5f));
	shader.setMat4("model", model);
	renderCube();
	model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
	model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(-1.0f, 0.0f, 2.0));
	model = glm::rotate(model, glm::radians(60.0f), glm::normalize(glm::vec3(1.0, 0.0, 1.0)));
	model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(0.25));
	shader.setMat4("model", model);
	renderCube();
}

// renderCube() renders a 1x1 3D cube in NDC.
// -------------------------------------------------
unsigned int cubeVAO = 0;
unsigned int cubeVBO = 0;
void renderCube()
{
	// initialize (if necessary)
	if (cubeVAO == 0)
	{
		float vertices[] = {
			// back face
			-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
			 1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
			 1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right         
			 1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
			-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
			-1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
			// front face
			-1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
			 1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
			 1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
			 1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
			-1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
			-1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
			// left face
			-1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // top-right
			-1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
			-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // bottom-left
			-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // bottom-left
			-1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
			-1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // top-right
			// right face
			 1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // top-left
			 1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // bottom-right
			 1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right         
			 1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // bottom-right
			 1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // top-left
			 1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left     
			// bottom face
			-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
			 1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
			 1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
			 1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
			-1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
			-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
			// top face
			-1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
			 1.0f,  1.0f , 1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
			 1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right     
			 1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
			-1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
			-1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f  // bottom-left        
		};
		glGenVertexArrays(1, &cubeVAO);
		glGenBuffers(1, &cubeVBO);
		// fill buffer
		glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, cubeVBO);
		glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
		// link vertex attributes
		glBindVertexArray(cubeVAO);
		glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
		glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
		glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
		glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
		glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);
		glVertexAttribPointer(2, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)(6 * sizeof(float)));
		glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
		glBindVertexArray(0);
	}
	// render Cube
	glBindVertexArray(cubeVAO);
	glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
	glBindVertexArray(0);
}

// renderQuad() renders a 1x1 XY quad in NDC
// -----------------------------------------
unsigned int quadVAO = 0;
unsigned int quadVBO;
void renderQuad()
{
	if (quadVAO == 0)
	{
		float quadVertices[] = {
			// positions        // texture Coords
			-1.0f,  1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
			-1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
			 1.0f,  1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
			 1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
		};
		// setup plane VAO
		glGenVertexArrays(1, &quadVAO);
		glGenBuffers(1, &quadVBO);
		glBindVertexArray(quadVAO);
		glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, quadVBO);
		glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(quadVertices), &quadVertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
		glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
		glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
		glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
		glVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
	}
	glBindVertexArray(quadVAO);
	glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4);
	glBindVertexArray(0);
}

unsigned int loadTexture(char const* path)
{
	unsigned int textureID;
	glGenTextures(1, &textureID);

	int width, height, nrComponents;
	unsigned char* data = stbi_load(path, &width, &height, &nrComponents, 0);
	if (data)
	{
		GLenum format;
		if (nrComponents == 1)
			format = GL_RED;
		else if (nrComponents == 3)
			format = GL_RGB;
		else if (nrComponents == 4)
			format = GL_RGBA;

		glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureID);
		glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, format, width, height, 0, format, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
		glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);

		glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, format == GL_RGBA ? GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE : GL_REPEAT); // for this tutorial: use GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE to prevent semi-transparent borders. Due to interpolation it takes texels from next repeat 
		glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, format == GL_RGBA ? GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE : GL_REPEAT);
		glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR);
		glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);

		stbi_image_free(data);
	}
	else
	{
		std::cout << "Texture failed to load at path: " << path << std::endl;
		stbi_image_free(data);
	}

	return textureID;
}

正常渲染场景的shader:

#version 330 core
layout (location = 0) in vec3 position;
layout (location = 1) in vec3 normal;
layout (location = 2) in vec2 texCoords;

out VS_OUT {
    vec3 FragPos;
    vec3 Normal;
    vec2 TexCoords;
    vec4 FragPosLightSpace;
} vs_out;

uniform mat4 projection;
uniform mat4 view;
uniform mat4 model;
uniform mat4 lightSpaceMatrix;

void main()
{
    gl_Position = projection * view * model * vec4(position, 1.0f);
    vs_out.FragPos = vec3(model * vec4(position, 1.0));
    vs_out.Normal = transpose(inverse(mat3(model))) * normal;
    vs_out.TexCoords = texCoords;
    vs_out.FragPosLightSpace = lightSpaceMatrix * vec4(vs_out.FragPos, 1.0);
}

顶点shader计算出顶点转换到光空间的坐标。

#version 330 core
out vec4 FragColor;

in VS_OUT {
    vec3 FragPos;
    vec3 Normal;
    vec2 TexCoords;
    vec4 FragPosLightSpace;
} fs_in;

uniform sampler2D diffuseTexture;
uniform sampler2D shadowMap;

uniform vec3 lightPos;
uniform vec3 viewPos;

float ShadowCalculation(vec4 fragPosLightSpace)
{
    // 执行透视除法
    vec3 projCoords = fragPosLightSpace.xyz / fragPosLightSpace.w;
    // 变换到[0,1]的范围
    projCoords = projCoords * 0.5 + 0.5;
    // 取得最近点的深度(使用[0,1]范围下的fragPosLight当坐标)
    float closestDepth = texture(shadowMap, projCoords.xy).r; 
    // 取得当前片段在光源视角下的深度
    float currentDepth = projCoords.z;
    // 检查当前片段是否在阴影中
    float shadow = currentDepth > closestDepth  ? 1.0 : 0.0;

    return shadow;
}

void main()
{           
    vec3 color = texture(diffuseTexture, fs_in.TexCoords).rgb;
    vec3 normal = normalize(fs_in.Normal);
    vec3 lightColor = vec3(1.0);
    // Ambient
    vec3 ambient = 0.15 * color;
    // Diffuse
    vec3 lightDir = normalize(lightPos - fs_in.FragPos);
    float diff = max(dot(lightDir, normal), 0.0);
    vec3 diffuse = diff * lightColor;
    // Specular
    vec3 viewDir = normalize(viewPos - fs_in.FragPos);
    vec3 reflectDir = reflect(-lightDir, normal);
    float spec = 0.0;
    vec3 halfwayDir = normalize(lightDir + viewDir);  
    spec = pow(max(dot(normal, halfwayDir), 0.0), 64.0);
    vec3 specular = spec * lightColor;    
    // 计算阴影
    float shadow = ShadowCalculation(fs_in.FragPosLightSpace);       
    vec3 lighting = (ambient + (1.0 - shadow) * (diffuse + specular)) * color;    

    FragColor = vec4(lighting, 1.0f);
}

片元shader在正常计算的基础上添加了阴影。

在这里插入图片描述
改进阴影贴图：

阴影失真：使用阴影偏移

我们可以看到地板四边形渲染出很大一块交替黑线。这种阴影贴图的不真实感叫做阴影失真(Shadow Acne)，下图解释了成因：

在这里插入图片描述

因为阴影贴图受限于分辨率，在距离光源比较远的情况下，多个片段可能从深度贴图的同一个值中去采样。图片每个斜坡代表深度贴图一个单独的纹理像素。你可以看到，多个片段从同一个深度值进行采样。
具体参考上面链接！

阴影偏移代码：

//有一个更加可靠的办法能够根据表面朝向光线的角度更改偏移量：使用点乘
float bias = max(0.05 * (1.0 - dot(normal, lightDir)), 0.005);
float shadow = currentDepth - bias > closestDepth  ? 1.0 : 0.0;

在这里插入图片描述
过大的偏移值会导致阴影悬浮，调整方法有两个：

1.使用普通的偏移值就能避免。
2.正面剔除，先必须开启GL_CULL_FACE：

glCullFace(GL_FRONT);
RenderSceneToDepthMap();
glCullFace(GL_BACK); // 不要忘记设回原先的culling face

这十分有效地解决了peter panning的问题，但只对内部不会对外开口的实体物体有效。
一般采用方法1即可。

还有问题就是：远处也有阴影，是因为我们设置的阴影图的环绕方式未Repeat.
在这里插入图片描述
我们宁可让所有超出深度贴图的坐标的深度范围是1.0，这样超出的坐标将永远不在阴影之中。我们可以储存一个边框颜色，然后把深度贴图的纹理环绕选项设置为GL_CLAMP_TO_BORDER：

glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_BORDER);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_BORDER);
GLfloat borderColor[] = { 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0 };
glTexParameterfv(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_BORDER_COLOR, borderColor);

现在如果我们采样深度贴图0到1坐标范围以外的区域，纹理函数总会返回一个1.0的深度值，阴影值为0.0。结果看起来会更真实。

仍有一部分是黑暗区域。那里的坐标超出了光的正交视锥的远平面。你可以看到这片黑色区域总是出现在光源视锥的极远处。

当一个点比光的远平面还要远时，它的投影坐标的z坐标大于1.0。这种情况下，GL_CLAMP_TO_BORDER环绕方式不起作用，因为我们把坐标的z元素和深度贴图的值进行了对比；它总是为大于1.0的z返回true。

解决这个问题也很简单，只要投影向量的z坐标大于1.0，我们就把shadow的值强制设为0.0：

float ShadowCalculation(vec4 fragPosLightSpace)
{
    [...]
    if(projCoords.z > 1.0)
        shadow = 0.0;

    return shadow;
}

检查远平面，并将深度贴图限制为一个手工指定的边界颜色，就能解决深度贴图采样超出的问题，我们最终会得到下面我们所追求的效果：
在这里插入图片描述
这些结果意味着，只有在深度贴图范围以内的被投影的fragment坐标才有阴影，所以任何超出范围的都将会没有阴影。由于在游戏中通常这只发生在远处，就会比我们之前的那个明显的黑色区域效果更真实。

PCF
如果你放大看阴影，阴影映射对分辨率的依赖很快变得很明显。
因为深度贴图有一个固定的分辨率，多个片段对应于一个纹理像素。结果就是多个片段会从深度贴图的同一个深度值进行采样，这几个片段便得到的是同一个阴影，这就会产生锯齿边。
你可以通过增加深度贴图的分辨率的方式来降低锯齿块，也可以尝试尽可能的让光的视锥接近场景。

另一个（并不完整的）解决方案叫做PCF（percentage-closer filtering），这是一种多个不同过滤方式的组合，它产生柔和阴影，使它们出现更少的锯齿块和硬边。核心思想是从深度贴图中多次采样，每一次采样的纹理坐标都稍有不同。每个独立的样本可能在也可能不再阴影中。所有的次生结果接着结合在一起，进行平均化，我们就得到了柔和阴影。

一个简单的PCF的实现是简单的从纹理像素四周对深度贴图采样，然后把结果平均起来：

float shadow = 0.0;
vec2 texelSize = 1.0 / textureSize(shadowMap, 0);
for(int x = -1; x <= 1; ++x)
{
    for(int y = -1; y <= 1; ++y)
    {
        float pcfDepth = texture(shadowMap, projCoords.xy + vec2(x, y) * texelSize).r; 
        shadow += currentDepth - bias > pcfDepth ? 1.0 : 0.0;        
    }    
}
shadow /= 9.0;

这个textureSize返回一个给定采样器纹理的0级mipmap的vec2类型的宽和高。用1除以它返回一个单独纹理像素的大小，我们用以对纹理坐标进行偏移，确保每个新样本，来自不同的深度值。这里我们采样得到9个值，它们在投影坐标的x和y值的周围，为阴影阻挡进行测试，并最终通过样本的总数目将结果平均化。

使用更多的样本，更改texelSize变量，你就可以增加阴影的柔和程度。下面你可以看到应用了PCF的阴影：

正交 vs 投影
在渲染深度贴图的时候，正交(Orthographic)和投影(Projection)矩阵之间有所不同。正交投影矩阵并不会将场景用透视图进行变形，所有视线/光线都是平行的，这使它对于定向光来说是个很好的投影矩阵。然而透视投影矩阵，会将所有顶点根据透视关系进行变形，结果因此而不同。下图展示了两种投影方式所产生的不同阴影区域：
在这里插入图片描述
最终的阴影计算函数：

float ShadowCalculation(vec4 fragPosLightSpace,vec3 normal,vec3 lightDir)
{
    // 执行透视除法
    vec3 projCoords = fragPosLightSpace.xyz / fragPosLightSpace.w;
    // 变换到[0,1]的范围
    projCoords = projCoords * 0.5 + 0.5;
   
    // 取得当前片段在光源视角下的深度
    float currentDepth = projCoords.z;
	
	 // 检查当前片段是否在阴影中
	 //添加阴影偏移解决阴影失真问题
	 //有一个更加可靠的办法能够根据表面朝向光线的角度更改偏移量：使用点乘：
	float bias = max(0.05 * (1.0 - dot(normal, lightDir)), 0.005);	
		
	float shadow = 0.0;
	//PCF,软化阴影：多次采样
	vec2 texelSize = 1.0 / textureSize(shadowMap, 0);
	for(int x = -1; x <= 1; ++x)
	{
		for(int y = -1; y <= 1; ++y)
		{
			float pcfDepth = texture(shadowMap, projCoords.xy + vec2(x, y) * texelSize).r; 
			shadow += currentDepth - bias > pcfDepth ? 1.0 : 0.0;        
		}    
	}
	shadow /= 9.0;
	
	 if(projCoords.z > 1.0)
        shadow = 0.0;

    return shadow;
}

正交和透视

透视投影对于光源来说更合理，不像定向光，它是有自己的位置的。透视投影因此更经常用在点光源和聚光灯上，而正交投影经常用在定向光上。

另一个细微差别是，透视投影矩阵，将深度缓冲视觉化经常会得到一个几乎全白的结果。发生这个是因为透视投影下，深度变成了非线性的深度值，它的大多数可辨范围都位于近平面附近。为了可以像使用正交投影一样合适地观察深度值，你必须先将非线性深度值转变为线性的，如我们在深度测试教程中已经讨论过的那样。

推荐多看看原文！！！

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OpenGL高级光照篇--阴影映射-31

参考：学习链接阴影失真：这里解释的很好！当前实时渲染领域还没找到一种完美的阴影算法。目前有几种近似阴影技术，但它们都有自己的弱点和不足，这点我们必须要考虑到。视频游戏中较多使用的一种技术是阴影贴图（shadow mapping），效果不错，而且相对容易实现。具体理论参考上面链接！可视化深度图：#include <glad/glad.h>#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>#include <stb_image.h>#include <g
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