未经同意,禁止转载
本文为本人在校学习笔记,若有疑问或谬误,欢迎探讨、指出。
文章目录
【概率论】一维随机变量
- 离散型:有限个 / 可列无限多个取值
- 连续型:分布函数是由一个非负可积函数变上限积分得到的(易知是连续的)
- 混合型:不是离散也不是连续型
证明分布函数右连续:
海涅定理 + 极限
证明 P { x = a } = F ( a − 0 ) P\{x=a\} = F(a-0) P{ x=a}=F(a−0)
-
证明:连续型随机变量的分布函数一定连续
转化为证明由可积函数(概率密度)$f(x) $ 的变上限积分 ∫ − ∞ x f ( x ) d x \int_{-\infty}^xf(x) \mathrm{d}x ∫−∞xf(x)dx 一定连续
lim δ → 0 ∫ − ∞ x + δ f ( x ) d x ⇒ lim δ → 0 ( ∫ − ∞ x f ( x ) d x + ∫ x x + δ f ( x ) d x ) only need to prove lim δ → 0 ∫ x x + δ f ( x ) d x = 0 \begin{aligned} & \lim_{\delta\to0} \int_{-\infty}^{x+\delta}f(x)\mathrm{d}x \\ & \Rightarrow \lim_{\delta\to0} (\int_{-\infty}^{x}f(x)\mathrm{d}x + \int_{x}^{x+\delta}f(x)\mathrm{d}x) \\ \quad \\ & \text{only need to prove } \lim_{\delta\to0}\int_{x}^{x+\delta}f(x)\mathrm{d}x = 0\\ \end{aligned} \\ δ→0lim∫−∞x+δf(x)dx⇒δ→0lim(∫−∞xf(x)dx+∫xx+δf(x)dx)only need to prove δ→0lim∫xx+δf(x)dx=0
f ( x ) is integrabel, so it is bounded ∃ M , s.t. − M < f ( x ) < M ∵ − M δ ≤ ∫ x x + δ f ( x ) d x ≤ M δ ⇒ lim δ → 0 − M δ ≤ lim δ → 0 ∫ x x + δ f ( x ) d x ≤ lim δ → 0 M δ ⇒ 0 ≤ lim δ → 0 ∫ x x + δ f ( x ) d x ≤ 0 ∴ Squeeze Theorem: lim δ → 0 ∫ x x + δ f ( x ) d x = 0 f(x)\text{ is integrabel, so it is bounded} \\ \exists M, \text{ s.t.}-M < f(x) < M \\ \begin{aligned} & \because -M\delta \le \int_{x}^{x+\delta}f(x)\mathrm{d}x \le M\delta \\ & \Rightarrow \lim_{\delta\to0} -M\delta \le \lim_{\delta\to0} \int_{x}^{x+\delta}f(x)\mathrm{d}x \le \lim_{\delta\to0} M\delta \\ & \Rightarrow 0 \le \lim_{\delta\to0} \int_{x}^{x+\delta}f(x)\mathrm{d}x \le 0 \\ & \therefore \text{Squeeze Theorem: } \lim_{\delta\to0} \int_{x}^{x+\delta}f(x)\mathrm{d}x = 0 \\ \end{aligned} \\ f(x) is integrabel, so it is bounded∃M, s.t.−M<f(x)<M∵−Mδ≤∫xx+δf(x)dx≤Mδ⇒δ→0lim−Mδ≤δ→0lim∫xx+δf(x)dx≤δ→0limMδ⇒0≤δ→0lim∫xx+δf(x)dx≤0∴Squeeze Theorem: δ→0lim∫xx+δf(x)dx=0
lim δ → 0 ∫ − ∞ x + δ f ( x ) d x = ∫ − ∞ x f ( x ) d x , ∫ − ∞ x f ( x ) d x is continuous \lim_{\delta\to0} \int_{-\infty}^{x+\delta}f(x)\mathrm{d}x = \int_{-\infty}^{x}f(x)\mathrm{d}x, \\ \int_{-\infty}^{x}f(x)\mathrm{d}x\text{ is continuous} δ→0lim∫−∞x+δf(x)dx=∫−∞xf(x)dx,∫−∞xf(x)dx is continuous
离散型
(0-1)分布 Bernoulli Distribution
(两点分布、伯努利分布) X ∼ B ( 1 , p ) X \sim B(1, p) X∼B(1,p)
可以视为仅重复一次的伯努利试验
-
随机变量
X ( e ) = { 0 , when e = e 1 , 1 , when e = e 2 , X(e) = \begin{cases} 0, & \text{when } e=e_1, \\ 1, & \text{when } e=e_2, \\ \end{cases} X(e)={ 0,1,when e=e1,when e=e2, -
分布律
P { X = k } = p k ( 1 − p ) 1 − k , k = 0 , 1 P\{X = k\} = p^k (1-p)^{1-k},\quad k=0,1 P{ X=k}=pk(1−p)1−k,k=0,1 -
数字特征
-
数学期望
E ( X ) = 1 ⋅ p + 0 ⋅ ( 1 − p ) = p E(X) = 1\cdot p + 0\cdot (1-p) = p E(X)=1⋅p+0⋅(1−p)=p -
方差
D ( X ) = E ( X 2 ) − E 2 ( X ) = p − p 2 ⇒ D ( X ) = p ( 1 − p ) D(X) = E(X^2) - E^2(X) = p - p^2 \\ \Rightarrow D(X) = p(1-p) D(X)=E(X2)−E2(X)=p−p2⇒D(X)=p(1−p)
-
二项分布 Binomial Distribution
X ∼ B ( n , p ) X \sim B(n, p) X∼B(n,p)
n重伯努利试验中 A A A 发生 X X X 次的概率服从二项分布
-
伯努利试验:每次实验只有两种结果( A , A ‾ A, \overline{A} A,A),则称该试验为Bernoulli试验
-
分布律
A A A 的成功概率为 p p p, 则有
P { X = k } = C n k p k ( 1 − p ) n − k , k = 0 , 2 , 3 , . . . , n P\{X=k\} = C_n^k p^k (1-p)^{n-k}, \quad k=0,2,3,...,n P{ X=k}=Cnkpk(1−p)n−k,k=0,2,3,...,n -
趋势
-
数字特征
- 数学期望
E ( X ) = n p E(X) = np E(X)=np
推导:
X i = { 1 , 第i次试验成功 0 , 第i次试验失败 X_i = \begin{cases} 1, & \text{第i次试验成功} \\ 0, & \text{第i次试验失败} \\ \end{cases} Xi={ 1,0,第i次试验成功第i次试验失败
X = ∑ i = 1 n X i X = \sum_{i=1}^n X_i X=i=1∑nXi
E ( X ) = E ( ∑ i = 1 n X i ) = ∑ i = 1 n E ( X i ) = ∑ i = 1 n X i ⇒ E ( X ) = n p E(X) = E(\sum_{i=1}^n X_i) = \sum_{i=1}^n E(X_i) = \sum_{i=1}^n X_i \\ \Rightarrow E(X) = np E(X)=E(i=1∑nXi)=i=1∑nE(Xi)=i=1∑nXi⇒E(X)=np
-
方差
D ( X ) = n p ( 1 − p ) D(X) = np(1-p) D(X)=np(1−p)
推导:各次伯努利试验之间相互独立,协方差项为0,则
D ( X ) = D ( ∑ i = 1 n X i ) = ∑ i = 1 n D ( X i ) = n
- 数学期望