参数方程
公式角度
x
=
r
(
θ
)
c
o
s
θ
x=r(\theta)cos\theta
x=r(θ)cosθ
y
=
r
(
θ
)
s
i
n
θ
y=r(\theta)sin\theta
y=r(θ)sinθ
x
′
=
r
˙
c
o
s
θ
−
r
s
i
n
θ
x^{\prime}=\dot{r}cos\theta-rsin\theta
x′=r˙cosθ−rsinθ
y
′
=
r
˙
s
i
n
θ
+
r
c
o
s
θ
y^{\prime}=\dot{r}sin\theta+rcos\theta
y′=r˙sinθ+rcosθ
(
x
′
)
2
+
(
y
′
)
2
=
[
r
(
θ
)
]
2
+
[
r
′
(
θ
)
]
2
(x^{\prime})^2+(y^{\prime})^2=[r(\theta)]^2+[r^{\prime}(\theta)]^2
(x′)2+(y′)2=[r(θ)]2+[r′(θ)]2
形象化
由于很值得注意的是:
r
(
θ
)
→
r
(
θ
+
d
θ
)
r(\theta) \rightarrow r(\theta+d\theta)
r(θ)→r(θ+dθ)
r
(
θ
+
d
θ
)
−
r
(
θ
)
r(\theta+d\theta)-r(\theta)
r(θ+dθ)−r(θ)
=
r
(
θ
+
d
θ
)
−
r
(
θ
)
d
θ
d
θ
=\frac{r(\theta+d\theta)-r(\theta)}{d\theta}d\theta
=dθr(θ+dθ)−r(θ)dθ
=
r
˙
d
θ
=\dot{r}d\theta
=r˙dθ
△
r
=
(
r
˙
d
θ
)
2
+
(
r
s
i
n
d
θ
)
2
\triangle r=\sqrt{{(\dot{r}d\theta)}^2+(rsind\theta)^2}
△r=(r˙dθ)2+(rsindθ)2
我们注意
d
θ
≈
0
,
s
i
n
d
θ
=
d
θ
d\theta\approx0,sind\theta=d\theta
dθ≈0,sindθ=dθ
△
r
=
r
˙
2
+
r
2
d
θ
\triangle r=\sqrt{\dot{r}^2+r^2}d\theta
△r=r˙2+r2dθ