Fourier级数
函数的Fourier级数的展开
Euler–Fourier公式
我们探讨这样一个问题：
假设
f
(
x
)
=
a
0
2
+
∑
n
=
1
∞
a
k
c
o
s
k
t
+
b
k
s
i
n
k
t
f(x)=\frac{a_{0}}{2}+\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}a_{k}coskt+b_{k}sinkt
f(x)=2a0+∑n=1∞akcoskt+bksinkt
Euler–Fourier公式:
a
0
=
1
π
∫
−
π
π
f
(
x
)
d
x
a_{0}=\frac{1}{\pi} \int_{-\pi}^{\pi} f(x) dx
a0=π1∫−ππf(x)dx
a
n
=
1
π
∫
−
π
π
f
(
x
)
cos
n
x
d
x
,
n
=
0
,
1
,
2
,
⋯
a_{n}=\frac{1}{\pi} \int_{-\pi}^{\pi} f(x) \cos n x \mathrm{d} x, \quad n=0,1,2, \cdots
an=π1∫−ππf(x)cosnxdx,n=0,1,2,⋯
b
n
=
1
π
∫
−
x
π
f
(
x
)
sin
n
x
d
x
,
n
=
1
,
2
,
⋯
b_{n}=\frac{1}{\pi} \int_{-x}^{\pi} f(x) \sin n x \mathrm{d} x, \quad n=1,2, \cdots
bn=π1∫−xπf(x)sinnxdx,n=1,2,⋯
∫
−
π
π
c
o
s
m
x
=
0
\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}cosmx=0
∫−ππcosmx=0
∫
−
π
π
s
i
n
m
x
=
0
\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}sinmx=0
∫−ππsinmx=0
∫
−
π
π
s
i
n
n
x
c
o
s
m
x
=
0
\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}sinnxcosmx=0
∫−ππsinnxcosmx=0
∫
−
π
π
c
o
s
n
x
c
o
s
m
x
=
0
(
n
≠
m
)
\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}cosnxcosmx=0(n \neq m)
∫−ππcosnxcosmx=0(n=m)
∫
−
π
π
c
o
s
n
x
c
o
s
m
x
=
π
(
n
=
m
)
\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}cosnxcosmx=\pi(n = m)
∫−ππcosnxcosmx=π(n=m)(n=m时，cos0x=1，
→
1
2
∫
−
π
π
1
d
x
\rightarrow \frac{1}{2} \int_{-\pi}^{\pi}1dx
→21∫−ππ1dx)
∫
−
π
π
s
i
n
n
x
c
o
s
m
x
=
π
(
n
=
m
)
\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}sinnxcosmx=\pi(n = m)
∫−ππsinnxcosmx=π(n=m)
利用三角公式：
c
o
s
m
t
c
o
s
n
t
=
1
2
[
c
o
s
(
m
−
n
)
t
+
c
o
s
(
m
+
n
)
t
]
cosmtcosnt=\frac{1}{2}[cos(m-n)t+cos(m+n)t]
cosmtcosnt=21[cos(m−n)t+cos(m+n)t]
正弦级数和余弦级数
注意奇函数如果在零点有定义的话，
f
(
0
)
=
0
f(0)=0
f(0)=0
f
(
x
)
=
a
0
2
+
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
a
n
c
o
s
n
x
+
b
n
s
i
n
n
x
)
f(x)=\frac{a_{0}}{2}+\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} (a_{n}cosnx+b_{n}sinnx)
f(x)=2a0+∑n=1∞(ancosnx+bnsinnx)
正弦级数表达式：
f
(
x
)
=
∑
n
=
1
∞
b
n
s
i
n
n
x
f(x)=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}b_{n}sinnx
f(x)=n=1∑∞bnsinnx
同样余弦级数：
f
(
x
)
=
a
0
2
+
∑
n
=
0
∞
a
n
c
o
s
n
x
f(x)=\frac{a_{0}}{2}+\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}a_{n}cosnx
f(x)=2a0+n=0∑∞ancosnx
Fourier级数习题：
1.1f(t)=
A
2
(
s
i
n
t
+
∣
s
i
n
t
∣
)
\frac{A}{2}(sint+|sint|)
2A(sint+∣sint∣)展开的Fourier级数
(
∫
−
π
π
∣
s
i
n
t
∣
d
t
=
4
\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}|sint|dt=4
∫−ππ∣sint∣dt=4)
a
0
=
4
×
A
2
a_{0}=4 \times \frac{A}{2}
a0=4×2A
a
n
a_{n}
an=
∫
−
π
π
∣
s
i
n
t
∣
c
o
s
n
t
d
t
\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}|sint|cosntdt
∫−ππ∣sint∣cosntdt
这里我们操作一下：
a
n
=
∫
0
π
s
i
n
t
c
o
s
n
t
d
t
a_{n}=\int_{0}^{\pi}sintcosntdt
an=∫0πsintcosntdt
学会利用三角变换：
s
i
n
t
c
o
s
n
t
=
1
2
[
s
i
n
(
t
−
n
t
)
+
s
i
n
(
t
+
n
t
)
]
sintcosnt=\frac{1}{2}[sin(t-nt)+sin(t+nt)]
sintcosnt=21[sin(t−nt)+sin(t+nt)]
也可以用分部积分法来计算
1
n
sin
t
sin
n
t
∣
0
π
+
1
n
∫
0
π
cos
t
sin
n
t
\frac{1}{n} \sin t \sin n t \bigg|_{0}^{\pi}+\frac{1}{n} \int_{0}^{\pi} \cos t \sin n t
n1sintsinnt∣∣∣∣0π+n1∫0πcostsinnt
n
2
−
1
n
2
∫
0
π
sin
t
cos
n
t
d
t
=
1
n
sin
t
sin
n
t
∣
0
π
+
1
n
cos
t
cos
n
t
∣
0
π
\frac{n^{2}-1}{n^{2}} \int_{0}^{\pi} \sin t \cos n t d t=\left.\frac{1}{n} \sin t \sin n t\right|_{0} ^{\pi}+\left.\frac{1}{n} \cos t \cos n t\right|_{0} ^{\pi}
n2n2−1∫0πsintcosntdt=n1sintsinnt∣∣∣∣0π+n1costcosnt∣∣∣∣0π
a
n
=
∫
0
π
s
i
n
t
c
o
s
n
t
d
t
=
−
2
(
c
o
s
(
n
π
+
1
)
)
n
2
−
1
a_{n}=\int_{0}^{\pi}sintcosntdt=-\frac{2(cos(n\pi+1))}{n^2-1}
an=∫0πsintcosntdt=−n2−12(cos(nπ+1))}(详细写的话，分为奇数和偶数)
∫
0
π
s
i
n
t
c
o
s
n
t
d
t
=
−
2
(
c
o
s
(
n
π
+
1
)
)
n
2
−
1
\int_{0}^{\pi}sintcosntdt=-\frac{2(cos(n\pi+1))}{n^2-1}
∫0πsintcosntdt=−n2−12(cos(nπ+1))
b
n
b_{n}
bn=
{
∫
−
π
π
s
i
n
t
s
i
n
n
t
d
t
+
∣
s
i
n
t
∣
s
i
n
n
t
d
t
\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}sintsinntdt+|sint|sinntdt
∫−ππsintsinntdt+∣sint∣sinntdt}
注意
∫
−
π
π
∣
s
i
n
t
∣
s
i
n
n
t
d
t
\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}|sint|sinntdt
∫−ππ∣sint∣sinntdt=0(偶函数)
∫
−
π
π
s
i
n
t
s
i
n
n
t
d
t
=
−
2
s
i
n
(
π
n
)
n
2
−
1
\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}sintsinntdt=-\frac{2sin(\pi n)}{n^2 -1}
∫−ππsintsinntdt=−n2−12sin(πn)(n分奇偶数来考虑)
f(t)=
A
∣
s
i
n
t
∣
A|sin t|
A∣sint∣
与1的类似：注意
a
n
=
0
a_{n}=0
an=0
f
(
x
)
=
{
1
x
∈
[
−
π
,
0
)
,
0
x
∈
[
0
,
π
)
f(x)=\left\{ \begin{aligned} 1 \quad x\in[-\pi,0),\\ 0 \quad x\in[0,\pi) \end{aligned} \right.
f(x)={1x∈[−π,0),0x∈[0,π)的Fourier级数
f
(
x
)
=
s
g
n
(
x
)
,
x
∈
(
−
π
,
π
)
f(x)=sgn(x),x \in(-\pi,\pi)
f(x)=sgn(x),x∈(−π,π)展开成Fourier级数
sgn(x)为奇函数
a
0
=
0
,
a
n
=
0
a_{0}=0,a_{n}=0
a0=0,an=0
利用正弦公式
b
n
=
∫
−
π
0
−
s
i
n
(
n
t
)
d
t
=
1
−
c
o
s
(
π
n
)
n
b_{n}=\int_{-\pi}^{0}-sin(nt)dt=\frac{1-cos(\pi n)}{n}
bn=∫−π0−sin(nt)dt=n1−cos(πn)
f
(
x
)
=
x
2
2
−
π
2
f(x)=\frac{x^{2}}{2}-\pi^{2}
f(x)=2x2−π2
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)为偶函数，考虑
a
n
=
1
π
∫
−
π
π
f
(
x
)
c
o
s
n
x
d
x
a_{n}=\frac{1}{\pi} \int_{-\pi}^{\pi}f(x)cosnxdx
an=π1∫−ππf(x)cosnxdx\
1
π
∫
−
π
π
(
x
2
2
−
π
2
)
c
o
s
n
x
d
x
\frac{1}{\pi} \int_{-\pi}^{\pi}(\frac{x^{2}}{2}-\pi^{2})cosnxdx
π1∫−ππ(2x2−π2)cosnxdx
先考虑
∫
−
π
π
π
2
c
o
s
n
x
d
x
\int_{-\pi}^{\pi} \pi^{2}cosnxdx
∫−πππ2cosnxdx,由于对应的原函数sinnx里面
s
i
n
n
π
=
0
sin n\pi =0
sinnπ=0\
接下来我们考虑
∫
−
π
π
x
2
2
c
o
s
n
x
d
x
\int_{-\pi}^{\pi} \frac{x^{2}}{2}cosnxdx
∫−ππ2x2cosnxdx
我们利用分部积分:
s
i
n
n
x
x
2
2
∣
−
π
π
−
1
n
1
π
∫
−
π
π
x
s
i
n
n
x
d
x
sinnx \frac{x^2}{2} \bigg|_{-\pi}^{\pi}-\frac{1}{n}\frac{1}{\pi}\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}xsinnxdx
sinnx2x2∣∣∣∣−ππ−n1π1∫−ππxsinnxdx
∫
−
π
π
x
s
i
n
n
x
d
x
\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}xsinnxdx
∫−ππxsinnxdx我们采用分部积分
−
1
n
x
c
o
s
n
x
∣
π
π
=
2
c
o
s
n
x
n
2
-\frac{1}{n}xcosnx \bigg|_{\pi}^{\pi}=\frac{2cosnx}{n^{2}}
−n1xcosnx∣∣∣∣ππ=n22cosnx
f
(
x
)
=
{
a
x
x
∈
[
−
π
,
0
)
,
b
x
x
∈
[
0
,
π
)
f(x)=\left\{ \begin{aligned} ax \quad x\in[-\pi,0),\\ bx \quad x\in[0,\pi) \end{aligned} \right.
f(x)={axx∈[−π,0),bxx∈[0,π)
正弦级数与余弦级数的习题：
f
(
x
)
=
x
(
x
∈
[
0
,
π
]
)
f(x)=x(x \in[0,\pi])
f(x)=x(x∈[0,π])分别展开成正弦级数和余弦级数
正弦级数：
f
(
x
)
=
e
−
2
x
,
x
∈
[
0
,
π
]
f(x)=e^{-2x},x\in[0,\pi]
f(x)=e−2x,x∈[0,π]
b
n
=
b_{n}=
bn= {
∫
0
π
e
−
2
x
s
i
n
n
x
d
x
\int_{0}^{\pi}e^{-2x}sinnx dx
∫0πe−2xsinnxdx}
=
n
−
e
−
2
π
n
c
o
s
(
π
n
)
n
2
+
4
\frac{n-e^{-2 \pi}ncos(\pi n)}{n^2+4}
n2+4n−e−2πncos(πn)
f
(
x
)
=
{
c
o
s
π
x
2
x
∈
[
0
,
1
)
,
0
x
∈
[
1
,
2
]
f(x)=\left\{ \begin{aligned} cos\frac{\pi x}{2} \quad x\in[0,1),\\ 0 \quad x\in[1,2] \end{aligned} \right.
f(x)=⎩⎨⎧cos2πxx∈[0,1),0x∈[1,2]
余弦级数：
f
(
x
)
=
e
x
,
x
∈
[
0
,
π
]
f(x)=e^{x},x \in [0,\pi]
f(x)=ex,x∈[0,π]
f
(
x
)
=
x
−
π
2
+
∣
x
−
π
2
∣
,
x
∈
[
0
,
π
]
f(x)=x-\frac{\pi}{2}+|x-\frac{\pi}{2}|,x \in [0,\pi]
f(x)=x−2π+∣x−2π∣,x∈[0,π]
####Fourier级数的收敛判别法
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