哈密顿算子及拉普拉斯算子的基本性质及证明

• 重要公式
  $$▽\cdot (\vec{A}\times \vec{B})=\vec{B}\cdot ▽\times \vec{A}-\vec{A}\cdot ▽\times \vec{B}$$
• 证明
  $$▽=\frac{\partial }{\partial x}{\vec{e}}_x+\frac{\partial }{\partial y}{\vec{e}}_y+\frac{\partial }{\partial z}{\vec{e}}_z$$
  $$\begin{gathered} \vec{A}\times \vec{B}=\left|\begin{array}{ccc}{\vec{e}}_x& {\vec{e}}_y& {\vec{e}}_z\\ A_x& A_y& A_z\\ B_x& B_y& B_z\end{array}\right| \\ =(A_y{B}_z-A_z{B}_y){\vec{e}}_x+(A_z{B}_x-A_x{B}_z){\vec{e}}_y+(A_x{B}_y-A_y{B}_x){\vec{e}}_z \end{gathered}$$
  $$\begin{gathered} ▽\cdot (\vec{A}\times \vec{B})=(\frac{\partial }{\partial x}{\vec{e}}_x+\frac{\partial }{\partial y}{\vec{e}}_y+\frac{\partial }{\partial z}{\vec{e}}_z)\cdot ((A_y{B}_z-A_z{B}_y){\vec{e}}_x+(A_z{B}_x-A_x{B}_z){\vec{e}}_y+(A_x{B}_y-A_y{B}_x){\vec{e}}_z) \\ =\frac{\partial (A_y{B}_z-A_z{B}_y)}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial (A_z{B}_x-A_x{B}_z)}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial (A_x{B}_y-A_y{B}_x)}{\partial z} \\ =\left|\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{\partial }{\partial x}& \frac{\partial }{\partial y}& \frac{\partial }{\partial z}\\ A_x& A_y& A_z\\ B_x& B_y& B_z\end{array}\right| \end{gathered}$$

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$$\begin{gathered} \vec{B}\cdot ▽\times \vec{A}-\vec{A}\cdot ▽\times \vec{B}=\vec{B}\cdot \left|\begin{array}{ccc}{\vec{e}}_x& {\vec{e}}_y& {\vec{e}}_z\\ \frac{\partial }{\partial x}& \frac{\partial }{\partial y}& \frac{\partial }{\partial z}\\ A_x& A_y& A_z\end{array}\right|-\vec{A}\cdot \left|\begin{array}{ccc}{\vec{e}}_x& {\vec{e}}_y& {\vec{e}}_z\\ \frac{\partial }{\partial x}& \frac{\partial }{\partial y}& \frac{\partial }{\partial z}\\ B_x& B_y& B_z\end{array}\right| \\ =(B_x{\vec{e}}_x+B_y{\vec{e}}_y+B_z{\vec{e}}_z)\cdot ((\frac{\partial A_z}{\partial y}-\frac{\partial A_y}{\partial z}){\vec{e}}_x+(\frac{\partial A_x}{\partial z}-\frac{\partial A_z}{\partial x}){\vec{e}}_y+(\frac{\partial A_y}{\partial x}-\frac{\partial A_x}{\partial y}){\vec{e}}_z) \\ -(A_x{\vec{e}}_x+A_y{\vec{e}}_y+A_z{\vec{e}}_z)\cdot ((\frac{\partial B_z}{\partial y}-\frac{\partial B_y}{\partial z}){\vec{e}}_x+(\frac{\partial B_x}{\partial z}-\frac{\partial B_z}{\partial x}){\vec{e}}_y+(\frac{\partial B_y}{\partial x}-\frac{\partial B_x}{\partial y}){\vec{e}}_z) \\ =B_x(\frac{\partial A_z}{\partial y}-\frac{\partial A_y}{\partial z})+B_y(\frac{\partial A_x}{\partial z}-\frac{\partial A_z}{\partial x})+B_z(\frac{\partial A_y}{\partial x}-\frac{\partial A_x}{\partial y}) \\ -(A_x(\frac{\partial B_z}{\partial y}-\frac{\partial B_y}{\partial z})+A_y(\frac{\partial B_x}{\partial z}-\frac{\partial B_z}{\partial x})+A_z(\frac{\partial B_y}{\partial x}-\frac{\partial B_x}{\partial y})) \\ \because B_z\frac{\partial A_y}{\partial x}-B_y\frac{\partial A_z}{\partial x}+A_y\frac{\partial B_z}{\partial x}-A_z\frac{\partial B_y}{\partial x}=(B_z\frac{\partial A_y}{\partial x}+A_y\frac{\partial B_z}{\partial x})-(B_y\frac{\partial A_z}{\partial x}+A_z\frac{\partial B_y}{\partial x}) \\ =\frac{\partial (A_y{B}_z)}{\partial x}-\frac{\partial (A_z{B}_y)}{\partial x}=\frac{\partial (A_y{B}_z-A_z{B}_y)}{\partial x} \end{gathered}$$

• 同理其他三项可得，证毕
• 哈密尔顿算子首先考虑矢量性再考虑微分性
  $$▽\times (\mu \vec{A})=\mu ▽\times \vec{A}+▽\mu \times \vec{A}$$
• $\mu$ 是标量函数，取了梯度变为矢量
  $$▽\times (▽\mu )\equiv 0$$
  $$\begin{gathered} ▽\mu =\frac{\partial \mu }{\partial x}{\vec{e}}_x+\frac{\partial \mu }{\partial y}{\vec{e}}_y+\frac{\partial \mu }{\partial x}{\vec{e}}_z \\ ▽\times (▽\mu )=\left|\begin{array}{ccc}{\vec{e}}_x& {\vec{e}}_y& {\vec{e}}_z\\ \frac{\partial }{\partial x}& \frac{\partial }{\partial y}& \frac{\partial }{\partial z}\\ \frac{\partial \mu }{\partial x}& \frac{\partial \mu }{\partial y}& \frac{\partial \mu }{\partial z}\end{array}\right| \\ =(\frac{{\partial }^2\mu }{\partial z\partial y}-\frac{{\partial }^2\mu }{\partial y\partial z}){\vec{e}}_x+\cdots =0 \end{gathered}$$
• 取旋度仍为矢量
  $$▽\cdot (▽\times \vec{A})\equiv 0$$
  $$▽\cdot (▽\times \vec{A})=\left|\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{\partial }{\partial x}& \frac{\partial }{\partial y}& \frac{\partial }{\partial z}\\ \frac{\partial }{\partial x}& \frac{\partial }{\partial y}& \frac{\partial }{\partial z}\\ A_x& A_y& A_z\end{array}\right|=0$$
• 两个恒等式在静电场分析和恒定磁场分析里很重要
• 拉普拉斯算子
  $$▽\cdot (▽\mu )={▽}^2\mu$$
  $$\begin{gathered} ▽\cdot (▽\mu )=(\frac{\partial }{\partial x}{\vec{e}}_x+\frac{\partial }{\partial y}{\vec{e}}_y+\frac{\partial }{\partial z}{\vec{e}}_z)(\frac{\partial \mu }{\partial x}{\vec{e}}_x+\frac{\partial \mu }{\partial y}{\vec{e}}_y+\frac{\partial \mu }{\partial x}{\vec{e}}_z) \\ =\frac{{\partial }^2\mu }{\partial x^2}+\frac{{\partial }^2\mu }{\partial y^2}+\frac{{\partial }^2\mu }{\partial z^2} \end{gathered}$$
• 旋了又旋，矢量的拉普拉斯算子
  $$▽\times (▽\times \vec{A})=▽(▽\cdot \vec{A})-{▽}^2\vec{A}$$
  $$\begin{gathered} ▽\times (▽\times \vec{A})=▽\times ((\frac{\partial A_z}{\partial y}-\frac{\partial A_y}{\partial z}){\vec{e}}_x+(\frac{\partial A_x}{\partial z}-\frac{\partial A_z}{\partial x}){\vec{e}}_y+(\frac{\partial A_y}{\partial x}-\frac{\partial A_x}{\partial y}){\vec{e}}_z) \\ =\left|\begin{array}{ccc}{\vec{e}}_x& {\vec{e}}_y& {\vec{e}}_z\\ \frac{\partial }{\partial x}& \frac{\partial }{\partial y}& \frac{\partial }{\partial z}\\ (\frac{\partial A_z}{\partial y}-\frac{\partial A_y}{\partial z})& (\frac{\partial A_x}{\partial z}-\frac{\partial A_z}{\partial x})& (\frac{\partial A_y}{\partial x}-\frac{\partial A_x}{\partial y})\end{array}\right| \\ =(\frac{\partial A_y}{\partial x\partial y}-\frac{\partial A_x}{{\partial }^{2}y}-\frac{\partial A_x}{{\partial }^{2}z}+\frac{\partial A_z}{\partial x\partial z}){\vec{e}}_x \\ +(\frac{\partial A_z}{\partial y\partial z}-\frac{\partial A_y}{{\partial }^{2}z}-\frac{\partial A_y}{{\partial }^{2}x}+\frac{\partial A_x}{\partial y\partial x}){\vec{e}}_y \\ +(\frac{\partial A_x}{\partial z\partial x}-\frac{\partial A_z}{{\partial }^{2}x}-\frac{\partial A_z}{{\partial }^{2}y}+\frac{\partial A_y}{\partial z\partial y}){\vec{e}}_z \\ =(\frac{\partial A_y}{\partial x\partial y}+\frac{\partial A_z}{\partial x\partial z}){\vec{e}}_x+(\frac{\partial A_z}{\partial y\partial z}+\frac{\partial A_x}{\partial y\partial x}){\vec{e}}_y+(\frac{\partial A_x}{\partial z\partial x}+\frac{\partial A_y}{\partial z\partial y}){\vec{e}}_z \\ -((\frac{\partial A_x}{{\partial }^{2}y}+\frac{\partial A_x}{{\partial }^{2}z}){\vec{e}}_x+(\frac{\partial A_y}{{\partial }^{2}z}+\frac{\partial A_y}{{\partial }^{2}x}){\vec{e}}_y+(\frac{\partial A_z}{{\partial }^{2}x}+\frac{\partial A_z}{{\partial }^{2}y}){\vec{e}}_z) \end{gathered}$$

$$\begin{gathered} ▽(▽\cdot \vec{A})=▽(\frac{\partial A_x}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial A_y}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial A_z}{\partial z}) \\ =\left(\frac{\partial }{\partial x}{\vec{e}}_x\right)\cdot (\frac{\partial A_x}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial A_y}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial A_z}{\partial z})+\cdots \\ =\frac{\partial A_x}{{\partial }^{2}x}{\vec{e}}_x+(\frac{\partial A_y}{\partial y\partial x}+\frac{\partial A_z}{\partial z\partial x}){\vec{e}}_x+\cdots \end{gathered}$$

$$\begin{gathered} {▽}^2\vec{A}={▽}^2{A}_x{\vec{e}}_x+{▽}^2{A}_y{\vec{e}}_y+{▽}^2{A}_z{\vec{e}}_z \\ =(\frac{{\partial }^2{A}_x}{\partial x^2}+\frac{{\partial }^2{A}_x}{\partial y^2}+\frac{{\partial }^2{A}_x}{\partial z^2}){\vec{e}}_x \\ +(\frac{{\partial }^2{A}_y}{\partial x^2}+\frac{{\partial }^2{A}_y}{\partial y^2}+\frac{{\partial }^2{A}_y}{\partial z^2}){\vec{e}}_y \\ +(\frac{{\partial }^2{A}_z}{\partial x^2}+\frac{{\partial }^2{A}_z}{\partial y^2}+\frac{{\partial }^2{A}_z}{\partial z^2}){\vec{e}}_z \end{gathered}$$
$$\begin{gathered} ▽(▽\cdot \vec{A})-{▽}^2\vec{A} \\ =\frac{\partial A_x}{{\partial }^{2}x}{\vec{e}}_x+(\frac{\partial A_y}{\partial y\partial x}+\frac{\partial A_z}{\partial z\partial x}){\vec{e}}_x-(\frac{{\partial }^2{A}_x}{\partial x^2}+\frac{{\partial }^2{A}_x}{\partial y^2}+\frac{{\partial }^2{A}_x}{\partial z^2}){\vec{e}}_x+\cdots \\ =(\frac{\partial A_y}{\partial y\partial x}+\frac{\partial A_z}{\partial z\partial x}){\vec{e}}_x-(\frac{{\partial }^2{A}_x}{\partial y^2}+\frac{{\partial }^2{A}_x}{\partial z^2}){\vec{e}}_x+\cdots \end{gathered}$$

• 其它三项均可证得，证毕