神经网络与深度学习 作业11：优化算法比较

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1. 编程实现图6-1，并观察特征

import numpy as np
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
 
 
def func(x, y):
    return x * x / 20 + y * y
 
 
def paint_loss_func():
    x = np.linspace(-50, 50, 100)  # x的绘制范围是-50到50，从改区间均匀取100个数
    y = np.linspace(-50, 50, 100)  # y的绘制范围是-50到50，从改区间均匀取100个数
 
    X, Y = np.meshgrid(x, y)
    Z = func(X, Y)
 
    fig = plt.figure()  # figsize=(10, 10))
    ax = Axes3D(fig)
    plt.xlabel('x')
    plt.ylabel('y')
 
    ax.plot_surface(X, Y, Z, rstride=1, cstride=1, cmap='rainbow')
    plt.show()
 
 
paint_loss_func()

 运行结果如下：

2. 观察梯度方向

上式表示的函数梯度如下图所示：

  由图像能够看出该函数梯度的特征为：

• 在y轴方向的坡度大，在x轴方向的坡度小。
• 虽然最小值在(x,y)=(0,0)处，但梯度在很多地方并没有指向(0,0)。

3. 编写代码实现算法，并可视化轨迹

  最优化方法的比较SGD、Momentum、Adagrad、Adam。

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from collections import OrderedDict
 
 
class SGD:
    """随机梯度下降法（Stochastic Gradient Descent）"""
 
    def __init__(self, lr=0.01):
        self.lr = lr
 
    def update(self, params, grads):
        for key in params.keys():
            params[key] -= self.lr * grads[key]
 
 
class Momentum:
    """Momentum SGD"""
 
    def __init__(self, lr=0.01, momentum=0.9):
        self.lr = lr
        self.momentum = momentum
        self.v = None
 
    def update(self, params, grads):
        if self.v is None:
            self.v = {}
            for key, val in params.items():
                self.v[key] = np.zeros_like(val)
 
        for key in params.keys():
            self.v[key] = self.momentum * self.v[key] - self.lr * grads[key]
            params[key] += self.v[key]
 
 
class Nesterov:
    """Nesterov's Accelerated Gradient (http://arxiv.org/abs/1212.0901)"""
 
    def __init__(self, lr=0.01, momentum=0.9):
        self.lr = lr
        self.momentum = momentum
        self.v = None
 
    def update(self, params, grads):
        if self.v is None:
            self.v = {}
            for key, val in params.items():
                self.v[key] = np.zeros_like(val)
 
        for key in params.keys():
            self.v[key] *= self.momentum
            self.v[key] -= self.lr * grads[key]
            params[key] += self.momentum * self.momentum * self.v[key]
            params[key] -= (1 + self.momentum) * self.lr * grads[key]
 
 
class AdaGrad:
    """AdaGrad"""
 
    def __init__(self, lr=0.01):
        self.lr = lr
        self.h = None
 
    def update(self, params, grads):
        if self.h is None:
            self.h = {}
            for key, val in params.items():
                self.h[key] = np.zeros_like(val)
 
        for key in params.keys():
            self.h[key] += grads[key] * grads[key]
            params[key] -= self.lr * grads[key] / (np.sqrt(self.h[key]) + 1e-7)
 
 
class RMSprop:
    """RMSprop"""
 
    def __init__(self, lr=0.01, decay_rate=0.99):
        self.lr = lr
        self.decay_rate = decay_rate
        self.h = None
 
    def update(self, params, grads):
        if self.h is None:
            self.h = {}
            for key, val in params.items():
                self.h[key] = np.zeros_like(val)
 
        for key in params.keys():
            self.h[key] *= self.decay_rate
            self.h[key] += (1 - self.decay_rate) * grads[key] * grads[key]
            params[key] -= self.lr * grads[key] / (np.sqrt(self.h[key]) + 1e-7)
 
 
class Adam:
    """Adam (http://arxiv.org/abs/1412.6980v8)"""
 
    def __init__(self, lr=0.001, beta1=0.9, beta2=0.999):
        self.lr = lr
        self.beta1 = beta1
        self.beta2 = beta2
        self.iter = 0
        self.m = None
        self.v = None
 
    def update(self, params, grads):
        if self.m is None:
            self.m, self.v = {}, {}
            for key, val in params.items():
                self.m[key] = np.zeros_like(val)
                self.v[key] = np.zeros_like(val)
 
        self.iter += 1
        lr_t = self.lr * np.sqrt(1.0 - self.beta2 ** self.iter) / (1.0 - self.beta1 ** self.iter)
 
        for key in params.keys():
            self.m[key] += (1 - self.beta1) * (grads[key] - self.m[key])
            self.v[key] += (1 - self.beta2) * (grads[key] ** 2 - self.v[key])
 
            params[key] -= lr_t * self.m[key] / (np.sqrt(self.v[key]) + 1e-7)
 
 
def f(x, y):
    return x ** 2 / 20.0 + y ** 2
 
 
def df(x, y):
    return x / 10.0, 2.0 * y
 
 
init_pos = (-7.0, 2.0)
params = {}
params['x'], params['y'] = init_pos[0], init_pos[1]
grads = {}
grads['x'], grads['y'] = 0, 0
 
optimizers = OrderedDict()
optimizers["SGD"] = SGD(lr=0.95)
optimizers["Momentum"] = Momentum(lr=0.1)
optimizers["AdaGrad"] = AdaGrad(lr=1.5)
optimizers["Adam"] = Adam(lr=0.3)
 
idx = 1
 
for key in optimizers:
    optimizer = optimizers[key]
    x_history = []
    y_history = []
    params['x'], params['y'] = init_pos[0], init_pos[1]
 
    for i in range(30):
        x_history.append(params['x'])
        y_history.append(params['y'])
 
        grads['x'], grads['y'] = df(params['x'], params['y'])
        optimizer.update(params, grads)
 
    x = np.arange(-10, 10, 0.01)
    y = np.arange(-5, 5, 0.01)
 
    X, Y = np.meshgrid(x, y)
    Z = f(X, Y)
    # for simple contour line
    mask = Z > 7
    Z[mask] = 0
 
    # plot
    plt.subplot(2, 2, idx)
    idx += 1
    plt.plot(x_history, y_history, 'o-', color="red")
    plt.contour(X, Y, Z)  # 绘制等高线
    plt.ylim(-10, 10)
    plt.xlim(-10, 10)
    plt.plot(0, 0, '+')
    plt.title(key)
    plt.xlabel("x")
    plt.ylabel("y")
 
plt.subplots_adjust(wspace=0, hspace=0)  # 调整子图间距
plt.show()

 运行结果如下：

 由上图可以看出这四个最优化方法中AdaGrad的收敛效果最好。

参考

https://blog.csdn.net/qq_38975453/article/details/128025693?spm=1001.2014.3001.5502