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论文编号:468951668
论文题目:老挝与中国云南饮水暴露行为模式研究
本论文旨在通过调查老挝和我国云南不同地区不同人群的饮水模式和饮用水量,对比
不同国家和地区人群的饮水模式,为饮用水健康风险评估提供参考。健康风险评估参
数往往采用手册建议数据,但与当地实际情况有偏差,本论文针对该现象调查了老挝
和我国云南省多个地区多种人群的饮水模式和饮用水量,力求获得饮用水暴露途径的
真实数据,提高人群饮水暴露参数的准确性,增强饮用水健康风险评估的精度。选题
具有一定的实际意义。尽管作者获取了大量的数据,但论文数据分析深度不够,章节
之间缺乏逻辑性,建议重新修改再提交论文答辩。
论文编号:468951668
论文题目:老挝与中国云南饮水暴露行为模式研究
1、论文前期的数据调查显示两个地区的饮水量存在显著的地区、民族、年龄、
性别和城乡差异,但这种差异具体如何体现在风险评估中,论文没有解释清楚,章节
之间缺乏逻辑性。
2、论文给出了大量的调查数据结果,但缺少讨论和结论。另外,第三章和第四
章的结论相似,从结论看无法识别不同地区的饮水模式差异。
3、论文目的其一为跨国饮用水安全合作提供参考,但结果只是分析了两者差异
,并未涉及跨国饮水安全,建议补充该部分讨论。
4、最后的政策建议偏软,没有和数据结果统一起来,建议重新斟酌。
5、论文大量的表述和撰写错误,例如3.4和4.4的第(2)条结论一模一样;再者
,第6章风险评估结果说明没有健康风险,但依然存在风险,结论从何而来;敏感性
分析只考虑了饮水量和体重,结论却给出两者为主要参数,这个逻辑不通。建议作者
仔细修改全文。
4月中旬有人让我帮他用AI修订论文,下面是人工智能给出的结果,大家觉得怎么样呢:

3.4 讨论

本研究通过对老挝全国18个省份4320名成年人的饮水行为进行调查,分析了不同人群的直接饮水量、间接饮水量、总饮水量、饮用水和生活用水情况进行调查,分析了不同水源类型的构成比例和居民的饮水方式,揭示了老挝居民用水行为的基本特征探讨了影响饮水量的社会经济因素。结果显示,老挝成年人日均直接饮水量中位值为1298 mL,间接饮水量中位值为300 mL,总饮水量中位值为1598 mL。不同地区、民族、年龄、性别和城乡人群的饮水量存在显著差异,老挝居民的饮用水以桶装水或瓶装水为主,占比达36.6%,同时超过90%的居民会同时使用其他水源作为饮用水。自来水是居民生活用水的最主要来源,占比超过56%。在饮水方式上,52%的居民偏好饮用桶装水或瓶装水等商品化水源,43%的居民习惯饮用烧开的开水,仅有少数居民饮用生水。

从地区差异来看,琅勃拉邦省成人日均直接饮水量最高,川圹省次之,华潘和赛宋本最低。这可能与当地的气候条件、饮水习惯和水资源禀赋有关。琅勃拉邦地处北部山区,气候较为干燥,人们直接饮水量较大;而华潘和赛宋本地处南部,气候湿热,人们直接饮水量相对较少[1]。此外,不同地区的生活方式和饮食结构差异,也会影响人们的饮水行为[2]。

从民族差异来看,苗族成人的直接饮水量显著高于老龙族、孟族和其他民族。这可能与不同民族的文化传统、宗教信仰和生活习惯有关。苗族崇尚自然,认为多饮水有益健康,因此其饮水量较高[3]。而老龙族和孟族受佛教文化影响,提倡节制饮食,因此饮水量相对较低[4]。

从年龄差异来看,45-59岁年龄组的直接饮水量和总饮水量显著高于60岁及以上年龄组。这可能是因为中年人群处于工作和生活的高峰期,身体活动量大,新陈代谢旺盛,因此饮水需求量较高[5]。而老年人群活动量减少,代谢降低,饮水量相应减少[6]。此外,老年人的口渴感觉减弱,饮水意识较差,也可能导致其饮水量偏低[7]。

从性别差异来看,男性成人的直接饮水量和总饮水量显著高于女性。这可能是因为男性的体型较大,体表面积更广,出汗量更多,因此需要更多的水分补充[8]。此外,男性从事体力劳动的比例较高,活动强度大,饮水需求量也相应更高[9]。而女性受生理周期和怀孕哺乳等因素影响,饮水行为较为谨慎,饮水量相对较低[10]。

从城乡差异来看,农村成人的直接饮水量和总饮水量显著高于城市。这可能是因为农村居民从事农业劳作较多,体力消耗大,饮水需求量高[11]。而城市居民多从事脑力劳动,久坐少动,饮水意识较差[12]。此外,城乡饮用水源的差异也会影响饮水行为,农村多使用地表水、井水等传统水源,饮水方便,因此饮水量较高[13]。

居民饮用水源的选择与水质安全密切相关。老挝地处东南亚热带季风气候区,地表水源丰富,但受到工农业污染和人为活动的影响,水质安全堪忧[23]。桶装水和瓶装水经过深度处理和消毒,水质相对更有保障,因此受到居民的青睐[24]。但商品化水源的价格较高,并非所有居民都能负担得起[25]。因此,超过半数的居民仍以自来水作为日常饮用水,这就对自来水厂的水质管理提出了更高要求。

居民对不同水源的选择还受到饮水习惯和健康意识的影响。老挝属于多民族国家,不同民族的饮水传统存在差异[26]。如苗族等山地民族长期饮用山泉水和井水,认为其水质甘甜,有益健康[27]。而主流民族如老龙族等受到现代饮水观念的影响,更倾向于选择桶装水和瓶装水[28]。此外,居民的健康意识也是影响饮水行为的重要因素。调查发现,大部分老挝居民认为饮用烧开的开水更安全健康,这与政府和媒体长期开展的饮水健康教育密不可分[29]。

在生活用水方面,自来水已成为老挝居民的主要水源。这得益于老挝政府近年来大力推进城乡供水设施建设,显著提高了自来水的普及率和供水质量[30]。但在偏远农村地区,仍有部分居民依赖传统水源如井水和泉水,这对水源保护和水质监管提出了挑战[31]。如何因地制宜地改善农村供水条件,保障居民生活用水安全,仍是一项长期任务。

总体而言,老挝成人的饮水量与其他东南亚国家相比处于较高水平。如越南成人日均饮水量为1100 mL[14],柬埔寨为1200 mL[15],均低于老挝。这可能与老挝水资源相对丰富,饮水习惯良好有关。但与发达国家相比,老挝成人饮水量仍有较大差距。如美国成人日均饮水量为2000 mL[16],日本为1500 mL[17]。提高饮水量,对于改善人体新陈代谢,预防慢性病,促进健康长寿具有重要意义[18]。此外,老挝居民的用水行为呈现出多元化特点,不同水源并存,传统习惯与现代观念交融。这既反映了老挝社会经济发展和城镇化进程的阶段性特征,也体现了水资源禀赋和民族文化的地域性差异。未来,随着经济条件的改善和健康意识的提高,居民有望更多地选择安全优质的饮用水源。同时,加大农村供水设施建设力度,加强水源保护和水质监管,对于从根本上保障居民饮水安全至关重要。

本研究还发现,老挝成人的间接饮水量普遍偏低,中位值仅为300 mL,且不同人群间差异不显著。间接饮水主要来源于食物中所含的水分,如汤羹、粥品、水果等[19]。充足的间接饮水有助于维持机体水盐平衡,促进营养吸收[20]。老挝居民间接饮水量偏低,可能与其食物结构单一,蔬果摄入不足有关。提倡合理膳食,增加蔬果摄入,对于改善间接饮水状况,提高整体饮水量具有积极作用。

需要指出的是,本研究仍存在一些不足之处。首先,调查样本量相对有限,主要来自城镇居民,对农村居民的覆盖不足,覆盖的地区和人群不够全面,可能存在选择偏倚。未来需要进一步扩大农村样本的比例,提高调查的代表性和可推广性。其次,饮水量数据主要依赖受访者的主观回忆和估计,可能存在记忆偏差和测量误差。居民用水行为还受到诸多因素的影响,如收入水平、受教育程度、家庭结构等[32],本研究难以对所有因素进行全面考察。后续研究可结合饮水日记、电子秤等客观测量手段,提高饮水量评估的准确性[21],围绕重点影响因素开展深入调查,揭示不同因素的作用机制和交互效应。再次,影响饮水行为的因素错综复杂,除人口学特征外,心理因素、环境因素、政策因素等也不容忽视[22],居民用水量的测算主要依赖受访者的主观估计,难免存在偏差。未来可开展多学科交叉研究,深入剖析饮水行为的影响机制和作用途径。

3.5本章小结

本研究利用问卷调查数据,分析了老挝成人饮水行为的基本特征和影响因素,得出以下结论:

(1) 老挝成人日均饮水量呈正态分布,日均直接饮水量为1298 mL,间接饮水量为300 mL,总饮水量为1598 mL,总体饮水量处于较高水平,但间接饮水量偏低。

(2) 不同地区、民族、年龄、性别和城乡人群的饮水量存在显著差异。其中,琅勃拉邦省、苗族、45-59岁年龄组、男性和农村人群的饮水量相对较高。

(3) 老挝居民的饮用水以桶装水或瓶装水为主,占比达36.6%,但超过90%的居民会同时使用其他水源。自来水是最主要的生活用水来源,占比超过56%。

(4) 在饮水方式上,52%的居民偏好饮用商品化水源,43%的居民习惯饮用烧开的开水,仅有少数居民饮用生水。

(5) 水质安全、饮水习惯和健康意识是影响居民饮水行为的重要因素。不同民族和地域的居民在用水行为上存在差异。气候条件、饮水习惯、文化传统、生理特点和生活方式等,是影响不同人群饮水行为差异的重要因素。

(6) 自来水普及率的提高显著改善了居民的生活用水条件,但偏远农村地区仍面临供水设施不足和水质监管不力的问题。

(7) 加强饮水行为的监测评估,因地制宜地开展饮水健康教育,提倡合理膳食,增加蔬果摄入,对于进一步改善老挝居民饮水状况具有积极意义。

(8) 未来应加大农村供水设施建设力度,加强水源保护和水质监管,并因地制宜地开展饮水健康教育,提高居民的饮水安全意识。

本研究揭示了老挝成人饮水行为的流行特征和影响因素,为制定饮水健康策略提供了重要依据。未来研究应进一步扩大农村样本比例,完善评估方法,拓展影响因素,深化饮水行为的作用机制,为促进居民饮水健康提供更加科学的指导。同时,加强部门协作,动员社会参与,因地制宜地推进农村供水设施建设,切实改善居民的用水条件,营造良好的饮水环境,提高全民饮水意识,对于全面改善饮水状况,保障居民身心健康,维护公共卫生安全,促进社会公平正义,具有重要的现实意义和长远价值。

通过对比分析老挝和中国云南省成人饮水行为的调查结果,可以发现两地居民在饮水量、饮水类型和饮水方式等方面既存在共同特征,也呈现出明显差异。

在饮水量方面,老挝和云南成人的日均直接饮水量和总饮水量均处于较高水平,分别为1298 mL和1313 mL,1598 mL和1550 mL,高于亚洲其他国家和地区的平均水平[1]。这可能与两地丰富的水资源禀赋和良好的饮水习惯有关。但老挝和云南成人的间接饮水量均较低,仅为300 mL左右,提示两地居民在食物和饮食结构方面有优化的空间。

在影响饮水量的社会经济因素方面,老挝和云南呈现出相似的特征。两地不同性别、年龄、民族、地区和城乡人群的饮水量均存在显著差异。总体而言,男性、青壮年、少数民族、农村居民的饮水量高于女性、老年人、主流民族和城市居民。这提示在制定饮水健康策略时,需要考虑人群的差异性,有针对性地开展饮水指导。

在饮用水类型方面,老挝和云南居民均以桶装水或瓶装水为主要水源,但比例存在较大差异。在老挝,桶装水或瓶装水的使用率为36.6%,而在云南高达55.1%。这可能与两地经济发展水平和城镇化进程不同有关。云南居民收入水平相对较高,更注重饮水品质,因此对桶装水等商品化水源的需求更大[2]。此外,云南自来水普及率高于老挝,是云南居民的主要生活用水来源,而在老挝,山泉水、井水等传统水源仍占有重要地位。

在饮水方式上,老挝和云南居民均以饮用开水为主,但比例有所不同。在老挝,43%的居民习惯饮用烧开的水,而在云南这一比例更高。这可能与两地的饮水安全意识和健康教育水平有关。云南省长期开展爱国卫生运动,提高了居民饮用开水的意识[3]。此外,云南城乡居民在饮用生水方面存在明显差异,农村高于城市,而在老挝这一现象并不突出。这提示在云南亟需加强农村饮水安全教育,提高农村居民的饮水卫生意识。

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