湍动能耗散率ε输运方程的推导
一、脉动运动方程
脉动运动方程的推导可以参考博主的另一篇博文《雷诺方程、脉动运动方程及雷诺应力输运方程的推导》。为方便查看，现将脉动运动方程给出： ∂ u i ′ ∂ x i = 0 (1) \frac{\partial u_i'}{\partial x_i}=0 \tag{1} ∂xi∂ui′=0(1) ∂ u i ′ ∂ t + < u k > ∂ u i ′ ∂ x k + u k ′ ∂ < u i > ∂ x k = − 1 ρ ∂ p ′ ∂ x i + ν ∂ 2 u i ′ ∂ x k ∂ x k − ∂ ∂ x k ( u i ′ u k ′ − < u i ′ u k ′ > ) (2) \frac{\partial u_i'}{\partial t}+ \left<u_k\right>\frac{\partial u_i'}{\partial x_k} + u_k'\frac{\partial \left<u_i\right>}{\partial x_k}=- \frac{1}{\rho}\frac{\partial p'}{\partial x_i}+ \nu \frac{\partial^2 u_i'}{\partial x_k\partial x_k} - \frac{\partial}{\partial x_k}\left(u_i'u_k'-\left<u_i'u_k'\right>\right)\tag{2} ∂t∂ui′+⟨uk⟩∂xk∂ui′+uk′∂xk∂⟨ui⟩=−ρ1∂xi∂p′+ν∂xk∂xk∂2ui′−∂xk∂(ui′uk′−⟨ui′uk′⟩)(2)
二、湍动能耗散率输运方程的推导
湍动能耗散率输运方程可以由脉动运动方程导出，即将式
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\begin{aligned} 2\nu\frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \end{aligned}
2ν∂xl∂ui′后取平均运算，便可以得到精确的湍动能耗散率输运方程(以区别于其模型方程)。这里先给出湍动能耗散率
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\begin{aligned} \varepsilon=\nu \left< \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_k} \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_k} \right> \end{aligned}
ε=ν⟨∂xk∂ui′∂xk∂ui′⟩其瞬时量可定义为
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\begin{aligned} \varepsilon'= \nu \left( \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_k} \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_k} \right) \end{aligned}
ε′=ν(∂xk∂ui′∂xk∂ui′)则有
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ε=⟨ε′⟩。
首先给出湍动能耗散率输运方程如下：
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\begin{aligned} &\frac{\partial \varepsilon}{\partial t}+ \left<u_k\right>\frac{\partial \varepsilon}{\partial x_k}= -2\nu\frac{\partial \left<u_i\right>}{\partial x_k} \left( \left<\frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l}\frac{\partial u'_k}{\partial x_l}\right>+ \left<\frac{\partial u'_l}{\partial x_i}\frac{\partial u'_l}{\partial x_k}\right> \right)- 2\nu\frac{\partial^2 \left<u_i\right>}{\partial x_k \partial x_l} \left<u'_k\frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l}\right>\\& -2\nu\left<\frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_k} \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \frac{\partial u'_k}{\partial x_l}\right>- \frac{\partial }{\partial x_k}\left( \left<u'_k\varepsilon'\right>- \nu\frac{\partial \varepsilon}{\partial x_k} \right)- 2\nu^2\left< \frac{\partial^2 u'_i}{\partial x_kx_l} \frac{\partial^2 u'_i}{\partial x_kx_l} \right>- \frac{2\nu}{\rho}\frac{\partial}{\partial x_i} \left< \frac{\partial p'}{\partial x_l} \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \right> \end{aligned}
∂t∂ε+⟨uk⟩∂xk∂ε=−2ν∂xk∂⟨ui⟩(⟨∂xl∂ui′∂xl∂uk′⟩+⟨∂xi∂ul′∂xk∂ul′⟩)−2ν∂xk∂xl∂2⟨ui⟩⟨uk′∂xl∂ui′⟩−2ν⟨∂xk∂ui′∂xl∂ui′∂xl∂uk′⟩−∂xk∂(⟨uk′ε′⟩−ν∂xk∂ε)−2ν2⟨∂xkxl∂2ui′∂xkxl∂2ui′⟩−ρ2ν∂xi∂⟨∂xl∂p′∂xl∂ui′⟩
下面逐项进行推导：
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(1) ∂ u i ′ ∂ t \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial t} ∂t∂ui′ ∂ ∂ x l ( ∂ u i ′ ∂ t ) = ∂ ∂ t ( ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ) 2 ν ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ∂ ∂ t ( ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ) = ∂ ∂ t ( ν ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ) \begin{aligned} &\frac{\partial }{\partial x_l} \left( \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial t} \right)= \frac{\partial }{\partial t} \left( \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \right)\\ &2\nu\frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \frac{\partial }{\partial t} \left( \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \right)= \frac{\partial }{\partial t} \left( \nu\frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l}\frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \right) \end{aligned} ∂xl∂(∂t∂ui′)=∂t∂(∂xl∂ui′)2ν∂xl∂ui′∂t∂(∂xl∂ui′)=∂t∂(ν∂xl∂ui′∂xl∂ui′)取平均运算后 < ∂ ∂ t ( ν ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ) > = ∂ ∂ t < ν ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l > = ∂ ∂ t ν < ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l > = ∂ ε ∂ t \begin{aligned} \left<\frac{\partial }{\partial t} \left( \nu\frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l}\frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \right) \right>&=\frac{\partial }{\partial t} \left< \nu\frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l}\frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \right>\\&=\frac{\partial }{\partial t} \nu\left< \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l}\frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \right>\\&= \frac{\partial \varepsilon}{\partial t} \end{aligned} ⟨∂t∂(ν∂xl∂ui′∂xl∂ui′)⟩=∂t∂⟨ν∂xl∂ui′∂xl∂ui′⟩=∂t∂ν⟨∂xl∂ui′∂xl∂ui′⟩=∂t∂ε
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(2) < u k > ∂ u i ′ ∂ x k \left<u_k\right>\frac{\partial u_i'}{\partial x_k} ⟨uk⟩∂xk∂ui′ ∂ ∂ x l ( < u k > ∂ u i ′ ∂ x k ) = ∂ < u k > ∂ x l ∂ u i ′ ∂ x k + < u k > ∂ 2 u i ′ ∂ x k x l \begin{aligned} \frac{\partial }{\partial x_l} \left( \left<u_k\right>\frac{\partial u_i'}{\partial x_k} \right)=\frac{\partial \left<u_k\right>}{\partial x_l}\frac{\partial u_i'}{\partial x_k}+ \left<u_k\right>\frac{\partial^2 u_i'}{\partial x_kx_l} \end{aligned} ∂xl∂(⟨uk⟩∂xk∂ui′)=∂xl∂⟨uk⟩∂xk∂ui′+⟨uk⟩∂xkxl∂2ui′ < 2 ν ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ∂ < u k > ∂ x l ∂ u i ′ ∂ x k > + < 2 ν ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l < u k > ∂ 2 u i ′ ∂ x k x l > = 2 ν ∂ < u k > ∂ x l < ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ∂ u i ′ ∂ x k > + < u k > < 2 ν ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ∂ 2 u i ′ ∂ x k x l > = 2 ν ∂ < u k > ∂ x l < ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ∂ u i ′ ∂ x k > + < u k > < 2 ν ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ∂ ∂ x k ( ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ) > = 2 ν ∂ < u k > ∂ x l < ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ∂ u i ′ ∂ x k > + < u k > < ∂ ∂ x k ( ν ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ) > = 2 ν ∂ < u k > ∂ x l < ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ∂ u i ′ ∂ x k > + < u k > ∂ ∂ x k ν < ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l > = 2 ν ∂ < u i > ∂ x k < ∂ u l ′ ∂ x k ∂ u l ′ ∂ x i > + < u k > ∂ ε ∂ x k \begin{aligned} &\left< 2\nu\frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l}\frac{\partial \left<u_k\right>}{\partial x_l}\frac{\partial u_i'}{\partial x_k} \right>+ \left< 2\nu\frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l}\left<u_k\right>\frac{\partial^2 u_i'}{\partial x_kx_l} \right>\\=&2\nu\frac{\partial \left<u_k\right>}{\partial x_l} \left< \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l}\frac{\partial u_i'}{\partial x_k} \right>+ \left<u_k\right> \left< 2\nu\frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l}\frac{\partial^2 u_i'}{\partial x_kx_l} \right>\\=&2\nu\frac{\partial \left<u_k\right>}{\partial x_l} \left< \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l}\frac{\partial u_i'}{\partial x_k} \right>+\left<u_k\right> \left< 2\nu\frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l}\frac{\partial}{\partial x_k} \left( \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \right) \right>\\=&2\nu\frac{\partial \left<u_k\right>}{\partial x_l} \left< \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l}\frac{\partial u_i'}{\partial x_k} \right>+\left<u_k\right> \left< \frac{\partial}{\partial x_k} \left(\nu \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \right) \right>\\=&2\nu\frac{\partial \left<u_k\right>}{\partial x_l} \left< \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l}\frac{\partial u_i'}{\partial x_k} \right>+\left<u_k\right> \frac{\partial}{\partial x_k} \nu \left< \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \right>\\=&2\nu\frac{\partial \left<u_i\right>}{\partial x_k} \left< \frac{\partial u'_l}{\partial x_k}\frac{\partial u_l'}{\partial x_i} \right>+\left<u_k\right> \frac{\partial \varepsilon}{\partial x_k} \end{aligned} =====⟨2ν∂xl∂ui′∂xl∂⟨uk⟩∂xk∂ui′⟩+⟨2ν∂xl∂ui′⟨uk⟩∂xkxl∂2ui′⟩2ν∂xl∂⟨uk⟩⟨∂xl∂ui′∂xk∂ui′⟩+⟨uk⟩⟨2ν∂xl∂ui′∂xkxl∂2ui′⟩2ν∂xl∂⟨uk⟩⟨∂xl∂ui′∂xk∂ui′⟩+⟨uk⟩⟨2ν∂xl∂ui′∂xk∂(∂xl∂ui′)⟩2ν∂xl∂⟨uk⟩⟨∂xl∂ui′∂xk∂ui′⟩+⟨uk⟩⟨∂xk∂(ν∂xl∂ui′∂xl∂ui′)⟩2ν∂xl∂⟨uk⟩⟨∂xl∂ui′∂xk∂ui′⟩+⟨uk⟩∂xk∂ν⟨∂xl∂ui′∂xl∂ui′⟩2ν∂xk∂⟨ui⟩⟨∂xk∂ul′∂xi∂ul′⟩+⟨uk⟩∂xk∂ε上式最后一步应用了哑标可以用任意字母替换的原则，将 i → l , l → k , k → i i\to l, l\to k , k\to i i→l,l→k,k→i,以方便后面合并同类项。
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(3) u k ′ ∂ < u i > ∂ x k u_k'\frac{\partial \left<u_i\right> }{\partial x_k} uk′∂xk∂⟨ui⟩ ∂ ∂ x l ( u k ′ ∂ < u i > ∂ x k ) = ∂ u k ′ ∂ x l ∂ < u i > ∂ x k + u k ′ ∂ 2 < u i > ∂ x k x l \begin{aligned} \frac{\partial }{\partial x_l} \left( u_k'\frac{\partial \left<u_i\right> }{\partial x_k} \right)=\frac{\partial u'_k}{\partial x_l} \frac{\partial \left<u_i\right>}{\partial x_k}+ u'_k\frac{\partial^2 \left<u_i\right>}{\partial x_kx_l} \end{aligned} ∂xl∂(uk′∂xk∂⟨ui⟩)=∂xl∂uk′∂xk∂⟨ui⟩+uk′∂xkxl∂2⟨ui⟩ < 2 ν ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ∂ u k ′ ∂ x l ∂ < u i > ∂ x k > + < 2 ν ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l u k ′ ∂ 2 < u i > ∂ x k x l > = 2 ν ∂ < u i > ∂ x k < ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ∂ u k ′ ∂ x l > + 2 ν ∂ 2 < u i > ∂ x k x l < u k ′ ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l > \begin{aligned} &\left< 2\nu\frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \frac{\partial u'_k}{\partial x_l} \frac{\partial \left<u_i\right>}{\partial x_k} \right>+ \left< 2\nu\frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} u'_k\frac{\partial^2 \left<u_i\right>}{\partial x_kx_l} \right>\\=& 2\nu \frac{\partial \left<u_i\right>}{\partial x_k} \left< \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \frac{\partial u'_k}{\partial x_l} \right>+ 2\nu \frac{\partial^2 \left<u_i\right>}{\partial x_kx_l} \left< u'_k \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \right> \end{aligned} =⟨2ν∂xl∂ui′∂xl∂uk′∂xk∂⟨ui⟩⟩+⟨2ν∂xl∂ui′uk′∂xkxl∂2⟨ui⟩⟩2ν∂xk∂⟨ui⟩⟨∂xl∂ui′∂xl∂uk′⟩+2ν∂xkxl∂2⟨ui⟩⟨uk′∂xl∂ui′⟩
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(4) − 1 ρ ∂ p ′ ∂ x i -\frac{1}{\rho} \frac{\partial p'}{\partial x_i} −ρ1∂xi∂p′ ∂ ∂ x l ( − 1 ρ ∂ p ′ ∂ x i ) = − 1 ρ ∂ ∂ x i ( ∂ p ′ ∂ x l ) \begin{aligned} \frac{\partial }{\partial x_l} \left( -\frac{1}{\rho} \frac{\partial p'}{\partial x_i} \right)=-\frac{1}{\rho} \frac{\partial }{\partial x_i} \left( \frac{\partial p'}{\partial x_l} \right) \end{aligned} ∂xl∂(−ρ1∂xi∂p′)=−ρ1∂xi∂(∂xl∂p′) − 2 ν ρ ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ∂ ∂ x i ( ∂ p ′ ∂ x l ) = − 2 ν ρ ∂ ∂ x i ( ∂ p ′ ∂ x l ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ) − 2 ν ρ ∂ p ′ ∂ x l ∂ ∂ x i ( ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ) = − 2 ν ρ ∂ ∂ x i ( ∂ p ′ ∂ x l ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ) − 2 ν ρ ∂ p ′ ∂ x l ∂ ∂ x l ( ∂ u i ′ ∂ x i ) = − 2 ν ρ ∂ ∂ x i ( ∂ p ′ ∂ x l ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ) \begin{aligned} -\frac{2\nu}{\rho} \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \frac{\partial }{\partial x_i} \left( \frac{\partial p'}{\partial x_l} \right)&=-\frac{2\nu}{\rho} \frac{\partial }{\partial x_i} \left( \frac{\partial p'}{\partial x_l} \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \right)- \frac{2\nu}{\rho} \frac{\partial p'}{\partial x_l} \frac{\partial }{\partial x_i} \left( \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \right)\\&=-\frac{2\nu}{\rho} \frac{\partial }{\partial x_i} \left( \frac{\partial p'}{\partial x_l} \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \right)- \frac{2\nu}{\rho} \frac{\partial p'}{\partial x_l} \frac{\partial }{\partial x_l} \left( \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_i} \right)\\&=- \frac{2\nu}{\rho} \frac{\partial }{\partial x_i} \left( \frac{\partial p'}{\partial x_l} \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \right) \end{aligned} −ρ2ν∂xl∂ui′∂xi∂(∂xl∂p′)=−ρ2ν∂xi∂(∂xl∂p′∂xl∂ui′)−ρ2ν∂xl∂p′∂xi∂(∂xl∂ui′)=−ρ2ν∂xi∂(∂xl∂p′∂xl∂ui′)−ρ2ν∂xl∂p′∂xl∂(∂xi∂ui′)=−ρ2ν∂xi∂(∂xl∂p′∂xl∂ui′)取平均运算后有
< − 2 ν ρ ∂ ∂ x i ( ∂ p ′ ∂ x l ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ) > = − 2 ν ρ ∂ ∂ x i < ∂ p ′ ∂ x l ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l > \begin{aligned} \left< -\frac{2\nu}{\rho} \frac{\partial }{\partial x_i} \left( \frac{\partial p'}{\partial x_l} \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \right) \right>= -\frac{2\nu}{\rho} \frac{\partial }{\partial x_i} \left< \frac{\partial p'}{\partial x_l} \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \right> \end{aligned} ⟨−ρ2ν∂xi∂(∂xl∂p′∂xl∂ui′)⟩=−ρ2ν∂xi∂⟨∂xl∂p′∂xl∂ui′⟩ -
(5) ν ∂ 2 u i ′ ∂ x k ∂ x k \nu \frac{\partial^2 u_i'}{\partial x_k\partial x_k} ν∂xk∂xk∂2ui′ < 2 ν ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ∂ ∂ x l ( ν ∂ 2 u i ′ ∂ x k ∂ x k ) > = ν 2 < 2 ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ∂ ∂ x l ( ∂ 2 u i ′ ∂ x k ∂ x k ) > = ν 2 < 2 ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ∂ 2 ∂ x k ∂ x k ( ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ) > + ν 2 < 2 ∂ ∂ x k ( ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ) ⋅ ∂ ∂ x k ( ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ) > − ν 2 < 2 ∂ ∂ x k ( ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ) ⋅ ∂ ∂ x k ( ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ) > = ν 2 < ∂ ∂ x k ( 2 ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ∂ ∂ x k ( ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ) ) > − ν 2 < 2 ∂ ∂ x k ( ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ) ⋅ ∂ ∂ x k ( ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ) > = ν 2 < ∂ ∂ x k ( ∂ ∂ x k ( ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ) ) > − 2 ν 2 < ∂ 2 u i ′ ∂ x k ∂ x l ∂ 2 u i ′ ∂ x k ∂ x l > = ν ∂ ∂ x k ( ∂ ∂ x k ν < ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l > ) − 2 ν 2 < ∂ 2 u i ′ ∂ x k ∂ x l ∂ 2 u i ′ ∂ x k ∂ x l > = ∂ ∂ x k ( ν ∂ ε ∂ x k ) − 2 ν 2 < ∂ 2 u i ′ ∂ x k ∂ x l ∂ 2 u i ′ ∂ x k ∂ x l > \begin{aligned} &\left< 2\nu\frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \frac{\partial }{\partial x_l} \left( \nu \frac{\partial^2 u_i'}{\partial x_k\partial x_k} \right) \right>\\=& \nu^2 \left< 2\frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \frac{\partial }{\partial x_l} \left( \frac{\partial^2 u_i'}{\partial x_k\partial x_k} \right) \right>\\=& \nu^2 \left< 2\frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \frac{\partial^2 }{\partial x_k\partial x_k} \left( \frac{\partial u_i'}{\partial x_l} \right) \right>+ \nu^2 \left<2 \frac{\partial}{\partial x_k} \left( \frac{\partial u_i'}{\partial x_l} \right)\cdot \frac{\partial}{\partial x_k} \left( \frac{\partial u_i'}{\partial x_l} \right) \right> \\&-\nu^2 \left<2 \frac{\partial}{\partial x_k} \left( \frac{\partial u_i'}{\partial x_l} \right)\cdot \frac{\partial}{\partial x_k} \left( \frac{\partial u_i'}{\partial x_l} \right) \right>\\=& \nu^2 \left< \frac{\partial}{\partial x_k} \left( 2\frac{\partial u_i'}{\partial x_l} \frac{\partial}{\partial x_k} \left( \frac{\partial u_i'}{\partial x_l} \right) \right) \right>-\nu^2 \left<2 \frac{\partial}{\partial x_k} \left( \frac{\partial u_i'}{\partial x_l} \right)\cdot \frac{\partial}{\partial x_k} \left( \frac{\partial u_i'}{\partial x_l} \right) \right>\\=& \nu^2 \left< \frac{\partial}{\partial x_k} \left( \frac{\partial}{\partial x_k} \left( \frac{\partial u_i'}{\partial x_l} \frac{\partial u_i'}{\partial x_l} \right) \right) \right>-2\nu^2 \left< \frac{\partial^2 u_i'}{\partial x_k\partial x_l} \frac{\partial^2 u_i'}{\partial x_k\partial x_l} \right>\\=& \nu \frac{\partial}{\partial x_k} \left( \frac{\partial}{\partial x_k} \nu \left< \frac{\partial u_i'}{\partial x_l} \frac{\partial u_i'}{\partial x_l} \right> \right)-2\nu^2 \left< \frac{\partial^2 u_i'}{\partial x_k\partial x_l} \frac{\partial^2 u_i'}{\partial x_k\partial x_l} \right>\\=& \frac{\partial}{\partial x_k} \left( \nu \frac{\partial\varepsilon}{\partial x_k} \right)-2\nu^2 \left< \frac{\partial^2 u_i'}{\partial x_k\partial x_l} \frac{\partial^2 u_i'}{\partial x_k\partial x_l} \right> \end{aligned} ======⟨2ν∂xl∂ui′∂xl∂(ν∂xk∂xk∂2ui′)⟩ν2⟨2∂xl∂ui′∂xl∂(∂xk∂xk∂2ui′)⟩ν2⟨2∂xl∂ui′∂xk∂xk∂2(∂xl∂ui′)⟩+ν2⟨2∂xk∂(∂xl∂ui′)⋅∂xk∂(∂xl∂ui′)⟩−ν2⟨2∂xk∂(∂xl∂ui′)⋅∂xk∂(∂xl∂ui′)⟩ν2⟨∂xk∂(2∂xl∂ui′∂xk∂(∂xl∂ui′))⟩−ν2⟨2∂xk∂(∂xl∂ui′)⋅∂xk∂(∂xl∂ui′)⟩ν2⟨∂xk∂(∂xk∂(∂xl∂ui′∂xl∂ui′))⟩−2ν2⟨∂xk∂xl∂2ui′∂xk∂xl∂2ui′⟩ν∂xk∂(∂xk∂ν⟨∂xl∂ui′∂xl∂ui′⟩)−2ν2⟨∂xk∂xl∂2ui′∂xk∂xl∂2ui′⟩∂xk∂(ν∂xk∂ε)−2ν2⟨∂xk∂xl∂2ui′∂xk∂xl∂2ui′⟩
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(6) − ∂ ( u i ′ u k ′ ) ∂ x k -\frac{\partial \left(u_i'u_k'\right)}{\partial x_k} −∂xk∂(ui′uk′)
− ∂ ( u i ′ u k ′ ) ∂ x k = − u k ′ ∂ u i ′ ∂ x k − u i ′ ∂ u k ′ ∂ x k = − u k ′ ∂ u i ′ ∂ x k \begin{aligned} -\frac{\partial \left(u'_iu'_k\right)}{\partial x_k} =-u'_k\frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_k}- u'_i\frac{\partial u'_k}{\partial x_k}= -u'_k\frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_k} \end{aligned} −∂xk∂(ui′uk′)=−uk′∂xk∂ui′−ui′∂xk∂uk′=−uk′∂xk∂ui′ − ∂ ∂ x l ( u k ′ ∂ u i ′ ∂ x k ) = − ∂ u k ′ ∂ x l ∂ u i ′ ∂ x k − u k ′ ∂ 2 u i ′ ∂ x k ∂ x l \begin{aligned} -\frac{\partial }{\partial x_l} \left( u'_k\frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_k} \right)= -\frac{\partial u'_k}{\partial x_l} \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_k}- u'_k\frac{\partial^2 u'_i}{\partial x_k\partial x_l} \end{aligned} −∂xl∂(uk′∂xk∂ui′)=−∂xl∂uk′∂xk∂ui′−uk′∂xk∂xl∂2ui′ < − 2 ν ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ∂ u k ′ ∂ x l ∂ u i ′ ∂ x k > + < − 2 ν ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l u k ′ ∂ 2 u i ′ ∂ x k ∂ x l > = − 2 ν < ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ∂ u k ′ ∂ x l ∂ u i ′ ∂ x k > − < u k ′ ⋅ 2 ν ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ∂ ∂ x k ( ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ) > = − 2 ν < ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ∂ u k ′ ∂ x l ∂ u i ′ ∂ x k > − < u k ′ ⋅ ∂ ∂ x k ( ν ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ) > = − 2 ν < ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ∂ u k ′ ∂ x l ∂ u i ′ ∂ x k > − < u k ′ ∂ ε ′ ∂ x k > = − 2 ν < ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ∂ u k ′ ∂ x l ∂ u i ′ ∂ x k > − < ∂ ( u k ′ ε ′ ) ∂ x k − ε ′ ∂ u k ′ ∂ x k > = − 2 ν < ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ∂ u k ′ ∂ x l ∂ u i ′ ∂ x k > − ∂ < u k ′ ε ′ > ∂ x k \begin{aligned} &\left< -2\nu\frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \frac{\partial u'_k}{\partial x_l} \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_k} \right> + \left< -2\nu\frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} u'_k\frac{\partial^2 u'_i}{\partial x_k\partial x_l} \right>\\=& -2\nu \left< \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \frac{\partial u'_k}{\partial x_l} \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_k} \right>-\left<u'_k\cdot 2\nu\frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \frac{\partial }{\partial x_k} \left( \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \right) \right>\\=& -2\nu \left< \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \frac{\partial u'_k}{\partial x_l} \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_k} \right>-\left<u'_k\cdot \frac{\partial }{\partial x_k} \left(\nu \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \right) \right>\\=& -2\nu \left< \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \frac{\partial u'_k}{\partial x_l} \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_k} \right>-\left<u'_k \frac{\partial \varepsilon'}{\partial x_k} \right>\\=& -2\nu \left< \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \frac{\partial u'_k}{\partial x_l} \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_k} \right>-\left< \frac{\partial (u'_k\varepsilon')}{\partial x_k}- \varepsilon' \frac{\partial u'_k}{\partial x_k} \right>\\=& -2\nu \left< \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \frac{\partial u'_k}{\partial x_l} \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_k} \right>- \frac{\partial \left<u'_k\varepsilon'\right>}{\partial x_k} \end{aligned} =====⟨−2ν∂xl∂ui′∂xl∂uk′∂xk∂ui′⟩+⟨−2ν∂xl∂ui′uk′∂xk∂xl∂2ui′⟩−2ν⟨∂xl∂ui′∂xl∂uk′∂xk∂ui′⟩−⟨uk′⋅2ν∂xl∂ui′∂xk∂(∂xl∂ui′)⟩−2ν⟨∂xl∂ui′∂xl∂uk′∂xk∂ui′⟩−⟨uk′⋅∂xk∂(ν∂xl∂ui′∂xl∂ui′)⟩−2ν⟨∂xl∂ui′∂xl∂uk′∂xk∂ui′⟩−⟨uk′∂xk∂ε′⟩−2ν⟨∂xl∂ui′∂xl∂uk′∂xk∂ui′⟩−⟨∂xk∂(uk′ε′)−ε′∂xk∂uk′⟩−2ν⟨∂xl∂ui′∂xl∂uk′∂xk∂ui′⟩−∂xk∂⟨uk′ε′⟩ -
(7) ∂ < u i ′ u k ′ > ∂ x k \frac{\partial\left<u_i'u_k'\right>}{\partial x_k} ∂xk∂⟨ui′uk′⟩ ∂ < u i ′ u k ′ > ∂ x k = < ∂ ( u i ′ u k ′ ) ∂ x k > \begin{aligned} \frac{\partial\left<u_i'u_k'\right>}{\partial x_k}= \left< \frac{\partial\left(u_i'u_k'\right)}{\partial x_k} \right> \end{aligned} ∂xk∂⟨ui′uk′⟩=⟨∂xk∂(ui′uk′)⟩ ∂ ∂ x l < ∂ ( u i ′ u k ′ ) ∂ x k > = < ∂ ∂ x l ( ∂ ( u i ′ u k ′ ) ∂ x k ) > \begin{aligned} \frac{\partial }{\partial x_l} \left< \frac{\partial\left(u_i'u_k'\right)}{\partial x_k} \right>= \left< \frac{\partial }{\partial x_l} \left( \frac{\partial\left(u_i'u_k'\right)}{\partial x_k} \right) \right> \end{aligned} ∂xl∂⟨∂xk∂(ui′uk′)⟩=⟨∂xl∂(∂xk∂(ui′uk′))⟩ < 2 ν ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l < ∂ ∂ x l ( ∂ ( u i ′ u k ′ ) ∂ x k ) > > = 2 ν < ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l > < ∂ ∂ x l ( ∂ ( u i ′ u k ′ ) ∂ x k ) > = 0 \begin{aligned} \left< 2\nu\frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \left< \frac{\partial }{\partial x_l} \left( \frac{\partial\left(u_i'u_k'\right)}{\partial x_k} \right) \right>\right>=&2\nu \left< \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \right> \left< \frac{\partial }{\partial x_l} \left( \frac{\partial\left(u_i'u_k'\right)}{\partial x_k} \right) \right>=0 \end{aligned} ⟨2ν∂xl∂ui′⟨∂xl∂(∂xk∂(ui′uk′))⟩⟩=2ν⟨∂xl∂ui′⟩⟨∂xl∂(∂xk∂(ui′uk′))⟩=0其实上式可以直接运用平均运算的性质 < g ′ < f > > = 0 \left<g'\left<f\right>\right>=0 ⟨g′⟨f⟩⟩=0。
整合以上各项，便可以得到： ∂ ε ∂ t + 2 ν ∂ < u i > ∂ x k < ∂ u l ′ ∂ x k ∂ u l ′ ∂ x i > + < u k > ∂ ε ∂ x k + 2 ν ∂ < u i > ∂ x k < ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ∂ u k ′ ∂ x l > + 2 ν ∂ 2 < u i > ∂ x k x l < u k ′ ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l > = − 2 ν ρ ∂ ∂ x i < ∂ p ′ ∂ x l ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l > + ∂ ∂ x k ( ν ∂ ε ∂ x k ) − 2 ν < ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ∂ u k ′ ∂ x l ∂ u i ′ ∂ x k > − ∂ < u k ′ ε ′ > ∂ x k − 2 ν 2 < ∂ 2 u i ′ ∂ x k ∂ x l ∂ 2 u i ′ ∂ x k ∂ x l > . \begin{aligned} &\frac{\partial \varepsilon}{\partial t}+ 2\nu\frac{\partial \left<u_i\right>}{\partial x_k} \left< \frac{\partial u'_l}{\partial x_k}\frac{\partial u_l'}{\partial x_i} \right>+\left<u_k\right> \frac{\partial \varepsilon}{\partial x_k}+2\nu \frac{\partial \left<u_i\right>}{\partial x_k} \left< \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \frac{\partial u'_k}{\partial x_l} \right>+ 2\nu \frac{\partial^2 \left<u_i\right>}{\partial x_kx_l} \left< u'_k \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \right>= -\frac{2\nu}{\rho} \frac{\partial }{\partial x_i} \left< \frac{\partial p'}{\partial x_l} \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \right>+\\&\frac{\partial}{\partial x_k} \left( \nu \frac{\partial\varepsilon}{\partial x_k} \right) -2\nu \left< \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \frac{\partial u'_k}{\partial x_l} \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_k} \right>- \frac{\partial \left<u'_k\varepsilon'\right>}{\partial x_k}-2\nu^2 \left< \frac{\partial^2 u_i'}{\partial x_k\partial x_l} \frac{\partial^2 u_i'}{\partial x_k\partial x_l} \right>. \end{aligned} ∂t∂ε+2ν∂xk∂⟨ui⟩⟨∂xk∂ul′∂xi∂ul′⟩+⟨uk⟩∂xk∂ε+2ν∂xk∂⟨ui⟩⟨∂xl∂ui′∂xl∂uk′⟩+2ν∂xkxl∂2⟨ui⟩⟨uk′∂xl∂ui′⟩=−ρ2ν∂xi∂⟨∂xl∂p′∂xl∂ui′⟩+∂xk∂(ν∂xk∂ε)−2ν⟨∂xl∂ui′∂xl∂uk′∂xk∂ui′⟩−∂xk∂⟨uk′ε′⟩−2ν2⟨∂xk∂xl∂2ui′∂xk∂xl∂2ui′⟩.移项并合并同类项后便可以得到湍动能耗散率输运方程： ∂ ε ∂ t + < u k > ∂ ε ∂ x k = − 2 ν ∂ < u i > ∂ x k ( < ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ∂ u k ′ ∂ x l > + < ∂ u l ′ ∂ x i ∂ u l ′ ∂ x k > ) − 2 ν ∂ 2 < u i > ∂ x k ∂ x l < u k ′ ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l > − 2 ν < ∂ u i ′ ∂ x k ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l ∂ u k ′ ∂ x l > − ∂ ∂ x k ( < u k ′ ε ′ > − ν ∂ ε ∂ x k ) − 2 ν 2 < ∂ 2 u i ′ ∂ x k x l ∂ 2 u i ′ ∂ x k x l > − 2 ν ρ ∂ ∂ x i < ∂ p ′ ∂ x l ∂ u i ′ ∂ x l > \begin{aligned} &\frac{\partial \varepsilon}{\partial t}+ \left<u_k\right>\frac{\partial \varepsilon}{\partial x_k}= -2\nu\frac{\partial \left<u_i\right>}{\partial x_k} \left( \left<\frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l}\frac{\partial u'_k}{\partial x_l}\right>+ \left<\frac{\partial u'_l}{\partial x_i}\frac{\partial u'_l}{\partial x_k}\right> \right)- 2\nu\frac{\partial^2 \left<u_i\right>}{\partial x_k \partial x_l} \left<u'_k\frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l}\right>\\& -2\nu\left<\frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_k} \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \frac{\partial u'_k}{\partial x_l}\right>- \frac{\partial }{\partial x_k}\left( \left<u'_k\varepsilon'\right>- \nu\frac{\partial \varepsilon}{\partial x_k} \right)- 2\nu^2\left< \frac{\partial^2 u'_i}{\partial x_kx_l} \frac{\partial^2 u'_i}{\partial x_kx_l} \right>- \frac{2\nu}{\rho}\frac{\partial}{\partial x_i} \left< \frac{\partial p'}{\partial x_l} \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \right> \end{aligned} ∂t∂ε+⟨uk⟩∂xk∂ε=−2ν∂xk∂⟨ui⟩(⟨∂xl∂ui′∂xl∂uk′⟩+⟨∂xi∂ul′∂xk∂ul′⟩)−2ν∂xk∂xl∂2⟨ui⟩⟨uk′∂xl∂ui′⟩−2ν⟨∂xk∂ui′∂xl∂ui′∂xl∂uk′⟩−∂xk∂(⟨uk′ε′⟩−ν∂xk∂ε)−2ν2⟨∂xkxl∂2ui′∂xkxl∂2ui′⟩−ρ2ν∂xi∂⟨∂xl∂p′∂xl∂ui′⟩
三、湍动能耗散率输运方程各项解析
将公式各项标号如下：
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\begin{aligned} &\underset{(1)}{\underbrace{\frac{\partial \varepsilon}{\partial t}+ \left<u_k\right>\frac{\partial \varepsilon}{\partial x_k}}}= \underset{(2)}{\underbrace{-2\nu\frac{\partial \left<u_i\right>}{\partial x_k} \left( \left<\frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l}\frac{\partial u'_k}{\partial x_l}\right>+ \left<\frac{\partial u'_l}{\partial x_i}\frac{\partial u'_l}{\partial x_k}\right> \right)}} - \underset{(3)}{\underbrace{2\nu\frac{\partial^2 \left<u_i\right>}{\partial x_k \partial x_l} \left<u'_k\frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l}\right>}} \\& \underset{(4)}{\underbrace{-2\nu\left<\frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_k} \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \frac{\partial u'_k}{\partial x_l}\right>}} - \frac{\partial }{\partial x_k}( \underset{(5a)}{\underbrace{\left<u'_k\varepsilon'\right>}} - \underset{(5b)}{\underbrace{\nu\frac{\partial \varepsilon}{\partial x_k}}})- \underset{(6)}{\underbrace{2\nu^2\left< \frac{\partial^2 u'_i}{\partial x_kx_l} \frac{\partial^2 u'_i}{\partial x_kx_l} \right>}} - \underset{(7)}{\underbrace{\frac{2\nu}{\rho}\frac{\partial}{\partial x_i} \left< \frac{\partial p'}{\partial x_l} \frac{\partial u'_i}{\partial x_l} \right>}} \end{aligned}
(1)
∂t∂ε+⟨uk⟩∂xk∂ε=(2)
−2ν∂xk∂⟨ui⟩(⟨∂xl∂ui′∂xl∂uk′⟩+⟨∂xi∂ul′∂xk∂ul′⟩)−(3)
2ν∂xk∂xl∂2⟨ui⟩⟨uk′∂xl∂ui′⟩(4)
−2ν⟨∂xk∂ui′∂xl∂ui′∂xl∂uk′⟩−∂xk∂((5a)
⟨uk′ε′⟩−(5b)
ν∂xk∂ε)−(6)
2ν2⟨∂xkxl∂2ui′∂xkxl∂2ui′⟩−(7)
ρ2ν∂xi∂⟨∂xl∂p′∂xl∂ui′⟩
(1)由平均运动引起的对流；
(2)平均应变率的涡旋拉伸作用导致的生成项(大涡拉伸)；
(3)平均运动导致的生成项(大涡拉伸)；
(4)由湍流应变的拉伸作用导致的生成项(小涡拉伸)；
(5) a.湍流输运引起的扩散
\quad
b.粘性扩散(分子扩散)；
(6)粘性耗散；
(7)由于压力波动引起的扩散。
四、参考资料
- Two-dimensional asymmetric turbulent flow in ducts. Kemal Hanjalic.1970. PhD-Thesis.
- 《湍流理论与模拟》第二版.张兆顺、崔桂香、许春晓、黄伟希.
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