整理之前,认为以本科内容推导流体力学控制方程会更直观,但对比研究生课程内容后发现恰恰相反。研究生课程中的输运定理物理含义很清晰,流体粘性应力张量表达也更直观和简介;而本科生课程中的给出的公式形式是正确的,但推导过程却可能存在问题,尤其是涉及到可压缩流体的特殊性时。因此,这里先回顾下本科课程,稍后再整理研究生课程。
文章目录
连续性方程
推导过程
先讨论 y 方向上的质量变化,自面abcd 流入控制体积的质量为面abcd 的面积 d x d z dxdz dxdz、时间 d t dt dt、面abcd上的流体沿 y 方向的单位质量通量 ρ v y − 1 2 ∂ ( ρ v y ) ∂ y d y \rho v_y -\frac{1}{2}\frac{\partial(\rho v_y)}{\partial y}dy ρvy−21∂y∂(ρvy)dy 这三者的乘积,即
(a.0.1) [ ρ v y − 1 2 ∂ ( ρ v y ) ∂ y d y ] d x d z d t \left[\rho v_y -\frac{1}{2}\frac{\partial(\rho v_y)}{\partial y}dy\right]dxdzdt \qquad \tag{a.0.1} [ρvy−21∂y∂(ρvy)dy]dxdzdt(a.0.1)
同理由面efgh 流出的质量为
(a.0.2) [ ρ v y + 1 2 ∂ ( ρ v y ) ∂ y d y ] d x d z d t \left[\rho v_y +\frac{1}{2}\frac{\partial(\rho v_y)}{\partial y}dy\right]dxdzdt \qquad \tag{a.0.2} [ρvy+21∂y∂(ρvy)dy]dxdzdt(a.0.2)
故 d t dt dt 时间内,控制体积内 y 方向上的质量损失为
(a.0.3) Δ m y = [ ρ v y + 1 2 ∂ ( ρ v y ) ∂ y d y ] d x d z d t − [ ρ v y − 1 2 ∂ ( ρ v y ) ∂ y d y ] d x d z d t = ∂ ρ v y ∂ y d x d y d z d t \Delta m_y = \left[\rho v_y +\frac{1}{2}\frac{\partial(\rho v_y)}{\partial y}dy\right]dxdzdt-\left[\rho v_y -\frac{1}{2}\frac{\partial(\rho v_y)}{\partial y}dy\right]dxdzdt =\frac{\partial \rho v_y}{\partial y}dxdydzdt \qquad \tag{a.0.3} Δmy=[ρvy+21∂y∂(ρvy)dy]dxdzdt−[ρvy−21∂y∂(ρvy)dy]dxdzdt=∂y∂ρvydxdydzdt(a.0.3)
同理,x 和 z 方向上的质量损失为
(a.0.4) Δ m x = ∂ ρ v x ∂ x d x d y d z d t \Delta m_x = \frac{\partial \rho v_x}{\partial x}dxdydzdt \qquad \tag{a.0.4} Δmx=∂x∂ρvxdxdydzdt(a.0.4)
(a.0.5) Δ m z = ∂ ρ v z ∂ z d x d y d z d t \Delta m_z = \frac{\partial \rho v_z}{\partial z}dxdydzdt \qquad \tag{a.0.5} Δmz=∂z∂ρvzdxdydzdt(a.0.5)
故控制体积由于流体流动造成的质量损失为
(a.0.6) Δ m x + Δ m y + Δ m z = [ ∂ ρ v x ∂ x + ∂ ρ v x ∂ x + ∂ ρ v z ∂ z ] d x d y d z d t \Delta m_x+\Delta m_y+\Delta m_z= \left[\frac{\partial \rho v_x}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial \rho v_x}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial \rho v_z}{\partial z}\right]dxdydzdt \qquad \tag{a.0.6} Δmx+Δmy+Δmz=[∂x∂ρvx+∂x∂ρvx+∂z∂ρvz]dxdydzdt(a.0.6)
另一方面,(每个控制体积内的)流体密度也是时间的函数;t 时刻控制体积密度为 ρ \rho ρ,而 t+dt 时刻流体密度为 ρ + ∂ ρ ∂ t d t \rho+ \frac{\partial \rho}{\partial t}dt ρ+∂t∂ρdt,故控制体积内由于密度变化引起的质量增加为
(a.0.7) Δ m t = ∂ ρ ∂ t d x d y d z d t \Delta m_t =\frac{\partial \rho}{\partial t}dxdydzdt \qquad \tag{a.0.7} Δmt=∂t∂ρdxdydzdt(a.0.7)
由质量守恒可知
(a.0.8) Δ m t + ( Δ m x + Δ m y + Δ m z ) = 0 \Delta m_t+(\Delta m_x+\Delta m_y+\Delta m_z)=0 \qquad \tag{a.0.8} Δmt+(Δmx+Δmy+Δmz)=0(a.0.8)
即
(a.0.9) ∂ ρ ∂ t d x d y d z d t + [ ∂ ρ v x ∂ x + ∂ ρ v x ∂ x + ∂ ρ v z ∂ z ] d x d y d z d t = 0 \frac{\partial \rho}{\partial t}dxdydzdt+\left[\frac{\partial \rho v_x}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial \rho v_x}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial \rho v_z}{\partial z}\right]dxdydzdt=0 \qquad \tag{a.0.9} ∂t∂ρdxdydzdt+[∂x∂ρvx+∂x∂ρvx+∂z∂ρvz]dxdydzdt=0(a.0.9)
简化后得到连续性微分方程
(a.0.10) ∂ ρ ∂ t + [ ∂ ρ v x ∂ x + ∂ ρ v x ∂ x + ∂ ρ v z ∂ z ] = 0 \frac{\partial \rho}{\partial t}+\left[\frac{\partial \rho v_x}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial \rho v_x}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial \rho v_z}{\partial z}\right]=0 \qquad \tag{a.0.10} ∂t∂ρ+[∂x∂ρvx+∂x∂ρvx+∂z∂ρvz]=0(a.0.10)
向量形式写为
(a.0.10a) ∂ ρ ∂ t + ∇ ⋅ ( ρ v ) = 0 \frac{\partial \rho}{\partial t}+\nabla\cdot(\rho\boldsymbol{v})=0 \qquad \tag{a.0.10a} ∂t∂ρ+∇⋅(ρv)=0(a.0.10a)
由于
(a.0.11) ∂ ρ v x ∂ x = ρ ∂ v x ∂ x + v x ∂ ρ ∂ x ∂ ρ v y ∂ y = ρ ∂ v y ∂ y + v y ∂ ρ ∂ y ∂ ρ v z ∂ z = ρ ∂ v z ∂ z x + v z ∂ ρ ∂ z } \left.\begin{aligned} \frac{\partial \rho v_x}{\partial x}=\rho \frac{\partial v_x}{\partial x}+ v_x\frac{\partial \rho}{\partial x}\\ \frac{\partial \rho v_y}{\partial y}=\rho \frac{\partial v_y}{\partial y}+ v_y\frac{\partial \rho}{\partial y}\\ \frac{\partial \rho v_z}{\partial z}=\rho \frac{\partial v_z}{\partial zx}+ v_z\frac{\partial \rho}{\partial z} \end{aligned}\right\} \qquad \tag{a.0.11} ∂x∂ρvx=ρ∂x∂vx+vx∂x∂ρ∂y∂ρvy=ρ∂y∂vy+vy∂y∂ρ∂z∂ρvz=ρ∂zx∂vz+vz∂z∂ρ⎭⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎬⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎫(a.0.11)
(a.0.12) d ρ d t = ∂ ρ ∂ t + v x ∂ ρ ∂ x + v y ∂ ρ ∂ y + v z ∂ ρ ∂ z \frac{d \rho}{dt}=\frac{\partial \rho}{\partial t}+v_x\frac{\partial \rho}{\partial x}+v_y\frac{\partial \rho}{\partial y}+v_z\frac{\partial \rho}{\partial z} \qquad \tag{a.0.12} dtdρ=∂t∂ρ+vx∂x∂ρ+vy∂y∂ρ+vz∂z∂ρ(a.0.12)
代入连续性方程得
(a.0.13) d ρ d t + ρ ( ∂ v x ∂ x + ∂ v y ∂ y + ∂ v z ∂ z ) = 0 \frac{d \rho}{dt}+\rho\left(\frac{\partial v_x}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial v_y}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial v_z}{\partial z}\right)=0 \qquad \tag{a.0.13} dtdρ+ρ(∂x∂vx+∂y∂vy+∂z∂vz)=0(a.0.13)
或
(a.0.13a) 1 ρ d ρ d t + ( ∂ v x ∂ x + ∂ v y ∂ y + ∂ v z ∂ z ) = 0 \frac{1}{\rho}\frac{d \rho}{dt}+\left(\frac{\partial v_x}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial v_y}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial v_z}{\partial z}\right)=0 \qquad \tag{a.0.13a} ρ