线性空间
V
V
V为非空集合,
K
K
K为数域,
V
V
V为
K
K
K上的线性空间
(
i
)
∀
α
,
β
,
γ
∈
V
,
α
+
(
β
+
γ
)
=
(
α
+
β
)
+
γ
(i)\forall \alpha,\beta,\gamma \in V,\alpha+(\beta+\gamma)=(\alpha+\beta)+\gamma
(i)∀α,β,γ∈V,α+(β+γ)=(α+β)+γ
(
i
i
)
α
+
β
=
β
+
α
(ii)\alpha+\beta=\beta+\alpha
(ii)α+β=β+α
(
i
i
i
)
∃
0
∈
V
,
∀
α
∈
V
,
α
+
0
=
α
(iii)\exists0\in V,\forall \alpha \in V,\alpha+0=\alpha
(iii)∃0∈V,∀α∈V,α+0=α
(
i
v
)
∀
α
∈
V
,
∃
β
,
α
+
β
=
0
(iv)\forall \alpha \in V,\exists \beta ,\alpha+\beta=0
(iv)∀α∈V,∃β,α+β=0
(
v
)
∃
1
,
1
⋅
α
=
α
(v)\exists 1,1\cdot \alpha=\alpha
(v)∃1,1⋅α=α
(
v
i
)
∀
k
,
l
∈
K
,
α
∈
V
,
(
k
l
)
α
=
k
(
l
α
)
(vi)\forall k,l \in K,\alpha \in V,(kl)\alpha=k(l\alpha)
(vi)∀k,l∈K,α∈V,(kl)α=k(lα)
(
v
i
i
)
∀
k
,
l
∈
K
,
α
∈
V
,
(
k
+
l
)
α
=
k
α
+
l
α
(vii)\forall k,l \in K,\alpha\in V,(k+l)\alpha=k\alpha+l\alpha
(vii)∀k,l∈K,α∈V,(k+l)α=kα+lα
(
v
i
i
i
)
∀
k
∈
K
,
α
,
β
∈
V
,
k
(
α
+
β
)
=
k
α
+
k
β
(viii)\forall k\in K,\alpha ,\beta \in V,k(\alpha+\beta)=k\alpha+k\beta
(viii)∀k∈K,α,β∈V,k(α+β)=kα+kβ
二次型
一元多项式环
f ( x ) , g ( x ) ∈ K [ X ] , f ( x ) f(x),g(x)\in K[X],f(x) f(x),g(x)∈K[X],f(x)