动手学深度学习-卷积神经网络笔记
一、LeNet
- LeNet：激活函数为Sigmoid，由两个部分组成:
- 卷积编码器:由两个卷积层组成;
- 全连接层密集块:由三个全连接层组成。
- 查看网络结构
import torch
from torch import nn
from d2l import torch as d2l
net = nn.Sequential(
nn.Conv2d(1, 6, kernel_size=5, padding=2), nn.Sigmoid(),
nn.AvgPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2),
nn.Conv2d(6, 16, kernel_size=5), nn.Sigmoid(),
nn.AvgPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2),
nn.Flatten(),
nn.Linear(16 * 5 * 5, 120), nn.Sigmoid(),
nn.Linear(120, 84), nn.Sigmoid(),
nn.Linear(84, 10))
# 四维输入格式（批量大小、通道、高度、宽度）
# 输入一张28*28的单通道黑白照片
X = torch.rand(size=(1, 1, 28, 28), dtype=torch.float32)
for layer in net:
X = layer(X)
print(layer.__class__.__name__,'output shape: \t',X.shape)
从图或者代码中可以看出，在整个卷积块中，与上一层相比，每一层特征的高度和宽度都减小了。第一个卷积层使用2个像素的填充，来补偿 5 × 5 5 \times 5 5×5卷积核导致的特征减少。相反，第二个卷积层没有填充，因此高度和宽度都减少了4个像素。随着层叠的上升，通道的数量从输入时的1个，增加到第一个卷积层之后的6个，再到第二个卷积层之后的16个。同时，每个池化层的高度和宽度都减半。最后，每个全连接层减少维数，最终输出一个维数与结果分类数相匹配的输出(这里图像有10类，所以最终输出维数是10)。
- 模型训练
完整的数据集位于内存中，在模型使用GPU计算数据集之前需要将其复制到显存中。
batch_size = 256
train_iter, test_iter = d2l.load_data_fashion_mnist(batch_size=batch_size)
def evaluate_accuracy_gpu(net, data_iter, device=None): #@save
"""使用GPU计算模型在数据集上的精度"""
if isinstance(net, nn.Module):
net.eval() # 设置为评估模式
if not device:
device = next(iter(net.parameters())).device
# 正确预测的数量，总预测的数量
metric = d2l.Accumulator(2)
#上下文管理器，可以执行计算，但该计算不会在反向传播中记录
with torch.no_grad():
for X, y in data_iter:
if isinstance(X, list):
# BERT微调所需的
X = [x.to(device) for x in X]
else:
X = X.to(device)
y = y.to(device)
metric.add(d2l.accuracy(net(X), y), y.numel())
return metric[0] / metric[1]
#@save
def train_ch6(net, train_iter, test_iter, num_epochs, lr, device):
# 用GPU训练模型
def init_weights(m):
if type(m) == nn.Linear or type(m) == nn.Conv2d:
nn.init.xavier_uniform_(m.weight)
net.apply(init_weights)
print('training on', device)
net.to(device)
optimizer = torch.optim.SGD(net.parameters(), lr=lr)
loss = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
animator = d2l.Animator(xlabel='epoch', xlim=[1, num_epochs],
legend=['train loss', 'train acc', 'test acc'])
timer, num_batches = d2l.Timer(), len(train_iter)
for epoch in range(num_epochs):
# 训练损失之和，训练准确率之和，范例数
metric = d2l.Accumulator(3)
net.train()
for i, (X, y) in enumerate(train_iter):
timer.start()
optimizer.zero_grad()
X, y = X.to(device), y.to(device)
y_hat = net(X)
l = loss(y_hat, y)
l.backward()
optimizer.step()
with torch.no_grad():
metric.add(l * X.shape[0], d2l.accuracy(y_hat, y), X.shape[0])
timer.stop()
train_l = metric[0] / metric[2]
train_acc = metric[1] / metric[2]
if (i + 1) % (num_batches // 5) == 0 or i == num_batches - 1:
animator.add(epoch + (i + 1) / num_batches,
(train_l, train_acc, None))
test_acc = evaluate_accuracy_gpu(net, test_iter)
animator.add(epoch + 1, (None, None, test_acc))
print(f'loss {train_l:.3f}, train acc {train_acc:.3f}, '
f'test acc {test_acc:.3f}')
print(f'{metric[2] * num_epochs / timer.sum():.1f} examples/sec '
f'on {str(device)}')
没有GPU，CPU也可以，就是慢一些。
lr, num_epochs = 0.9, 10
train_ch6(net, train_iter, test_iter, num_epochs, lr, d2l.try_gpu())
二、深度卷积神经网络(AlexNet)
- 查看模型结构
激活函数：ReLU
AlexNet通过dropout控制全连接层的模型复杂度，而LeNet只使用了权重衰减。为了进一步扩充数据，AlexNet在训练时增加了大量的图像增强数据，如翻转、裁切和变色。这使得模型更健壮，更大的样本量有效地减少了过拟合。
import torch
from torch import nn
from d2l import torch as d2l
net = nn.Sequential(
nn.Conv2d(1, 96, kernel_size=11, stride=4, padding=1), nn.ReLU(),
nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2),
# 使用填充为2来使得输入与输出的高和宽一致，且增大输出通道数
nn.Conv2d(96, 256, kernel_size=5, padding=2), nn.ReLU(),
nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2),
# 在前两个卷积层之后，汇聚层不用于减少输入的高度和宽度
nn.Conv2d(256, 384, kernel_size=3, padding=1), nn.ReLU(),
nn.Conv2d(384, 384, kernel_size=3, padding=1), nn.ReLU(),
nn.Conv2d(384, 256, kernel_size=3, padding=1), nn.ReLU(),
nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2),
nn.Flatten(),
# 使用dropout层减轻过拟合
nn.Linear(6400, 4096), nn.ReLU(),
nn.Dropout(p=0.5),
nn.Linear(4096, 4096), nn.ReLU(),
nn.Dropout(p=0.5),
# 最后是输出层
nn.Linear(4096, 10))
# 构造一个高度和宽度都为224的单通道数据
X = torch.randn(1, 1, 224, 224)
# 观察每一层输出的形状
for layer in net:
X=layer(X)
print(layer.__class__.__name__,'output shape:\t',X.shape)
- 训练AlexNet
Fashion-MNIST图像的分辨率(28 × 28像素)低于ImageNet图像。将AlexNet直接应用于Fashion-MNIST需要将它们增加到224 × 224。
注意：在CPU上跑就很慢很慢了（可能要几个小时甚至更多）。
# 读取数据集
batch_size = 128
train_iter, test_iter = d2l.load_data_fashion_mnist(batch_size, resize=224)
# 训练AlexNet
lr, num_epochs = 0.01, 10
d2l.train_ch6(net, train_iter, test_iter, num_epochs, lr, d2l.try_gpu())
小结
三、使用块的网络(VGG)
VGG网络有5个卷积块，其中前两个块各有一个卷积层，后三个块各包含两个卷积层。第一个模块有64个输出通道，每个后续模块将输出通道数量翻倍，直到该数字达到512。由于该网络使用8个卷积层和3个全连接层，因此它通常被称为VGG-11。
- VGG块
import torch
from torch import nn
from d2l import torch as d2l
# num_convs:卷积层的数量,in_channels:输入通道的数量,out_channels:输出通道的数量
def vgg_block(num_convs, in_channels, out_channels):
layers = []
for _ in range(num_convs):
layers.append(nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels,
kernel_size=3, padding=1))
layers.append(nn.ReLU())
in_channels = out_channels
layers.append(nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2,stride=2))
return nn.Sequential(*layers)
- VGG-11
# 超参数变量conv_arch指定了每个VGG块里卷积层个数和输出通道数。
conv_arch = ((1, 64), (1, 128), (2, 256), (2, 512), (2, 512))
def vgg(conv_arch):
conv_blks = []
in_channels = 1
# 卷积层部分
for (num_convs, out_channels) in conv_arch:
conv_blks.append(vgg_block(num_convs, in_channels, out_channels))
in_channels = out_channels
return nn.Sequential(
*conv_blks, nn.Flatten(),
# 全连接层部分
nn.Linear(out_channels * 7 * 7, 4096), nn.ReLU(), nn.Dropout(0.5),
nn.Linear(4096, 4096), nn.ReLU(), nn.Dropout(0.5),
nn.Linear(4096, 10))
net = vgg(conv_arch)
- 查看网络每层的形状
X = torch.randn(size=(1, 1, 224, 224))
for blk in net:
X = blk(X)
print(blk.__class__.__name__,'output shape:\t',X.shape)
-
训练模型，VGG-11比AlexNet的计算量更大，这里将通道数减少便于训练。
ratio = 4 small_conv_arch = [(pair[0], pair[1] // ratio) for pair in conv_arch] net = vgg(small_conv_arch) lr, num_epochs, batch_size = 0.05, 10, 128 train_iter, test_iter = d2l.load_data_fashion_mnist(batch_size, resize=224) d2l.train_ch6(net, train_iter, test_iter, num_epochs, lr, d2l.try_gpu()) -
总结
VGG作者发现深层且窄的卷积(即3×3)比较浅层且宽的卷积更有效。
四、网络中的网络(NiN)
- NiN块
import torch
from torch import nn
from d2l import torch as d2l
def nin_block(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, strides, padding):
return nn.Sequential(
nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, strides, padding),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.Conv2d(out_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=1), nn.ReLU(),
nn.Conv2d(out_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=1), nn.ReLU())
- NiN模型
net = nn.Sequential(
nin_block(1, 96, kernel_size=11, strides=4, padding=0),
nn.MaxPool2d(3, stride=2),
nin_block(96, 256, kernel_size=5, strides=1, padding=2),
nn.MaxPool2d(3, stride=2),
nin_block(256, 384, kernel_size=3, strides=1, padding=1),
nn.MaxPool2d(3, stride=2),
nn.Dropout(0.5),
# 标签类别数是10
nin_block(384, 10, kernel_size=3, strides=1, padding=1),
nn.AdaptiveAvgPool2d((1, 1)),
# 将四维的输出转成二维的输出，其形状为(批量大小,10)
nn.Flatten())
NiN和AlexNet之间的一个显著区别是NiN完全取消了全连接层。相反，NiN使用一个NiN块，其输出通道数等于标签类别的数量。最后放一个全局平均汇聚层(global average pooling layer)，生成一个多元逻辑向量 (logits)。NiN设计的一个优点是显著减少了模型所需参数的数量。
- 查看每个块的形状
X = torch.rand(size=(1, 1, 224, 224))
for layer in net:
X = layer(X)
print(layer.__class__.__name__,'output shape:\t', X.shape)
- 训练模型
lr, num_epochs, batch_size = 0.1, 10, 128
train_iter, test_iter = d2l.load_data_fashion_mnist(batch_size, resize=224)
d2l.train_ch6(net, train_iter, test_iter, num_epochs, lr, d2l.try_gpu())
- 总结
- NiN使用由一个卷积层和多个1×1卷积层组成的块。
- NiN去除了容易造成过拟合的全连接层，替换为全局平均池化层(即在所有位置上进行求和)。移除全连接层可减少过拟合，同时显著减少NiN的参数。
五、含并行连结的网络(GoogLeNet)
- Inception块
在GoogLeNet中，基本的卷积块被称为Inception块(Inception block)。
如图Inception块由四条并行路径组成。前三条路径使用不同窗口大小的卷积层， 从不同空间大小中提取信息。中间的两条路径在输入上执行1 × 1卷积，以减少通道数，从而降低模型的复杂性。第四条路径使用3 × 3最大汇聚层，然后使用1 × 1卷积层来改变通道数。这四条路径都使用合适的填充来使输入与输出的高和宽一致，最后将每条线路的输出在通道维度上连结，并构成Inception块的输出。
Inception块相当于一个有4条路径的子网络，通过不同窗口形状的卷积层和最大汇聚层来并行抽取信息，并使用1×1卷积层减少每像素级别上的通道维数从而降低模型复杂度。
import torch
from torch import nn
from torch.nn import functional as F
from d2l import torch as d2l
class Inception(nn.Module):
# c1--c4是每条路径的输出通道数
def __init__(self, in_channels, c1, c2, c3, c4, **kwargs):
super(Inception, self).__init__(**kwargs)
# 线路1，单1x1卷积层
self.p1_1 = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, c1, kernel_size=1)
# 线路2，1x1卷积层后接3x3卷积层
self.p2_1 = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, c2[0], kernel_size=1)
self.p2_2 = nn.Conv2d(c2[0], c2[1], kernel_size=3, padding=1)
# 线路3，1x1卷积层后接5x5卷积层
self.p3_1 = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, c3[0], kernel_size=1)
self.p3_2 = nn.Conv2d(c3[0], c3[1], kernel_size=5, padding=2)
# 线路4，3x3最大汇聚层后接1x1卷积层
self.p4_1 = nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=1, padding=1)
self.p4_2 = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, c4, kernel_size=1)
def forward(self, x):
p1 = F.relu(self.p1_1(x))
p2 = F.relu(self.p2_2(F.relu(self.p2_1(x))))
p3 = F.relu(self.p3_2(F.relu(self.p3_1(x))))
p4 = F.relu(self.p4_2(self.p4_1(x)))
# 在通道维度上连结输出
return torch.cat((p1, p2, p3, p4), dim=1)
- 红色框代码实现
b1 = nn.Sequential(nn.Conv2d(1, 64, kernel_size=7, stride=2, padding=3),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2, padding=1))
- 蓝色框代码实现
b2 = nn.Sequential(nn.Conv2d(64, 64, kernel_size=1),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.Conv2d(64, 192, kernel_size=3, padding=1),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2, padding=1))
- 串联两个Inception块
b3 = nn.Sequential(Inception(192, 64, (96, 128), (16, 32), 32),
Inception(256, 128, (128, 192), (32, 96), 64),
nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2, padding=1))
第一个Inception块的输出通道数为64 + 128 + 32 + 32 = 256
第二个Inception块的输出通道数为128+192 + 96 + 64 = 480
- 串联五个inception块
b4 = nn.Sequential(Inception(480, 192, (96, 208), (16, 48), 64),
Inception(512, 160, (112, 224), (24, 64), 64),
Inception(512, 128, (128, 256), (24, 64), 64),
Inception(512, 112, (144, 288), (32, 64), 64),
Inception(528, 256, (160, 320), (32, 128), 128),
nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2, padding=1))
五个inception块的输出通道数分别是192 + 208 + 48 + 64 = 512、160 + 224 + 64+64 = 512、128+256+64+64 = 512、112+288+64+64 = 528和256+320+128+128 = 832。
- 串联两个Inception块+全局平均汇聚层+全连接层
b5 = nn.Sequential(Inception(832, 256, (160, 320), (32, 128), 128),
Inception(832, 384, (192, 384), (48, 128), 128),
nn.AdaptiveAvgPool2d((1,1)),
nn.Flatten())
net = nn.Sequential(b1, b2, b3, b4, b5, nn.Linear(1024, 10))
两个Inception块的输出通道数为256 + 320 + 128 + 128 = 832和384 + 384 + 128 + 128 = 1024，输出层同NiN一样使用全局平均汇聚层将每个通道的高和宽变成1，最后再接上一个输出个数为标签类别数的全连接层。
- 查看各部分的形状（五个模块+一个全连接层）
X = torch.rand(size=(1, 1, 96, 96))
for layer in net:
X = layer(X)
print(layer.__class__.__name__,'output shape:\t', X.shape)
- 训练模型
lr, num_epochs, batch_size = 0.1, 10, 128
train_iter, test_iter = d2l.load_data_fashion_mnist(batch_size, resize=96)
d2l.train_ch6(net, train_iter, test_iter, num_epochs, lr, d2l.try_gpu())
六、残差网络(ResNet)
- 残差块
- 残差块的实现
import torch
from torch import nn
from torch.nn import functional as F
from d2l import torch as d2l
class Residual(nn.Module): #@save
def __init__(self, input_channels, num_channels,
use_1x1conv=False, strides=1):
super().__init__()
self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(input_channels, num_channels,
kernel_size=3, padding=1, stride=strides)
self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(num_channels, num_channels,
kernel_size=3, padding=1)
if use_1x1conv:
self.conv3 = nn.Conv2d(input_channels, num_channels,
kernel_size=1, stride=strides)
else:
self.conv3 = None
self.bn1 = nn.BatchNorm2d(num_channels)
self.bn2 = nn.BatchNorm2d(num_channels)
def forward(self, X):
Y = F.relu(self.bn1(self.conv1(X)))
Y = self.bn2(self.conv2(Y))
if self.conv3:
X = self.conv3(X)
Y += X
return F.relu(Y)
ResNet残差块里首先有2个有相同输出通道数的3 × 3卷积层。每个卷积层后接一个批量规范化层和ReLU激活函数。然后通过跨层数据通路，跳过这2个卷积运算，将输入直接加在最后的ReLU激活函数前。这样的设计要求2个卷积层的输出与输入形状一样，从而使它们可以相加。如果想改变通道数，就需要引入一个额外的1 × 1卷积层来将输入变换成需要的形状后再做相加运算。
1.残差块输入和输出形状一致
blk = Residual(3,3)
X = torch.rand(4, 3, 6, 6)
Y = blk(X)
Y.shape
2.残差块输入输出形状不一样，如增加输出通道数，减半输出的高和宽
blk = Residual(3,6, use_1x1conv=True, strides=2)
blk(X).shape
- ResNet模型
b1 = nn.Sequential(nn.Conv2d(1, 64, kernel_size=7, stride=2, padding=3),
nn.BatchNorm2d(64), nn.ReLU(),
nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2, padding=1))
def resnet_block(input_channels, num_channels, num_residuals,
first_block=False):
blk = []
for i in range(num_residuals):
if i == 0 and not first_block:
blk.append(Residual(input_channels, num_channels,
use_1x1conv=True, strides=2))
else:
blk.append(Residual(num_channels, num_channels))
return blk
b2 = nn.Sequential(*resnet_block(64, 64, 2, first_block=True))
b3 = nn.Sequential(*resnet_block(64, 128, 2))
b4 = nn.Sequential(*resnet_block(128, 256, 2))
b5 = nn.Sequential(*resnet_block(256, 512, 2))
net = nn.Sequential(b1, b2, b3, b4, b5,
nn.AdaptiveAvgPool2d((1,1)),
nn.Flatten(), nn.Linear(512, 10))
七、稠密连接网络(DenseNet)
稠密网络主要由2部分构成:稠密块(dense block)和过渡层(transition layer)。前者定义如何连接输入和输出，而后者则控制通道数量，使其不会太复杂。
- 稠密块
import torch
from torch import nn
from d2l import torch as d2l
def conv_block(input_channels, num_channels):
return nn.Sequential(
nn.BatchNorm2d(input_channels), nn.ReLU(),
nn.Conv2d(input_channels, num_channels, kernel_size=3, padding=1))
class DenseBlock(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, num_convs, input_channels, num_channels):
super(DenseBlock, self).__init__()
layer = []
for i in range(num_convs):
layer.append(conv_block(
num_channels * i + input_channels, num_channels))
self.net = nn.Sequential(*layer)
def forward(self, X):
for blk in self.net:
Y = blk(X)
# 连接通道维度上每个块的输入和输出
X = torch.cat((X, Y), dim=1)
return X
在下面的例子中，定义一个有2个输出通道数为10的DenseBlock。使用通道数为3的输入时，会得到通道数为3 + 2 × 10 = 23的输出。
blk = DenseBlock(2, 3, 10)
X = torch.randn(4, 3, 8, 8)
Y = blk(X)
Y.shape
- 过渡层
稠密块会带来通道数的增加，使用过多则会过于复杂化模型。而过渡层可以用来控制模型复杂度。通过1 × 1卷积层来减小通道数，并使用步幅为2的平均汇聚层减半高和宽，从而进一步降低模型复杂度。
def transition_block(input_channels, num_channels):
return nn.Sequential(
nn.BatchNorm2d(input_channels), nn.ReLU(),
nn.Conv2d(input_channels, num_channels, kernel_size=1),
nn.AvgPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2))
# 对上一个例子中稠密块的输出[使用]通道数为10的[过渡层]。 此时输出的通道数减为10，高和宽均减半
blk = transition_block(23, 10)
blk(Y).shape# 输出torch.Size([4, 10, 4, 4])
- DenseNet模型
b1 = nn.Sequential(
nn.Conv2d(1, 64, kernel_size=7, stride=2, padding=3),
nn.BatchNorm2d(64), nn.ReLU(),
nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2, padding=1))
ResNet通过步幅为2的残差块减小高和宽，DenseNet使用过渡层来减半高和宽，并减半通道数。
# num_channels为当前的通道数
num_channels, growth_rate = 64, 32
num_convs_in_dense_blocks = [4, 4, 4, 4]
blks = []
for i, num_convs in enumerate(num_convs_in_dense_blocks):
blks.append(DenseBlock(num_convs, num_channels, growth_rate))
# 上一个稠密块的输出通道数
num_channels += num_convs * growth_rate
# 在稠密块之间添加一个转换层，使通道数量减半
if i != len(num_convs_in_dense_blocks) - 1:
blks.append(transition_block(num_channels, num_channels // 2))
num_channels = num_channels // 2
net = nn.Sequential(
b1, *blks,
nn.BatchNorm2d(num_channels), nn.ReLU(),
nn.AdaptiveMaxPool2d((1, 1)),
nn.Flatten(),
nn.Linear(num_channels, 10))
总结
- 在跨层连接上，不同于ResNet中将输入与输出相加，DenseNet在通道维上连结输入与输出。
- DenseNet的主要构建模块是稠密块和过渡层。
- 在构建DenseNet时，通过添加过渡层来控制网络的维数，从而再次减少通道的数量。
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