双极化(天线)均匀线性阵列
Uniform Linear Array of M M M dual-polarized antenna elements (如图所示)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/a6ff6431873c69c22c99c41002a8078e.png)
基站有
M
M
M个双极化天线阵元,终端UE为1根单极化天线,那么上行信道可以表征为:
h
u
l
=
[
h
u
l
,
H
h
u
l
,
V
]
∈
C
2
M
×
1
\boldsymbol h_{ul} = \left[ \begin{array}{c} \boldsymbol{h}_{ul,H}\\ \boldsymbol{h}_{ul,V}\\ \end{array} \right] \in \mathbb C^{2M \times 1}
hul=[hul,Hhul,V]∈C2M×1
其中,
- h u l , H ∈ C M × 1 \boldsymbol{h}_{ul,H} \in \mathbb C^{M \times 1} hul,H∈CM×1 is the channel vector corresponding to the M M M H-polarzied antenna ports
- h u l , V ∈ C v M × 1 \boldsymbol{h}_{ul,V} \in \mathbb C^{v M \times 1} hul,V∈CvM×1 is the channel vector corresponding to the M M M V-polarzied antenna ports
回顾ULA阵列的阵列响应向量为(array)
a
u
l
(
ξ
)
=
[
1
,
e
j
π
ξ
,
⋯
,
e
j
π
(
M
−
1
)
ξ
]
∈
C
M
×
1
\boldsymbol a_{ul}(\xi) = [1, e^{j \pi \xi}, \cdots, e^{j \pi (M-1) \xi}] \in \mathbb C^{M \times 1}
aul(ξ)=[1,ejπξ,⋯,ejπ(M−1)ξ]∈CM×1
其中
ξ
=
sin
(
θ
)
\xi = \sin(\theta)
ξ=sin(θ),.
θ
∈
[
−
π
/
2
,
π
/
2
]
\theta \in [-\pi / 2, \pi/2]
θ∈[−π/2,π/2]是到达角(Angle of Arrival, AOA),注意这里我们假设
d
=
λ
u
l
/
2
d = \lambda_{ul}/2
d=λul/2。因此 H- & V- channel vector可以表征为
h
u
l
,
H
=
∫
−
1
+
1
W
H
(
ξ
)
a
u
l
(
ξ
)
d
ξ
h
u
l
,
V
=
∫
−
1
+
1
W
V
(
ξ
)
a
u
l
(
ξ
)
d
ξ
\begin{aligned} \boldsymbol{h}_{ul,H} &= \int_{-1}^{+1} W_H(\xi) \boldsymbol a_{ul}(\xi) d \xi \\ \boldsymbol{h}_{ul,V} &= \int_{-1}^{+1} W_V(\xi) \boldsymbol a_{ul}(\xi) d \xi \end{aligned}
hul,Hhul,V=∫−1+1WH(ξ)aul(ξ)dξ=∫−1+1WV(ξ)aul(ξ)dξ
其中
W
H
(
ξ
)
,
W
V
(
ξ
)
W_H(\xi), W_V(\xi)
WH(ξ),WV(ξ)是表征角度增益(angular gain)的随机过程。我们假设
W
H
,
W
V
W_H, W_V
WH,WV是零均值的复高斯过程,具有下面的自相关关系
E
[
W
H
(
ξ
)
W
H
∗
(
ξ
′
)
]
=
γ
H
(
ξ
)
δ
(
ξ
−
ξ
′
)
E
[
W
V
(
ξ
)
W
V
∗
(
ξ
′
)
]
=
γ
V
(
ξ
)
δ
(
ξ
−
ξ
′
)
\begin{aligned} \mathbb E \left [ W_H(\xi) W^*_H(\xi^{\prime}) \right] &= \gamma_H(\xi) \delta(\xi - \xi^{\prime}) \\ \mathbb E \left [ W_V(\xi) W^*_V(\xi^{\prime}) \right] &= \gamma_V(\xi) \delta(\xi - \xi^{\prime}) \end{aligned}
E[WH(ξ)WH∗(ξ′)]E[WV(ξ)WV∗(ξ′)]=γH(ξ)δ(ξ−ξ′)=γV(ξ)δ(ξ−ξ′)
where we have adopted the wide-sense stationary uncorrelated scattering (WSSUS) model, which assumes stationary second order channel statistics (over resonably short time intervals) and uncorrelated angular scattering gains.
γ H , γ V ∈ R + \gamma_H, \gamma_V \in \mathbb R_{+} γH,γV∈R+分别表示H- & V-的角度功率(along each AOA)。We call these horizontal and vertical angular spread functions (ASFs)。
实际中,H & V的关系一般不是孤立的,两者之间存在信道能量的泄露。因此对于每个AoA,
W
H
(
ξ
)
W_H(\xi)
WH(ξ)和
W
V
(
ξ
)
W_V(\xi)
WV(ξ)是相关的,满足
E
[
W
H
(
ξ
)
W
V
(
ξ
′
)
]
=
ρ
(
ξ
)
δ
(
ξ
−
ξ
′
)
\mathbb E[W_H(\xi) W_V(\xi^{\prime})] = \rho(\xi) \delta(\xi - \xi^{\prime})
E[WH(ξ)WV(ξ′)]=ρ(ξ)δ(ξ−ξ′)
其中 ρ ∈ C \rho \in \mathbb C ρ∈C。
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/a1879c8574b777b2ac53c4b8307866ef.png)
我们常把信道向量显式地分为两个部分,一部分是LOS成分(component),另一部分是NLOS成分,构成为
h
u
l
,
(
H
/
V
)
=
α
h
u
l
,
(
H
/
V
)
L
O
S
+
1
−
α
h
u
l
,
(
H
/
V
)
N
L
O
S
\boldsymbol h_{ul, (H/V)} = \sqrt{\alpha} \boldsymbol h^{LOS}_{ul, (H/V)} + \sqrt{1-\alpha} \boldsymbol h^{NLOS}_{ul, (H/V)}
hul,(H/V)=αhul,(H/V)LOS+1−αhul,(H/V)NLOS
其中 α ∈ [ 0 , 1 ] \alpha \in [0,1] α∈[0,1]是一个能量归一化系数。
LOS和NLOS成分分别为:
h
u
l
,
(
H
/
V
)
L
O
S
=
β
u
l
,
(
H
/
V
)
L
O
S
a
u
l
(
ξ
L
O
S
)
h
u
l
,
(
H
/
V
)
N
L
O
S
=
∑
i
=
1
p
−
1
β
u
l
,
(
H
/
V
)
,
i
N
L
O
S
a
u
l
(
ξ
N
L
O
S
,
i
)
\begin{aligned} \boldsymbol h^{LOS}_{ul, (H/V)} &= \beta^{LOS}_{ul, (H/V)} \boldsymbol a_{ul} (\xi_{LOS}) \\ \boldsymbol h^{NLOS}_{ul, (H/V)} &= \sum_{i=1}^{p-1} \beta^{NLOS}_{ul, (H/V), i} \boldsymbol a_{ul} (\xi_{NLOS,i}) \end{aligned}
hul,(H/V)LOShul,(H/V)NLOS=βul,(H/V)LOSaul(ξLOS)=i=1∑p−1βul,(H/V),iNLOSaul(ξNLOS,i)
其中 ξ L O S , { ξ N L O S , i } i \xi_{LOS}, \{\xi_{NLOS,i}\}_i ξLOS,{ξNLOS,i}i是到达角AOAs, β u l , ( H / V ) L O S , { β u l , ( H / V ) , i N L O S } i \beta^{LOS}_{ul, (H/V)}, \{\beta^{NLOS}_{ul, (H/V), i}\}_i βul,(H/V)LOS,{βul,(H/V),iNLOS}i是复增益(complex-valued gains)。
那么双极化的上行信道可以被表征为:
h
u
l
=
∫
−
1
1
[
a
u
l
(
ξ
)
0
0
a
u
l
(
ξ
)
]
[
W
H
(
ξ
)
W
V
(
ξ
)
]
d
ξ
=
∫
−
1
1
(
I
2
⊗
a
u
l
(
ξ
)
)
w
(
ξ
)
d
ξ
\begin{aligned} \boldsymbol h_{ul} &= \int_{-1}^1 \left[ \begin{matrix} \boldsymbol{a}_{ul}\left( \xi \right)& \boldsymbol{0}\\ \boldsymbol{0}& \boldsymbol{a}_{ul}\left( \xi \right)\\ \end{matrix} \right] \left[ \begin{array}{c} W_H\left( \xi \right)\\ W_V\left( \xi \right)\\ \end{array} \right] d \xi \\ &= \int_{-1}^1 \left ( \boldsymbol I_2 \otimes \boldsymbol a_{ul} (\xi) \right ) \boldsymbol w(\xi) d \xi \end{aligned}
hul=∫−11[aul(ξ)00aul(ξ)][WH(ξ)WV(ξ)]dξ=∫−11(I2⊗aul(ξ))w(ξ)dξ
其中
w
(
ξ
)
:
=
[
W
H
(
ξ
)
,
W
V
(
ξ
)
]
T
\boldsymbol w(\xi) := [W_H\left( \xi \right), W_V\left( \xi \right)]^T
w(ξ):=[WH(ξ),WV(ξ)]T,那么信道的协方差矩阵可以表示为
Σ
h
u
l
=
E
[
h
u
l
h
u
l
H
]
=
∫
−
1
1
Γ
(
ξ
)
⊗
A
u
l
(
ξ
)
d
ξ
\boldsymbol \Sigma_h^{ul} = \mathbb E \left [ \boldsymbol h_{ul} \boldsymbol h^H_{ul} \right ] = \int_{-1}^1 \boldsymbol \Gamma(\xi) \otimes \boldsymbol A_{ul}(\xi) d \xi
Σhul=E[hulhulH]=∫−11Γ(ξ)⊗Aul(ξ)dξ
其中
A
u
l
(
ξ
)
=
a
u
l
(
ξ
)
a
u
l
(
ξ
)
H
\boldsymbol A_{ul}(\xi) = \boldsymbol a_{ul}(\xi) \boldsymbol a_{ul}(\xi)^H
Aul(ξ)=aul(ξ)aul(ξ)H,
Γ
(
ξ
)
\boldsymbol \Gamma(\xi)
Γ(ξ)定义为
Γ
(
ξ
)
=
E
[
w
(
ξ
)
w
(
ξ
)
H
]
=
[
γ
H
(
ξ
)
ρ
(
ξ
)
ρ
(
ξ
)
∗
γ
V
(
ξ
)
]
∈
C
2
×
2
\boldsymbol \Gamma(\xi) = \mathbb E \left [ \boldsymbol w(\xi) \boldsymbol w(\xi)^H \right ] = \left[ \begin{matrix} \gamma _H\left( \xi \right)& \rho \left( \xi \right)\\ \rho \left( \xi \right) ^*& \gamma _V\left( \xi \right)\\ \end{matrix} \right] \in \mathbb C^{2 \times 2}
Γ(ξ)=E[w(ξ)w(ξ)H]=[γH(ξ)ρ(ξ)∗ρ(ξ)γV(ξ)]∈C2×2
Γ ( ξ ) \boldsymbol \Gamma(\xi) Γ(ξ)是一个半正定矩阵,我们把 Γ ( ξ ) \boldsymbol \Gamma(\xi) Γ(ξ)称为dual-polarized angular spread function (DP-ASF). DP-ASF captures the angular spectral properties of the channel, i.e. the power density along H and V links and the power leakage density between the two.