数据类型
# 数值型向量
a<-c(3,2,6,7,9)
# 字符型向量
b<-c("张","王","李","赵","周")
# 逻辑向量
c<-c("T","F","T","F","F")
cat("数值：",a,"\n","字符：",b,"\n","逻辑：",c,"\n")
对象类型
- 向量（vector）
- 列表（list）
- 矩阵（matrix）
- 数组（array）
- 因子（factor)
- 数据框（data.frame)
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向量
v1<-1:7
v2<-seq(1,7,1)
v3<-rep(1:3,times=3)
v4<-rep(1:3,each=3)
v1;v2;v3;v4
列表
list(name = "张三",sex = "男",work = F,num = rep(1:3,each=3))
矩阵
mat<-matrix(data = 1:9,nrow = 3,ncol = 3,byrow = T)
rownames(mat)<-c("甲","乙","丙")
colnames(mat)<-c("A","B","C")
mat
t(mat)
数组
array(data = c(1:24),dim = c(2,3,4))
因子
x <- c("男", "女", "男", "男", "女")
sex <- factor(x)
sex
数据框
names<-c("张三","李四","王六")
stat<-c(70,90,76)
math<-c(84,89,79)
data.frame(姓名=names,语文=stat,数学=math)
常用函数
- 舍入：round(x = pi,digits = 3)digits小数点后保留位数
- 绝对值：abs(x)
- 平方根：sqrt(x)
a1<-round(x = pi,digits = 3)
a2<-abs(-1)
a3<-sqrt(4)
cat("a1:",a1,"\n","a2:",a2,"\n","a3:",a3,"\n")
- 排序函数：
sort(x)返回排序结果
rev(x)返回把各元素排列次序反转后的结果
order(x)返回排序用的下标
x <- c(11,33,22,44,55)
sort(x)
rev(x)
order(x)
- 统计函数：
sum(求和)
mean(求平均值)
var(求样本方差)
sd(求样本标准差)
min(求最小值)
max(求最大值)
range(求最小值和最大值)
names<-c("张三","李四","王六","李四")
stat<-c(70,90,76,98)
math<-c(84,89,79,99)
d<-data.frame(姓名=names,语文=stat,数学=math)
sum(d$语文)
mean(d$语文)
var(d$语文)
sd(d$语文)
min(d$语文)
max(d$语文)
range(d$语文)
- 取子字符串函数：
substr(x, start, stop)从字符串x中取出从第start个到第stop个的子串
y<-"lkahsdflka"
substr(x = y,start = 2,stop = 4)
时间
- year()取出年
- month()取出月份数值
- mday()取出日数值
- yday()取出日期在一年中的序号，元旦为1
- wday()取出日期在一个星期内的序号， 但是一个星期从星期天开始， 星期天为1,星期一为2，星期六为7。
- hour()取出小时
- minute()取出分钟
- second()取出秒
library(lubridate)
t<-now()
year(t)
month(t)
mday(t)
yday(t)
wday(t)
hour(t)
minute(t)
second(t)
自定义函数
fun1 <- function(x){ -x+1 }
fun2 <- function(x){ (x-2)^2 }
fun3<-function(x){ x+1 }
fun1(c(1,2,3,4,5))
fun2(c(1,2,3,4,5))
fun3(c(1,2,3,4,5))
可视化
简单图形
- cex：字符或者形状大小，表示绘图符号相对于默认大小的缩放倍数。
- col：颜色
- pch：点的形状
- lty：线形
- lwd：线粗细
- par：设定图像布局
- adj：设置文本和标题的对齐方式
- font：字体
- las：坐标轴标签样式
data(mtcars)
par(mfrow=c(1,1))
plot(x=mtcars$mpg,y=mtcars$disp,
type="p",
main="主标题",
xlab="x轴",
ylab="y轴",
cex=2,
pch=19,
col='orange',
font = 1,
panel.first = grid(8,8,col='blue',lty=2),family='STKaiti',
frame.plot = F)
curve(fun1,1,10, xlim = c(-10,15), ylim = c(-10,50),lty=2,col = "blue",axes = F,xlab="",ylab="")
curve(fun1,-10,1,col="blue",add = T)
curve(fun3,-10,1,col = "red",add = T)
curve(fun3,1,10,lty=2,col = "red",add = T)
curve(fun2,-10,1,lty=2,col="black",add = T)
curve(fun2,1,15,col = "black",add = T)
text(c(-5,5,-5,-5),c(10,20,-6,2),c(expression(-x+1), expression((x-2)^2),expression(x+1),"y=1"))
title("2022-Math")
abline(a = 0,b = 0,h = 0,v = 2,lty=2,col="darkgray")
abline(h = 1,col="green",lty = 2)
arrows(0,-11,0,50)
arrows(-11,0,16,0)
text(x = 1,y = 40,"Y")
text(x = 14,y = 2,"X")
text(x = 1,y = -3,"(0,0)")
动态图形
library(pacman)
p_load(echarts4r,tidyverse,dplyr)
柱状图、折线图和面积图
df <- data.frame(
x = seq(50),
y = rnorm(50, 10, 3),
z = rnorm(50, 11, 2),
w = rnorm(50, 9, 2)
)
df %>%
e_charts(x) %>%
e_bar(y)%>%
e_line(z) %>%
e_area(w) %>%
e_title("Line and area charts")%>%
e_theme("green")
条形图与阶梯图
mtcars %>%
rownames_to_column() %>%
e_charts(rowname) %>%
e_bar(mpg) %>%
e_labels()%>%
e_step(drat) %>%
e_title("条形图与阶梯图")%>%
e_theme("dark")
mtcars %>%
mutate(
model = row.names(.),
total = mpg + qsec
) %>%
arrange(desc(total)) %>%
e_charts(model) %>%
e_bar(mpg, stack = "grp") %>%
e_bar(qsec, stack = "grp") %>%
e_labels()
箱型图
df <- data.frame(
x = c(1:10, 25),
y = c(1:10, -6)
)
df %>%
e_charts() %>%
e_boxplot(y, outliers = TRUE) %>%
e_boxplot(x, outliers = TRUE)%>%
e_labels()
散点图
mtcars %>%
rownames_to_column() %>%
e_charts(rowname) %>%
e_scatter(mpg,drat) %>%
e_visual_map(drat,scale = e_scale) %>%
e_title("散点图")
mtcars %>%
rownames_to_column() %>%
e_charts(rowname) %>%
e_effect_scatter(mpg,drat) %>%
e_visual_map(drat) %>%
e_legend(FALSE)
极坐标图
data <- tibble(
x = seq(50),
y = rnorm(50,10,3)
)
data %>%
e_charts(x) %>%
e_polar() %>%
e_angle_axis(x) %>%
e_radius_axis() %>%
e_bar(y,coord_system = "polar")
环状条形图
data %>%
e_charts(x) %>%
e_polar() %>%
e_angle_axis() %>%
e_radius_axis(x) %>%
e_bar(y,coord_system = "polar")
漏斗图
funne <- data.frame(x = c("View1", "Click1", "Purchase1"), value = c(70, 50, 20))
funne %>%
e_charts() %>%
e_funnel(value, x) %>%
e_title("Funnel")
饼图
mtcars %>%
head() %>%
rownames_to_column() %>%
e_charts(rowname) %>%
e_pie(carb) %>%
e_title("饼图")
圆圈图
mtcars %>%
head() %>%
rownames_to_column() %>%
e_charts(rowname) %>%
e_pie(carb,radius = c('50%','70%')) %>%
e_title("圆圈图")
玫瑰图
mtcars %>%
head() %>%
rownames_to_column() %>%
e_charts(rowname) %>%
e_pie(hp,roseType = "radius")%>%
e_labels()
仪表盘
e_charts() %>%
e_gauge(75,'阅读进度') %>%
e_title('仪表盘')
雷达图
df <- tibble(
指标 = c('生命','攻击','防御','移速','法力'),
孙尚香 = c(100,150,70,30,20),
钟馗 = c(170,120,80,25,100)
)
df %>%
e_charts(指标) %>%
e_radar(孙尚香,max = 200,name = '孙尚香') %>%
e_radar(钟馗, max = 200,name = '钟馗' ) %>%
e_tooltip(trigger = 'item')
3D图
v <- LETTERS[1:10]
matrix <- data.frame(
x = sample(v, 300, replace = TRUE),
y = sample(v, 300, replace = TRUE),
z = rnorm(300, 10, 1),
color = rnorm(300, 10, 1),
size = rnorm(300, 10, 1),
stringsAsFactors = FALSE
) %>%
dplyr::group_by(x, y) %>%
dplyr::summarise(
z = sum(z),
color = sum(color),
size = sum(size)
) %>%
dplyr::ungroup()
matrix %>%
e_charts(x) %>%
e_scatter_3d(y, z, size, color) %>%
e_visual_map(
size,
inRange = list(symbolSize = c(1, 30)), # scale size
dimension = 3 # third dimension 0 = x, y = 1, z = 2, size = 3
) %>%
e_visual_map(
color,
inRange = list(color = c('#bf444c', '#d88273', '#f6efa6')), # scale colors
dimension = 4, # third dimension 0 = x, y = 1, z = 2, size = 3, color = 4
bottom = 300 # padding to avoid visual maps overlap
)
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