爱因斯坦场方程之Schwarzschild真空解

李导数和Killing矢量场

推拉映射

设$\varphi$是流形间的光滑映射，其拉回映射${\varphi }^{\ast }$定义为
$$({\varphi }^{\ast }f){|}_p=f{|}_{\varphi (p)}$$
其推前映射${\varphi }_{\ast }$定义为
$$({\varphi }_{\ast }v){|}_{\varphi (p)}(f)=v{|}_p({\varphi }^{\ast }f)$$
拉回映射的定义可以推广到$(0,l)$型张量场，只需定义
$$({\varphi }^{\ast }T{)}_{a_1\cdots a_l}{|}_p(v_1{)}^{a_1}\cdots (v_l{)}^{a_l}=T_{a_1\cdots a_l}{|}_{\varphi (p)}({\varphi }_{\ast }{v}_1{)}^{a_1}\cdots ({\varphi }_{\ast }{v}_l{)}^{a_l}$$
类似地，推前映射的推广为
$$({\varphi }_{\ast }T{)}^{a_1\cdots a_k}{|}_{\varphi (p)}({\omega }^1{)}_{a_1}\cdots ({\omega }^k{)}_{a_k}=T^{a_1\cdots a_k}{|}_p({\varphi }^{\ast }{\omega }^1{)}_{a_1}\cdots ({\varphi }^{\ast }{\omega }^k{)}_{a_k}$$
进一步的推广给出
$$({\varphi }_{\ast }T{)}^{a_1\cdots a_k}{}_{b_1\cdots b_l}{|}_{\varphi (p)}({\omega }^1{)}_{a_1}\cdots ({\omega }^k{)}_{a_k}(v_1{)}^{b_1}\cdots (v_l{)}^{b_l}=T^{a_1\cdots a_k}{}_{b_1\cdots b_l}{|}_p({\varphi }^{\ast }{\omega }^1{)}_{a_1}\cdots ({\varphi }^{\ast }{\omega }^k{)}_{a_k}({\varphi }_{\ast }^{-1}v{)}^{b_1}\cdots ({\varphi }_{\ast }^{-1}v{)}^{b_l}$$
和
$$({\varphi }^{\ast }T{)}^{a_1\cdots a_k}{}_{b_1\cdots b_l}{|}_p({\omega }^1{)}_{a_1}\cdots ({\omega }^k{)}_{a_k}(v_1{)}^{b_1}\cdots (v_l{)}^{b_l}=T^{a_1\cdots a_k}{}_{b_1\cdots b_l}{|}_{\varphi (p)}({\varphi }^{-1\ast }{\omega }^1{)}_{a_1}\cdots ({\varphi }^{-1\ast }{\omega }^k{)}_{a_k}({\varphi }_{\ast }v{)}^{b_1}\cdots ({\varphi }_{\ast }v{)}^{b_l}$$

李导数

我们知道光滑矢量场对应单参微分同胚群，也就是说我们考虑该矢量场的积分曲线，然后定义${\varphi }_t(p)$为位于过$p$点的积分曲线上，与$p$点的参数值差$t$的点。对于映射${\varphi }_t$，我们可以考虑其拉回${\varphi }_t^{\ast }$，李导数在此基础上定义为
$${\mathcal{L}}_v{T}^{a_1\cdots a_k}{}_{b_1\cdots b_l}=\underset{t\to 0}{\lim }\frac{1}{t}({\varphi }_t^{\ast }{T}^{a_1\cdots a_k}{}_{b_1\cdots b_l}-T^{a_1\cdots a_k}{}_{b_1\cdots b_l})$$

以积分曲线为$x^1$坐标线的坐标系叫做矢量场的适配坐标系。可以证明，李导数就是对适配坐标系的$x^1$坐标的导数。由此又可以证明$[v,u{]}^{\mu }=(d{x}^{\mu }{)}_a(v^b{\partial }_{}$