学习笔记-Python中的函数

1. 定义函数

#定义一个名为 function 的函数
def function():
        print("Hello World!")
function()		#调用函数

1.1 向函数传递信息

def function(string):
        print(string)
function('Hello World!\n')

1.2 形参和实参

根据1.1的代码，其中function函数在定义时，string变量为形成，没有实际的值代表；在调用function函数时，传入实际参数（实参），并由函数内print函数输出显示。

2. 传递实参

2.1 位置实参

def  info(name, age):
        print("Your name is " + name)
        print("Your age is ", age)

info("Mars", 24)

2.2 关键字实参

def  info(name, age):
        print("Your name is " + name)
        print("Your age is ", age)

info(name = "Mars", age = 24)

2.3 默认值

def  info(name, age = 24):
        print("Your name is " + name)
        print("Your age is ", age)

info(name = "Mars")

2.4 等效的函数调用

def  info(name, age = 24):
        print("Your name is " + name)
        print("Your age is ", age)

info("Mark")
info(name = "Mars")
info("Bill", 20)
info(age = 25, name = "Mars")

3. 返回值

3.1 返回简单值

def get_name(first_name, last_name):
	full_name = first_name + ' ' + last_name
	return full_name.title()
print('My name is '+ get_name('Mars','Zhang'))

3.2 让实参变成可选的

通过if判断传入参数是否为空，如果为空，不处理；

def get_name(first_name, last_name, middle_name = ''):
        if middle_name:
                full_name = first_name + ' ' + middle_name + ' ' + last_name
        else:
                full_name = first_name + ' ' + last_name
        return full_name.title()

print('My name is '+ get_name('Mars','Zhang'))

3.3 返回字典

def Get_Person(first_name, last_name, age = ''):
	person = {'First':first_name, 'Last':last_name}
	if age:
		person['Age'] = age
	return person
print(Get_Person('Mars', 'Zhang', age = 24))

3.4 结合使用函数的while循环

无限次的输入名字及输出。

def Get_Name(first_name, last_name):
	full_name = first_name + ' ' + last_name
	return full_name

Flag = True
while(Flag):
	print("\n Please input youer name:")
	first_name = input("First name: ")
	last_name = input("Last name: ")
	print("\nHello, " + Get_Name(first_name, last_name) + "!")

4. 传递列表

def Greet_Users(name_list):
	for name in name_list:
		message = "Hello, " + name.title() + "!"
		print(message)

usersname_list = ['mars', 'mark', 'bill']
Greet_Users(usersname_list)

4.1 在函数中修改列表

name_list = ['mars', 'mark', 'bill', 'nancy']
temp_list = []
while(name_list):
	temp = name_list.pop()
	print("temp: " + temp)
	temp_list.append(temp)
print(name_list)
print(temp_list)

4.2 禁止函数修改列表

禁止修改函数列表可以通过向函数传递列表的副本的方式来解决。

def Copy_List(F_list, A_list):
	while(F_list):
		temp = F_list.pop()
		A_list.append(temp)

name_list = ['mars', 'mark', 'bill', 'nancy']
copy_list = []
Copy_List(name_list[:], copy_list)
print(name_list)
print(copy_list)

5. 传递任意数量的实参

如果要让函数接受不同类型的实参，必须在函数定义中将接纳任意数量实参的形参放在最后。

5.1 结合使用位置实参和任意数量实参

def make_pizza(size, *toppings):
	print("\n Making a " + str(size) + "-inch pizza with the following toppings:")
	for topping in toppings:
		print("- " + topping)
make_pizza(16, 'pepperoni')
make_pizza(12, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')

5.2 使用任意数量的关键字实参

接受任意数量的实参，但预先不知道传递给函数的会是什么样的值，在这种情况下可以将函数编写成能够接受任意数量的键-值对

def Get_UserInfo(first, last, **user_info):
	profile = {}
	profile['first_name'] = first
	profile['last_name'] = last
	for key, value in user_info.items():
		profile[key] = value
	return profile
print(Get_UserInfo('albert', 'einstein', location = 'shanghai', age = 24))

6. 将函数存储在模块中

6.1 导入整个模块

新建一个包含模块的的.py文件。例如：make_pizza.py

def make_pizza(size, *toppings):
	print("\n Making a " + str(size) + "-inch pizza with the following toppings:")
	for topping in toppings:
		print("- " + topping)

在同一目录下，新建文件pizza.py

import make_pizza

make_pizza.make_pizza(16, 'pepperoni')
make_pizza.make_pizza(12, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')

6.2 导入特定的函数

形如from module_name import function_0, function_1, function_2

from make_pizza import make_pizza

make_pizza(16, 'pepperoni')
make_pizza(12, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')

6.3 使用 as 给函数指定别名

如果导入的函数名称与当前程序中现有的名称冲突时（或太长），可以指定简短而独一无二的别名；这种方式需要在导入时操作。

from make_pizza import make_pizza as mp
mp(16, 'pepperoni')
mp(12, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')

6.4 使用 as 给模块指定别名

import make_pizza as mp

mp.make_pizza(16, 'pepperoni')
mp.make_pizza(12, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')

6.5 导入模块中的所有函数

from make_pizza import *

make_pizza(16, 'pepperoni')
make_pizza(12, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')