anaconda3安装opencv3.3.1后，import cv2 报错（前提：已安装ros）

在anaconda3 python3.6.5环境中导入cv2报错：

$ python
Python 3.6.5 |Anaconda, Inc.| (default, Apr 29 2018, 16:14:56) 
[GCC 7.2.0] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import cv2
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ImportError: /opt/ros/kinetic/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/cv2.so: undefined symbol: PyCObject_Type

从报错可以看出，在python3.6.5虚拟环境中，程序试图从 /opt/ros/kinetic/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/ 路径下导入cv2.so库文件。然而，该路径下的库文件是属于python2.7（普通环境）的，python3.6.5的cv2.so文件安装在虚拟环境对应的路径之下。

因此，虚拟环境中，程序得从/lib/python3.6.5/site-packages 路径下导入cv2.so文件。

解决方法：

如何修改python程序读取库文件的路径呢？

首先介绍2种方法，用于查看python读取库文件路径（以python3.5的环境为例）

1. 读取环境变量$PYTHONPATH

$ echo $PYTHONPATH 
/home/lufeng/ros_ekf/devel/lib/python2.7/dist-packages:/home/lufeng/Delphi_ws/devel/lib/python2.7/dist-packages:/home/lufeng/Basler_ws/devel/lib/python2.7/dist-packages:/home/lufeng/tutorial_ws/devel/lib/python2.7/dist-packages:/opt/ros/kinetic/lib/python2.7/dist-packages

2. 在python控制台中查看

~$ python
Python 3.6.5 |Anaconda, Inc.| (default, Apr 29 2018, 16:14:56) 
[GCC 7.2.0] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import sys
>>> sys.path
['', '/home/lufeng/ros_ekf/devel/lib/python2.7/dist-packages', '/home/lufeng/Delphi_ws/devel/lib/python2.7/dist-packages', '/home/lufeng/Basler_ws/devel/lib/python2.7/dist-packages', '/home/lufeng/tutorial_ws/devel/lib/python2.7/dist-packages', '/opt/ros/kinetic/lib/python2.7/dist-packages', '/home/lufeng/anaconda3/lib/python36.zip', '/home/lufeng/anaconda3/lib/python3.6', '/home/lufeng/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/lib-dynload', '/home/lufeng/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages']

可以发现，两种方式出现了路径 /opt/ros/kinetic/lib/python2.7/dist-packages ，且其优先级比路径 ~/Anaconda3/lib/python3.6.5/site-packages 高。

我们希望程序优先读取python3.6.5的库路径，对应有两种方式！

1.修改环境变量$PYTHONPATH

export  PYTHONPATH=/home/xxxxx/Anaconda3/lib/python3.6.5/site-packages

当使用命令激活ROS时，即运行 source /opt/ros/kinetic/setup.bash ，ROS会添加 /opt/ros/kinetic/lib/python2.7/dist-packages 到python路径。因此，需要在 .bashrc 文件中注释掉该命令行，并再次source读取环境变量。

vim ~/.bashrc

2. 在python控制台中移除错误路径

~$ python
Python 3.6.5 (default, Nov 23 2017, 16:37:01) 
[GCC 5.4.0 20160609] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import cv2
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ImportError: /opt/ros/kinetic/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/cv2.so: undefined symbol: PyCObject_Type
>>> import sys
>>> sys.path.remove('/opt/ros/kinetic/lib/python2.7/dist-packages')
>>> import cv2