论文阅读:Push the Limit of Acoustic Gesture Recognition

在这里插入图片描述这篇文章是香港理工大学郑元庆副教授团队在2020年IEEE INFOCOM(IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications)会议上的文章,且获得了该会议的最佳论文奖(Best Paper Award in IEEE INFOCOM 2020),主要内容是利用声学信号进行手势识别,所提出的RobuCIR解决了UltraGesture存在的频率选择性衰落以及训练数据较少的问题。
在此记录一下本人对此文章的阅读与浅薄的理解,水平有限,能力一般,仅代表个人观点,文章具体内容请参考原文。

PDF: https://www4.comp.polyu.edu.hk/~csywwang/papers/infocom2020.pdf
Presentation Video: http://www4.comp.polyu.edu.hk/~csyqzheng/video/RobuCIR.mp4
Citation: Wang Y, Shen J, Zheng Y. Push the limit of acoustic gesture recognition[J]. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 2020.


Abstract

随着智能设备及其应用的日益普及,利用手势进行控制的设备越来越受到人们的关注。最近的一些研究工作利用声音信号来跟踪手的运动和识别手势。然而,由于频率选择性衰落(frequency selective fading)、干扰(interference)和训练数据不足(insufficient training dataa),它们的鲁棒性较差。本文提出了RobuCIR,可以在不同的使用场景下工作,具有较高的准确性和鲁棒性。RobuCIR采用跳频机制( frequency-hopping mechanism)来缓解频率选择性衰落,避免信号干扰。为了进一步提高系统的健壮性,我们研究了一系列基于少量收集数据的数据增强技术,以模拟不同的使用场景。增强数据用于有效地训练神经网络模型,并处理各种影响因素(例如,手势速度、到收发器的距离等)。实验结果表明,RobuCIR能够识别15个手势,并且在准确性和鲁棒性方面优于SoTA。


I. INTRODUCTION

Motivation

无接触手势识别技术促进了人机交互(human-computer interaction, HCI)方法,使用户能够在无任何身体接触的情况下控制数字设备。想象一下,我们可能只是在家里的智能音响附近做一个手势,就能切换音乐,在车内聊天时控制扬声器音量,在不触碰设备的情况下拒绝会议来电,或者在VR/AR应用程序中实现无接触人机交互。这些无接触系统提供身临其境的用户体验,并支持游戏、智能家居和教育领域的各种新应用。除了准确的识别之外,这些应用程序在各种使用场景下都需要高鲁棒性。本文旨在设计一个鲁棒的无接触手势识别系统,实现准确、鲁棒的手势识别。

Prior works and limitation

现有的基于射频(RF-based)的人机交互技术探索了使用无线信号控制设备的潜力。此类技术需要专门的硬件(如USRP,FMCW雷达),这会增加成本,并且在某些地区禁止部署。最近的声传感系统利用嵌入智能设备中的扬声器和麦克风,实现无接触运动跟踪。FingerIO能够通过发送OFDM调制的声学信号并分析由运动对象引起的信号变化,准确跟踪运动对象(例如,挥动的手)。LLAP能够通过测量接收信号的相位变化来跟踪手指的运动。Strata通过估计反射信号的信道脉冲响应(Channel Impulse Response, CIR),在跟踪一个移动对象时实现了更高的精度。
这些工作将整个手指/手建模为单个反射点,忽略了弱多径信号。这样的单反射模型可以有效地提高其跟踪一个移动对象的性能。然而,由于手指运动相对复杂,将手建模为单个反射点无法为手势识别提供足够的分辨率。例如,为了识别伸展或挤压手势(如图1所示),我们需要同时区分和跟踪五个手指。由于很难精确模拟复杂的信号反射,最近的工作试图利用神经网络从接收信号中自动提取有效特征。例如,UltraGesture使用深度神经网络从测量的CIR幅度中提取特征,以识别不同的手势。然而,由于训练数据不足,训练后的模型在实践中无法处理各种实际使用场景。

Challenges

由于手势运动的复杂性,实现一个鲁棒的声学手势识别系统是一项非常困难的任务。基于声学的手势识别的一个挑战性问题是频率选择性衰落( frequency selective fading, FSF),这是由于声学信号的多径传输以及扬声器和麦克风在高频下的失真(例如≥ 18KHz)。以前的工作只发送固定频率的声音信号,在特定环境中,可能会经历信号幅度的急剧衰减。可以同时在多个频率上传输声学信号,以减轻FSF的影响和高频下的信号失真。然而,处理多频率信号所涉及的计算成本很高,难以满足轻量级智能设备(例如智能手表)的实时处理要求。另一个实际挑战来自训练数据不足。为了确保手势识别的鲁棒性,神经网络需要足够的训练数据来覆盖不同实际场景下手势的不同变化。实际上,难以从用户那里收集足够的培训数据且不切实际。

Our solution

我们提出了RobuCIR,这是一种基于智能手机传输的声音信号的鲁棒手势识别系统,在各种使用场景下都能达到较高的识别精度。RobuCIR可以识别15个标准化手势,如图1所示。RobuCIR可以检测到距离智能手机约50厘米的手势。
采用跳频(frequency hopping )来缓解频率选择性衰落,并仔细设计低通滤波器以避免子帧间干扰(如III-B所述)。特别是,我们调制已知的基带信号,上变频到不同的频率,并在每个频率周期性地发射。我们将这种周期性信号视为信道测量帧,它由不同频率的多个子帧组成。为了进一步提高RabuCIR的鲁棒性,不同于仅利用幅度分量的先前工作,我们综合考虑幅度相位分量来捕获更多的多径信息。我们注意到相位分量通常对干扰和噪声更具鲁棒性,有望实现高精度定位和跟踪。

为了解决缺乏训练数据的问题,我们没有手动收集所有训练数据,而是收集少量原始数据,并应用一系列选择性数据增强技术来增强数据。这种数据增强方式来自我们的实验观察,即不同使用场景(例如,不同的手势速度、到收发器的距离、NLOS、噪声)下的CIR测量变化会产生不同的模式,这些模式是可模拟的,并与手势变化相关。因此,RobuCIR可以处理各种使用场景,这些场景可能不是由原始数据完全捕获的,而是由增强数据捕获的。据我们所知,我们是第一个将CIR测量的变化与不同的使用场景相关联的人。如图1所示,不同的手势生成具有不同模式的不同CIR图像,这些图像通过最小二乘信道估计技术进行估计。为了识别手势,我们通过监督学习使用神经网络训练分类器。分类器由CNN和LSTM网络组成,用于从增强数据中自动提取复杂特征并进行手势识别。
图1

Our contributions

整体设计使我们能够实现更高的信道测量分辨率和足够的训练数据,同时减轻FSFISI (帧间干扰,inter-subframe interference),而不会对轻量级智能设备造成额外的计算开销。RobuCIR在各种使用场景下对15个手势的识别准确率达到98.4%。
Contributions如下:

  • 通过周期性地传输不同频率的声学信号来解决多径效应引起的频率选择性衰落的问题。
  • 利用CIR测量和手势变化的相关性来克服训练数据不足的问题。扩充数据自动生成,无需用户参与。
  • 实验结果表明,在各种使用场景下,RobuCIR在准确性和鲁棒性方面优于最新的工作。

II. BACKGROUND

现有的基于声学信号的手势识别系统通过测量反射信号帧的CIR来检测手指/手的运动。发射机调制已知信号,上变频为高频fc,并连续发送该音频信号帧。然后,信号帧从移动的手指/手反射并被接收器接收。接收到的帧被下变频以生成基带信号的虚部和实部。声音传播信道可以建模为线性时不变系统,可以有效地对声音沿多条传播路径的传播延迟和信号衰减进行建模。接收到的信号可以在数学上表示为 r [ n ] = s [ n ] ∗ h [ n ] r[n]=s[n] ∗ h[n] r[n]=s[n]h[n],其中 h [ n ] h[n] h[n]表示声音传播信道的信道冲激响应(CIR), r [ n ] r[n] r[n] s [ n ] s[n] s[n]分别表示接收信号和发射信号。
实际上,可以通过发送已知信号帧作为探针来估计CIR。对于接收到的帧,最小二乘信道估计方法可以估计CIR。最小二乘信道估计测量信道 h = arg min ⁡ h ∣ ∣ r − M h ∣ ∣ 2 h=\argmin_{h}||r-Mh||^2 h=hargminrMh2,其中M是由发送的循环正交码(例如,训练序列码(TSC),巴克码)组成的训练矩阵。CIR的测量用一组复数表示,其中每个复数测量一定传播延迟范围内的信道信息,可以得到相应的CIR幅度和相位。


III. SYSTEM DESIGN

A. Overview

图2是RobuCIR的整体结构。
图2
RobuCIR由三个主要部件组成,即收发器(Transceiver)、信道估计器(Channel Estimator)和手势识别器(Gesture Identifier)。在Transceiver中,扬声器播放用于信道测量的不可听见的帧,麦克风记录接收到的帧。在每个帧内,载波频率在多个频率之间跳跃以减轻频率选择性衰落(FSF)。然后,Channel Estimator使用最小二乘信道估计来估计信道冲激响应(CIR)。最后,Gesture Identifier将在一定时间内测量的CIR相位和幅度分别视为CIR相位图像和CIR幅度图像。为了提高系统的鲁棒性,我们对每个CIR图像执行数据增强,以便扩充的数据能够覆盖各种实际使用场景。因此,使用增强数据训练的最终模型可以处理各种环境(例如,手势速度、距离、噪声等)。增强数据用于训练CNN自动提取特征,以及训练LSTM网络执行手势识别。

B. Design of Transceiver

图3为Transceiver的设计。图3
Transceiver由一个扬声器(用作发射器)和一个麦克风(用作接收器)组成,它们在单个设备中并置并同步。发射机发送预定义的信号帧,接收机通过分析接收到的信号帧来测量CIR。具体而言,发射机发送26位训练序列码(TSC),该码具有良好的自相关特性,有助于信道测量。然后对TSC进行上采样,并在传输之前将其上变频为载波频率fc。为了确保传输的帧是听不见的,载波频率被设置为高于18KHz。为了避免子帧间干扰(ISI),以前的工作在帧之间添加了保护间隔(guard intervals, GI),在帧之间添加零采样(zero samples ),以便当前帧的反射不会在后续帧中混合。

1) 减少频率选择性衰落(Mitigate Frequency Selective Fading)

现有工作将预定义的TSC符号调制并上转换为单一频率。基于单一频率的方法可能会受到FSF的影响,因为从多个对象反射的音频信号可能会相互叠加,从而大大降低系统性能。为了更好地理解FSF如何影响信道测量,我们进行了实验,并测量了在多个频率下传输时的CIR幅度和相位。在实验中,我们在收发机前做了5次推拉(push and pull)手势。我们以三种频率发送BPSK调制的TSC。
图4显示了实验期间测得的CIR幅值。图4
在图中,X轴表示时间,而Y轴表示CIR的tap position(不知道该如何翻译)。亮度表示CIR的大小。每个tap对应一定的延迟范围,具有相似传播延迟的反射信号汇总在同一tap中。在图4中,当在 f c 1 f_{c1} fc1(上)传输时,由于拉和推活动,CIR幅度发生了变化。当在 f c 2 f_{c2} fc2(中)处传输时,由于频率选择性衰落,CIR幅度显著降低,并呈现不太清晰的图案。与对CIR幅度的影响类似,频率选择性衰落也会影响不同频率下的相位测量。实验结果表明,如果处理不当,频率选择性衰落会严重影响信道测量结果,导致手势识别的精度和鲁棒性下降。
在多个频率(例如OFMD)下传输可以增强对FSF的鲁棒性,因为不同的频率分量不太可能同时以破坏性方式叠加。然而,由于FFT和IFFT运算,现有的基于多频率的方法会产生较高的计算开销。相反,我们采用跳频来在不同的载波频率(即 f c 1 f_{c1} fc1、···、 f c N f_{cN} fcN)下周期性地发射信号以减轻FSF。特别地,我们以特定载波频率(例如, f c i f_{ci} fci)发射,并跳到相邻频率(例如, f c j f_{cj} fcj)。因此,整个信道测量帧由以N个不同频率发送的N个子帧组成。
在发射机发射第一个样本后,接收机立即开始记录反射帧。要检测接收帧中第一个样本的位置,计算发送和接收音频样本的皮尔逊相关系数(PCC),并定位相关峰值。一旦检测到帧的第一个样本,由于子帧的固定长度,当前帧和后续帧中的子帧的边界可以容易地定位并完全同步。注意,在每个接收帧内,频率周期性地从 f c 1 f_{c1} fc1跳到 f c N f_{cN} fcN。接收机通过将每个子帧与其对应的 c o s ( 2 π f c i t ) cos(2{\pi}f_{ci}t) cos(2πfcit) − s i n ( 2 π f c i t ) -sin(2{\pi}f_{ci}t) sin(2πfcit)相乘来下变频该帧。然后,下变频帧通过低通滤波器过滤出高频分量。最后,使用相同频率的复向量 r ( t ) r(t) r(t)提取CIR幅度和CIR相位。

2) 消除帧间干扰(Remove Inter-Subframe Interference)
这种下变频技术可以自然地消除ISI。为了了解这种下变频技术如何避免子帧间干扰,我们假设当前子帧的频率为 f c j f_{cj} fcj,这可能会受到前N个子帧的干扰。因此,当前接收到的子帧可以表示为 y ( t ) = ∑ i = 1 N + 1 A i c o s ( 2 π f c i t + θ i ) y(t)=\sum_{i=1}^{N+1}A_icos(2{\pi}f_{ci}t+\theta_i) y(t)=i=1N+1Aicos(2πfcit+θi),其中 A i A_i Ai是子帧的振幅, θ i \theta_i θi是多径效应引起的相位偏移, i ∈ [ 1 , N ] i\in[1,N] i[1,N]。通过使用 c o s ( 2 π f c j t ) cos(2{\pi}f_{cj}t) cos(2πfcjt)下变频,我们得到:
∑ i = 1 N + 1 A i c o s ( 2 π f c i t + θ i ) × c o s ( 2 π f c j t ) = ∑ i = 1 N + 1 A i 2 [ ( c o s ( 2 π ( f c i + f c j ) t + θ i ) ⏟ h i g h t − f r e q u e n c y   c o m p o n e n t + c o s ( 2 π ( f c i − f c j ) t + θ i ) ⏟ l o w − f r e q u e n c y   c o m p o n e n t ) ] \sum_{i=1}^{N+1}A_icos(2{\pi}f_{ci}t+\theta_i)\times{cos(2{\pi}f_{cj}t)}= \sum_{i=1}^{N+1}\frac{A_i}{2}[(\underbrace{cos(2{\pi}(f_{ci}+f_{cj})t+\theta_i)}_{\bf{hight-frequency \,component}}+\underbrace{cos(2{\pi}(f_{ci}-f_{cj})t+\theta_i)}_{\bf{low-frequency \,component}})] i=1N+1Aicos(2πfcit+θi)×cos(2πfcjt)=i=1N+12Ai[(hightfrequencycomponent cos(2π(fci+fcj)t+θi)+lowfrequencycomponent cos(2π(fcifcj)t+θi))]

对于上式中的低频分量,有:
∑ i = 1 N + 1 A i 2 [ ( c o s ( 2 π ( f c i − f c j ) t + θ i ) = A i 2 c o s ( θ j ) + ∑ i = 1 N A i 2 [ ( c o s ( 2 π ( f c i − f c j ) t + θ i ) \sum_{i=1}^{N+1}\frac{A_i}{2}[(cos(2{\pi}(f_{ci}-f_{cj})t+\theta_i)=\frac{A_i}{2}cos(\theta_j)+\sum_{i=1}^{N}\frac{A_i}{2}[(cos(2{\pi}(f_{ci}-f_{cj})t+\theta_i) i=1N+12Ai[(cos(2π(fcifcj)t+θi)=2Aicos(θj)+i=1N2Ai[(cos(2π(fcifcj)t+θi)
式1中的高频分量和式2中的第二项能够通过设置一个截止频率为不同载波频率之差(例如: m i n ( ∣ f c i − f c j ∣ ) , i ≠ j min(|f_{ci}-f_{cj}|),i\neq{j} min(fcifcj),i=j)的低通滤波器同时去掉。此外,截止频率应超过子帧的频率,以便能够准确地恢复子帧。经过低通滤波器过后,我们得到了 A i 2 c o s ( θ j ) \frac{A_i}{2}cos(\theta_j) 2Aicos(θj),其中 θ j = c o s ( 2 π f c j τ j ) \theta_j=cos(2{\pi}f_{cj}\tau_j) θj=cos(2πfcjτj) τ j \tau_j τj是传播延迟,由于声速以知,可以通过 τ j \tau_j τj来计算接收器与反射位置之间的距离。
为了评估我们设计的有效性,我们在图5中进行了一个实验,比较了使用/不使用我们的滤波方法时的ISI。图5
我们在 f c 1 f_{c1} fc1发送第一个子帧,然后在 f c 2 f_{c2} fc2发送第二个子帧,并且载波频率在第320个采样点附近跳变。在实验中,为了更好地可视化ISI,第一个子帧传输TSC比特,而第二个子帧包含零样本,仅用于测量第一个子帧是否会影响第二个子帧。图5(a)展示了使用两个子帧的相同载波频率 f c 1 f_{c1} fc1下变频的接收帧。我们看到,发射的信号确实在跳频后出现反射,这可能使在同一 f c 1 f_{c1} fc1上发射的第二个子帧失真。图5(b)展示了当第一个子帧使用频率 f c 1 f_{c1} fc1下变频,而具有零采样的第二个子帧使用相邻频率 f c 2 f_{c2} fc2下变频时的接收信号。我们看到在 f c 1 f_{c1} fc1传输的第一个子帧被正确地下变频,并且,在第二个子帧中没有干扰或失真。实验结果表明,该滤波方法能有效地消除码间干扰。
提示:这一段理解得不是很到位,建议看原文。

3) 提取有效CIR相位和幅值(Extract Effective CIR Phase and Magnitude)
所测量的信道既包括环境中的静态对象(例如,从扬声器到麦克风、墙壁、桌子等的直接路径),也包括动态对象(例如,路过的人等)。因此,CIR测量值是传感范围内静态和动态物体反射的所有信号的组合。为了避免静态物体以及与手势无关的运动物体的影响,我们需要从靠近收发器的手和手指中提取反射信号。
Focus on nearby objects. 为了减轻远处移动物体的影响,我们需要过滤掉远处物体的反射信号,并且只将手和手指的反射信号保持在靠近收发器的位置。在信道测量中,CIR的每个tap对应于特定的延迟范围,具有相似传播延迟的反射信号被分组到一个tap中。因此,tap index(图4中的Y轴)表示反射物体和收发器之间的距离:指数越小,越接近收发器。 因此,可以根据tap L的数量设置检测范围 D r D_r Dr,因为有 D r = L × v 2 f s D_r=L\times{\frac{v}{2f_s}} Dr=L×2fsv,其中 v v v是声速, f s f_s fs是采样频率。通过调整检测范围,只保留几个有效的taps,我们可以滤除一定范围外的物体造成的影响,以提高系统的鲁棒性。该方法确保在探测范围内进行稳健的CIR测量,即使有人在探测范围外的附近行走。
Focus on moving objects. CIR的相位和幅度的变化如图6(a)所示:图6(a)
O C → \overrightarrow{OC} OC 表示具有恒定幅值和相位的静态分量, C A → \overrightarrow{CA} CA C B → \overrightarrow{CB} CB 是具有不同相位和幅值的动态分量。从扬声器到麦克风的直接传输和来自环境的静态背景反射共同构成静态分量。由于动态分量, O A → \overrightarrow{OA} OA O B → \overrightarrow{OB} OB 的组合分量也相应地改变。注意,CIR测量仅测量组合分量,而静态和动态分量无法直接测量。为了消除静态分量并从测量的CIR中提取动态分量,我们计算了t时刻和t-1时刻两个连续复杂样本之间的CIR差。注意发射机和接收机的硬件在整个实验中引入恒定的相位偏移,也可以通过计算两个相邻测量值之间的相位差来消除。通过这样做,可以提取动态分量,并且可以消除周围静态对象造成的影响。
图6(b)和图6(c)显示了从第III-B1节第二次实验中提取的相同载频下相同tap的CIR幅值和相位。图6(b)(c)

由于从扬声器到麦克风的直接传输,原始CIR幅度和相位的模式不清晰(图6(b)和图6(c)中的上图)。然而,我们观察到,提取的相位变化明显呈现线性增加的模式。此外,我们观察到CIR相位和幅度的变化不同,因为幅度捕获信号衰减,而相位捕获传播距离。因此,我们可以使用这两种测量方法获得更可靠的信息。

C. Gesture Identifier

手势识别器的主要目标是对CIR测量值进行分类并识别不同的手势。我们注意到,在多个taps上经过一定时间的CIR幅度和相位可以分别视为CIR幅度图像和CIR相位图像。从不同频率提取的CIR图像可视为RBG通道。将CIR测量值作为张量输入到神经网络中以便进行分类。
然而,神经网络需要大量有效的训练数据才能达到较高的精度和鲁棒性。理想情况下,训练数据应涵盖各种实际场景。然而,要在实践中收集足够数量的高质量数据需要花费很长时间和大量精力。为了减轻数据收集的痛苦,我们进行了数据增强,以丰富我们的训练数据,从而使扩充的数据能够反映CIR测量的不同变化,而无需在所有可能的场景中手动收集数据。
1) 数据增强(Data Augmentation)
数据增强技术依赖于我们的关键观察,即CIR测量值随手势变化而变化(例如,手势速度、角度、位置等)。根据我们最初的测量结果,我们主要考虑了在实际使用场景中可能影响CIR数据的五个因素,包括手势速度、到麦克风的距离、到达角、视线路径阻塞和背景噪声。然后,我们对原始CIR数据(例如,平移和缩放)应用图像处理中广泛使用的数据增强技术,以便增强的CIR数据能够覆盖潜在场景,并且经过训练的模型能够处理上述影响因素。
到接收器的不同距离。 在商用智能手机中,扬声器和麦克风通常并置并内置在单个设备中。为了测量手和收发机之间距离的影响,我们在手和收发机之间的距离从0厘米到20厘米之间,然后到20厘米到40厘米之间分别执行推拉(push and pull)操作。图7(a)和图7(b)分别显示了CIR幅度和相位。图7
比较图7(a)和图7(b)(上),我们观察到CIR幅度测量中tap指数的垂直漂移。这是因为手势在与收发器的不同距离处执行。更大的tap index表示到收发器的距离更远。同样,我们在CIR相位测量中发现相应的位移。如图7(a)和图7(b)(下)所示,我们在CIR相位测量中观察到类似的线性增加模式。因此,在不同距离处执行的手势可以通过tap中的垂直漂移来模拟。
不同的速度。 为了说明手势的不同移动速度的影响,我们在20厘米内以相对较慢的速度在收发器前面执行推拉操作。图8显示了所有taps的CIR幅度和一个特定tap的CIR相位。
图8

CIR相位旋转表示由移动的手引起的路径长度变化。关键的是,与图7(a)相比,由于速度较慢,与手势相对应的CIR测量值在时间上扩展了CIR幅度和相位。为了补偿不同的手势速度,我们通过水平扩展或收缩原始CIR测量值来模拟不同的速度,从而执行数据增强。
收发器间阻塞。 在没有视线情况下,人们可能会试图控制他们的智能设备。为了模拟这个场景,我们将智能手机放在一个棉袋中,以捕捉移动的手。在图9的上图中,图9
如果我们直接使用原始CIR数据,我们观察到的明亮图案较少。实际上,非视距可能会导致信号衰减,从而导致CIR幅值非常小。为了解决这个问题,我们使用最小-最大归一化(Min-Max Normalization)方法来缩放和归一化CIR幅度测量值。标准化后,所有幅值都将缩放到相同的级别(即0~1) 这样可以减轻信号衰减的影响。图9中的下图显示了上图中原始CIR数据的归一化CIR测量。标准化后,我们观察到与图7(a)中没有任何阻塞的情况相比的类似模式。当我们在收发机和手之间放一张厚纸时,我们观察到一致的图案。相反,由于手的相对移动距离相似,CIR相位测量不会受到很大影响。在所有实验中,我们在数据扩充之前对所有原始CIR数据进行归一化。
嘈杂的环境。 为了评估背景噪声的影响,在CIR测量期间,我们使用智能手机在距离接收器5厘米的地方播放音乐。在这种情况下,接收信号是TSC信号和背景音乐信号的混合信号。然而,我们注意到,音乐所处的频带远低于传输的信号。因此,接收机可以在频域中将发射的不可听见信号与环境中的背景噪声(例如,音乐)分离。
实际上,许多其他背景噪音(例如人声、风扇、空调、交通噪音等)位于低频段,可通过我们的下变频和解调方法进行类似的过滤。因此,在下变频之前不需要添加高通滤波器。换句话说,下变频和解调方法对背景噪声具有固有的鲁棒性。
不同角度。 为了评估到达角对收发机的影响,我们在收发机20厘米范围内以不同角度在收发机周围执行手势。我们将收发器前面的0到180°区域分为三个60° 扇区,并在每个扇区执行多次推拉操作。实验结果表明,当我们从不同角度执行相同的手势时,CIR测量结果显示出与图7(a)中相似的模式。 这是因为扬声器和麦克风都是全向的。事实上,全向扬声器和麦克风广泛应用于商品智能设备中,以实现全方位的声音传播。此外,扬声器和麦克风配置在一个距离较短的设备中。因此,到达角对CIR测量的影响是有限的。因此,我们不单独对不同到达角的数据进行增加。
总的来说,我们发现最后三个因素(即堵塞、噪声和到达角)不需要任何特定的数据增强,而不同的速度和到接收器的距离确实会影响CIR测量,需要仔细处理。不同的用户手尺寸可能会影响CIR测量。然而,通过multiple taps,我们的方法可以减少手部尺寸的影响。我们假设这些手势是在用户站着或坐着时执行的,躯干静止,只移动手。在实践中,人们经常在距离收发器10~50cm的地方,以此可以得出tap index范围为30到150cm。我们保证在此检测范围内能够成功传输和接收音频信号。因此,我们根据目标tap index范围垂直移动原始CIR数据。如果手和收发机之间的距离增加,则可以根据不同的使用场景通过适当调整扬声器音量来自由调整tap index范围。另一方面,我们发现同一手势的速度之间的最大差异通常不超过5×(例如0.4s到2s)。因此,水平调整的倍数从2到5不等。尽管我们的数据集中的最大速度差异高达5×,但数据增强技术不限于此范围,并且可以扩展到更大的范围,以模拟实践中的更多差异(例如,图8中的4s)。我们随机组合上述各种手势速度和距离的设置,并为每个收集的手势增加100倍,以模拟在各种实际场景下执行的手势。

2) 手势识别(Gesture Recognition)
我们将增强后的CIR训练数据输入分类器以识别不同的手势。CNN在图像识别方面取得了重大进展,而LSTM能够处理时间序列数据。因此,我们的分类器由用于提取CIR图像重要特征的CNN和用于手势识别的LSTM网络组成。
具体而言,我们分别处理CIR幅度和相位,并使用两个独立但但结构相同的CNN自动提取特征。我们应用了一个具有三个卷积层的CNN。第一卷积层的每个输入是大小为[K×L×N]的CIR图像,其中L是taps的数目,K表示在某一时段内聚集的连续子帧的数目,N是频率的数目。注意,与真实图像类似,从不同频率提取的CIR图像可被视为不同的图像通道(例如,RGB通道)。我们使用32个大小为[5×5×N]的内核扫描输入图像,然后是一个最大池层,内核为[2×2],步长为2。其余2个卷积层的设计与第一层类似,内核大小为[5×5]和[3×3],内核数分别设置为32和64。激活功能为ReLU。我们设置一个大小为512的全连接层来输出特征向量。然后用两个单独的LSTM分别处理CIR幅值和相位的提取特征。
当执行不同的手势(例如,往上往下、往左往右)时,使用CNN提取的相同特征可能以不同的顺序出现,并且顺序关系到不同手势的区分。与其他传统分类器(即SVN、Random Forest等)不同,LSTM能够在顺序数据中存储上下文信息,可以捕获手势的时间信息。在我们的实现中,LSTM结构将CNN跨时间的多个输出作为一个向量作为输入数据。我们使用一个堆叠的LSTM层,由8个memory cells组成。在LSTM层之后使用softmax预测手势类型。LSTM的输出是一个概率向量,表示不同手势的可能性。注意,我们分别为CIR幅值和相位图像构建两个LSTM,并生成两个概率向量。然后,手势类型由两个概率向量的加权和确定。


IV. EXPERIMENT AND EVALUATION

A. Experiment Setting

参数设置。 为了使用跳频发送信道测量帧,可以应用满足第III-B2节中条件的频率来减轻频率选择性衰落并消除子帧间干扰。在我们的实验中,RobuCIR分别以18KHz、20KHz和22KHz三种频率发出不可听见的信号。我们注意到,在最大音量下播放的声音信号可能仍然会被一些用户听到,特别是在安静的房间里。为了保证声音信号不会给用户带来不便,我们使用了一个滤波器来平滑两个频率之间的突变。用户可以在不影响系统性能的情况下,将音量调节到舒适的水平(例如,最大音量的75%)。在我们的设计中,我们选择了26位TSC,它具有良好的自相关和同步特性。上采样率设置为12。因此,单个TSC符号由12个音频样本表示,每个发送的子帧包含 N T S C × 12 = 312 N_TSC\times12=312 NTSC×12=312个音频样本,这在传输中需要6.5ms,采样率为48KHz。
数据采集。 我们在Samsung S9 Plus, Samsung S7 Edge 和 Google NEXUS5三个手机上实现了RobuCIR。实验结果表明,通过跳频、标准化和数据增强,智能手机的不同造成的影响(例如,高频信号失真)可以得到缓解。我们邀请8名志愿者(5名男性和3名女性)执行15种手势。在第III-C节所述的5种使用场景下,每个手势重复6次(每只手3次)。用户在距离设备0.5米到1米的位置站着或坐着不动,用相对静止的身体执行手势,并在最高0.5米的检测范围内移动手部。在我们的数据集中,最大的速度差为5×(例如,从0.4s到2s),手势与设备的角度范围为0∼180°。在嘈杂的环境中,我们使用另一部手机作为外部扬声器播放音乐,最大音量放在距离目标设备0.5米的地方。这些手势在不同的时间和不同的环境下执行,其中包含一些规模在10×8×3m³和4×4×3m³之间、布局不同办公室。这些办公室周围都是家具、电脑和小物件,会导致不同的信号衰减。当我们收集数据时,允许有人在靠近目标设备的地方移动。总共收集了3600个真实手势样本。
Benchmark. 我们将性能与最先进的UltraGesture进行比较,作为我们的基准。在幅度测量中,我们将相同数量的taps设置为L=140。我们选择 K = 32 K=32 K=32 N l s t m = 5 N_{lstm}=5 Nlstm=5,使得LSTM具有 K × N l s t m × 6.5 m s ≈ 1 s e c K\times{N_{lstm}}\times{6.5ms}\approx1sec K×Nlstm×6.5ms1sec的特征作为输入。
模型训练和手势识别。 我们使用10折交叉验证来评估系统的鲁棒性。每一轮交叉验证涉及使用从6个用户收集的样本训练新模型,并使用从其他2个用户收集的样本进行测试。我们确保训练数据和测试数据在每一轮中从不同的用户和不同的房间收集。
在每一组训练中,我们进行数据增强,比率为100倍。我们注意到,增加的样本与相应的真实场景是一致的。每次训练迭代大约需要65秒。当使用3层CNN和8单元1层LSTM时,模型的大小约为5.5M。我们使用相同规格的高端服务器模拟云/边缘服务器并进行性能评估。

B. Evaluation

系统整体性能。 图10显示了我们的RobuCIR系统在不同环境下(例如,有或没有多路径的房间)执行的所有15个手势的总体混淆矩阵。图10
测试数据是在与收发器的不同距离处收集的,志愿者在办公室里以合适的速度进行手势动作。RobuCIR的平均识别准确率为98.4%,即使在不同的使用场景下,每个手势的准确率也超过95%。具有不同信号衰落的不同环境对系统性能的影响有限,因为可以使用CIR taps的数量来设置检测范围,以滤除检测范围外的干扰和多径反射(例如,人四处走动)。我们评估了不同使用场景下的识别精度,如图11所示。图11
所有手势的准确率都超过96%,这表明RobuCIR在各种场景下都具有很高的鲁棒性。以不同速度和与收发器的不同距离执行手势时的精度略低于其他三种情况,因为这两种情况可能会导致CIR测量的较大变化,而其他三种情况不会对CIR测量产生显著影响。
鲁棒性的提高。 为了评估RobuCIR与现有算法相比的系统鲁棒性,我们将其性能与使用相同数据集进行训练和评估的最新算法UltraGesture进行了比较。我们设置了与UltraGesture相同的参数,并在各种使用场景下评估了RobuCIR和UltraGesture。图12为比较结果。图12
如图12所示,RobuCIR大大优于UltraGesture,总体识别准确率比UltraGesture高13%。当以不同的速度和与收发器的不同距离执行手势时,RobuCIR精确度超过96%,而UltraGesture的性能显著降低至75%和77%,主要是由于FSF以及这两种情况下对CIR测量的重大影响。对于其他三种使用场景,UltraGesture的性能超过90%,而RobuCIR的准确率超过98%,增强的训练数据涵盖了实际场景下手势的不同变化。
跳频的影响。 为了评估跳频方案,我们评估了不同单频信号的RobuCIR。在本实验中,我们根据不同的频率分别训练三个神经网络。为了关注跳频方案的影响,我们保持所有参数不变。图13说明了使用三个单频信号评估的不同使用场景下RobuCIR的识别精度。图13
我们观察到,当传输不同的单频信号时,在相同的使用场景下,RobuCIR的性能有所不同。当仅发送频率为2的信号时,在不同速度和到收发器的距离的情况下,性能会显著降低到81%和78.2%,因为当手处于特定位置时,测量信号可能由于反射而相加。因此,提取的CIR测量值无法反映相应手势的模式。相反,当应用跳频方案时,我们可以同时获得来自其他频率的CIR测量值。因此,神经网络可以提取出更有效的特征,增强了系统的鲁棒性。
数据增强的影响。 我们改变数据增强率(即5~100×)并使用不同的增强数据训练分类器。在本实验中,我们使用三个载波频率的跳频方案传输TSC,并且其他参数保持不变。
结果表明,在各种情况下,随着增强率的增大,RobuCIR的识别精度都有所提高。特别是,在不同速度和距离下执行手势时的准确度比其他三种场景的提高更高,因为在这两种场景下应用数据增强,更大的增强率涵盖了手势的更多变化。随着放大率提高到100×,每个场景精确度超过96%。实验结果表明,数据增强技术确实为神经网络提供了更多的洞察力和高质量的数据,并有助于提高系统的鲁棒性。
执行时间。 我们运行20000次推断并测量平均执行时间。在整个CIR测量处理阶段中,每次需要执行手势和下转换步骤之前都会进行帧检测,这两个步骤分别大约需要1.3ms和2.2ms。我们经过训练的分类器可以在高端服务器上平均23毫秒内处理每个CIR测量。我们目前对RobuCIR的实现主要侧重于增强声学传感性能的鲁棒性。为了减少移动设备端的计算开销,我们将手势识别中涉及的计算密集型任务加载到高端服务器。我们计划在未来的工作中移动设备上运行深度神经网络模型。


V. RELATED WORK

音频信号手势识别:
SoundWave:根据手部反射的音频信号的多普勒频移,通过跟踪手部运动(例如速度、方向和幅度)来检测手势。
AudioGest:通过测量多普勒频移,可以高精度地识别六种手势。
EchoTrack:根据飞行时间(Time-of-Flight)信息识别手势。
FingerIO:测量连续接收的声学信号的互相关变化,以跟踪移动的手。
LLAP:通过提取信号相位信息来实现手指的轨迹跟踪。
Strata:通过测量反射音频信号的CIR来实现更高的精度。
这些工作将手指/手视为单个反射点,实现了高跟踪精度。但是,将整只手建模为单个点无法提供足够的分辨率。

UltraGesture:测量反射音频信号的CIR幅度并识别手势。然而存在频率选择性衰落问题,需要大量的训练数据才能有效地训练神经网络模型。(本文所解决的关键问题)

射频(RF)信号手势识别:
AllSee:使用能量收集传感器识别手势。
Rf-IDrawRFIPad:可跟踪指纹移动的轨迹,并能够隔空手写。
WiGest:利用WiFi信号强度识别移动设备附近的手势。
WiSee:可以通过提取人体感应的WiFi信号的微小多普勒频移来跟踪不同的家用手势。
WiFinger:可以通过检测通道状态信息(Channel State Information,CSI)中的独特模式来识别手势。
WiDraw:通过处理传入WiFi信号的到达角(Angle-of-Arrival)值,实现隔空手写。
这类工作需要射频设备并支持不同的应用。

基于视觉的手势跟踪:
Microsoft HoloLens:使用专用摄像机提供无接触的人体手势跟踪。
Sony PlayStation VR:要求用户佩戴头盔和控制器,与无接触系统相比,比较麻烦。
DigitEyes:可以从普通灰度图像模拟手的运动。
然而,基于视觉的方法需要良好的光照条件,这限制了其应用。


VI. CONCLUSION

本文提出了一个基于声学的手势识别系统的整体设计和实现,该系统能够识别15种类型的手势,具有较高的鲁棒性和准确性。为了缓解频率选择性衰落,本文采用跳频技术,并仔细设计了:下变频(down-conversion)和解调(demodulation),以避免子帧间干扰。基于在初始实验中观察,本文对原始CIR数据进行数据增强,以合成新的增强数据,用于有效地训练神经网络模型。特别地,增强数据捕获实际场景中的不同变化,例如不同的手势速度、到收发器的距离和信号衰减。实验结果表明,在不同的使用场景下,RobuCIR的总体准确率达到98.4%,大大优于现有的工作。

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Changes in 2.4.6 (February 22, 2011): Brief summary : - Support more host OS to run on: - Include win64 native binary in the release. - Fixed failures on big endian hosts. - BIOS: Support for up to 2M ROM BIOS images. - GUI: select mouse capture toggle method in .bochsrc. - Ported most of Qemu's 'virtual VFAT' block driver (except runtime write support, but plus FAT32 suppport) - Added write protect option for floppy drives. - Bugfixes / improved internal debugger + instrumentation. Detailed change log : - CPU and internal debugger - Implemented Process Context ID (PCID) feature - Implemented FS/GS BASE access instructions support (according to document from http://software.intel.com/en-us/avx/) - Rewritten from scratch SMC detection algorithm - Implemented fine-grained SMC detection (on 128 byte granularity) - Bugfixes for CPU emulation correctness and stability - Fixed failures on Big Endian hosts ! - Print detailed page walk information and attributes in internal debugger 'page' command - Updated/Fixed instrumentation callbacks - Configure and compile - Bochs now can be compiled as native Windows x86-64 application (tested with Mingw gcc 4.5.1 and Microsoft Visual Studio Express 2010) - Added ability to configure CPUID stepping through .bochsrc. The default stepping value is 3. - Added ability to disable MONITOR/MWAIT support through .bochsrc CPUID option. The option is available only if compiled with --enable-monitor-mwait configure option. - Determine and select max physical address size automatically at configure time: - 32-bit physical address for 386/486 guests - 36-bit physical address for PSE-36 enabled Pentium guest - 40-bit physical address for PAE enabled P6 or later guests - Update config.guess/config.sub scripts to May 2010 revisions. - Update Visual Studio 2008 project files in build/win32/vs2008ex-workspace.zip - Added Bochs compilation timestamp after Bochs version string. - GUI and display libraries (Volker) - Added new .bochsrc option to select mouse capture toggle method. In addition to the default Bochs method using the CTRL key and the middle mouse button there are now the choices: - CTRL+F10 (like DOSBox) - CTRL+ALT (like QEMU) - F12 (replaces win32 'legacyF12' option) - display library 'x' now uses the desktop size for the maximum guest resolution - ROM BIOS - Support for up to 2M ROM BIOS images - I/O Devices - 3 new 'pseudo device' plugins created by plugin separation (see below) - Fixes for emulated DHCP in eth_vnet (patch from @SF tracker) - Added support for VGA graphics mode with 400 lines (partial fix for SF bug #2948724) - NE2K: Fixed "send buffer" command issue on big endian hosts - USB - converted common USB code plus devices to the new 'usb_common' plugin Now the USB device classes no longer exist twice if both HC plugins are loaded. - added 'pseudo device' in common USB code for the device creation. This makes the HCs independent from the device specific code. - USB MSD: added support for disk image modes (like ATA disks) - USB printer: output file creation failure now causes a disconnect - re-implemented "options" parameter for additional options of connected devices (currently only used to set the speed reported by device and to specify an alternative redolog file of USB MSD disk image modes) - hard drive - new disk image mode 'vvfat' - ported the read-only part of Qemu's 'virtual VFAT' block driver - additions: configurable disk geometry, FAT32 support, read MBR and/or boot sector from file, volatile write support using hdimage redolog_t class, optional commit support on Bochs exit, save/restore file attributes, 1.44 MB floppy support, set file modification date/time - converted the complete hdimage stuff to the new 'hdimage' plugin - new hdimage method get_capabilities() that can return special flags - vmware3, vmware4 and vvfat classes now return HDIMAGE_HAS_GEOMETRY flag - other disk image modes by default return HDIMAGE_AUTO_GEOMETRY if cylinder value is set to 0 - multiple sector read/write support for some image modes - new log prefix "IMG" for hdimage messages - floppy - added write protect option for floppy drives (based on @SF patch by Ben Lunt) - vvfat support - bugfix: close images on exit - SB16 - converted the sound output module stuff to the new 'soundmod' plugin - SF patches applied [3164945] hack to compile under WIN64 by Darek Mihocka and Stanislav [3164073] Fine grain SMC invalidation by Stanislav [1539417] write protect for floppy drives by Ben Lunt [2862322] fixes for emulated DHCP in eth_vnet - these S.F. bugs were closed/fixed [2588085] Mouse capture [3140332] typo in mf3/ps2 mapping of BX_KEY_CTRL_R [3111577] No "back" option in log settings [3108422] Timing window in NE2K emulation [3084390] Bochs won't load floppy plugin right on startup [3043174] Docbook use of '_' build failure [3085140] Ia_arpl_Ew_Rw definition of error [3078995] ROL/ROR/SHL/SHR modeling wrong when dest reg is 32 bit [2864794] BX_INSTR_OPCODE in "cpu_loop" causes crash in x86_64 host [2884071] [AIX host] prefetch: EIP [00010000] > CS.limit [0000ffff] [3053542] 64 bit mode: far-jmp instruction is error [3011112] error compile vs2008/2010 with X2APIC [3002017] compile error with vs 2010 [3009767] guest RFLAGS.IF blocks externel interrupt in VMX guest mode [2964655] VMX not enabled in MSR IA32_FEATURE_CONTROL [3005865] IDT show bug [3001637] CMOS MAP register meaning error [2994370] Cannot build with 3DNow support - these S.F. feature requests were closed/implemented [1510142] Native Windows XP x64 Edition binary [1062553] select mouse (de)activation in bochsrc [2930633] legacy mouse capture key : not specific enough [2930679] Let user change mouse capture control key [2803538] Show flags for pages when using "info tab" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Changes in 2.4.5 (April 25, 2010): Brief summary : - Major configure/cpu rework allowing to enable/disable CPU options at runtime through .bochsrc (Stanislav) - Bugfixes for CPU emulation correctness and stability - Implemented X2APIC extensions (Stanislav) - Implemented Intel VMXx2 extensions (Stanislav) - Extended VMX capability MSRs, APIC Virtualization, X2APIC Virtualization, Extended Page Tables (EPT), VPID, Unrestricted Guests, new VMX controls. - Implemented PCLMULQDQ AES instruction - Extended Bochs internal debugger functionality - USB HP DeskJet 920C printer device emulation (Ben Lunt) Detailed change log : - Configure rework - Deprecate --enable-popcnt configure option. POPCNT instruction will be enabled automatically iff SSE4_2 is supported (like in hardware). - Make --ignore-bad-msrs runtime option in .bochsrc. Old --ignore-bad-msrs configure option is deprecated and should not be used anymore. - Enable changing part of CPU functionality at runtime through .bochsrc. - Now you could enable/disable any of SSEx/AES/MOVBE/SYSENTER_SYSEXIT/XSAVE instruction sets using new CPUID option in .bochsrc. - When x86-64 support is compiled in, you could enable/disable long mode 1G pages support without recompile using new CPUID option in .bochsrc. Configure options: --enable-mmx, --enable-sse, --enable-movbe, --enable-xsave, --enable-sep, --enable-aes, --enable-1g-pages are deprecated and should not be used anymore. - Local APIC configure option --enable-apic is deprecated and should not be used anymore. The LAPIC option now automatically determined from other configure options. XAPIC functionality could be enabled using new CPUID .bochsrc option. - Changed default CPU configuration (generated by configure script with default options) to BX_CPU_LEVEL=6 with SSE2 enabled. - CPU - Implemented PCLMULQDQ AES instruction - Implemented X2APIC extensions / enable extended topology CPUID leaf (0xb), in order to enable X2APIC configure with --enable-x2apic - Implemented Intel VMXx2 extensions: - Enabled extended VMX capability MSRs - Implemented VMX controls for loading/storing of MSR_PAT and MSR_EFER - Enabled/Implemented secondary proc-based vmexec controls: - Implemented APIC virtualization - Implemented Extended Page Tables (EPT) mode - Implemented Descriptor Table Access VMEXIT control - Implemented RDTSCP VMEXIT control - Implemented Virtualize X2APIC mode control - Implemented Virtual Process ID (VPID) - Implemented WBINVD VMEXIT control - Implemented Unrestricted Guest mode In order to enable emulation of VMXx2 extensions configure with --enable-vmx=2 option (x86-64 must be enabled) - Bugfixes for CPU emulation correctness - Fixed Bochs crash when accessing the first byte above emulated memory size - Internal Debugger - Introduced range read/write physical watchpoints - Allow reloading of segment registers from internal debugger - Improved verbose physical memory access tracing - BIOS - Fix MTRR configuration (prevented boot of modern Linux kernels) - Fix interrupt vectors for INT 60h-66h (reserved for user interrupt) by setting them to zero - Fix BIOS INT13 function 08 when the number of cylinders on the disk = 1 - I/O Devices - USB HP DeskJet 920C printer device emulation (Ben Lunt) - Misc - Updated Bochs TESTFORM to version 0.5 - SF patches applied [2864402] outstanding x2apic patches by Stanislav [2960379] Fix build with -Wformat -Werror=format-security by Per Oyvind Karlsen [2938273] allow instrumentation to change execute by Konrad Grochowski [2926072] Indirection operators in expressions by Derek Peschel [2914433] makesym.perl misses symbols by John R. Jackson [2908481] USB Printer by Ben Lunt - these S.F. bugs were closed/fixed [2861662] dbg_xlate_linear2phy needs to be updated [2956217] INT13 AH=8 returns wrong values when cylinders=1 [2981161] Allow DMA transfers to continue when CPU is in HALT state [2795115] NX fault could be missed [2964824] bad newline sequence in aspi-win32.h [913419] configure options and build process needs some work [2938398] gdbstub compile error with x86_64 enabled [2734455] shutdown/reset type 05 should reinit the PICs [1921294] extended memory less than 1M wrong size [1947249] BX_USE_EBDA_TABLES and MP table placement [1933859] BX_USE_EBDA_TABLES and memory overlapping [2923680] "help dregs" is a syntax error [2919661] CPU may fail to do 16bit near call [2790768] Memory corruption with SMP > 32, Panic BIOS Keyboard Error [2902118] interrupts vectors 0x60 to 67 should be NULL ! [2912502] Instruction Pointer behaving erratically [2901047] Bochs crashed, closed by guest os [2905385] Bochs crash [2901481] Instruction SYSRET and SS(PL) [2900632] Broken long mode RETF to outer priviledge with null SS [1429011] Use bx_phyaddr_t for physaddr vars and bx_adress for lin adr - these S.F. feature requests were closed/implemented [2955911] RPM preuninstall scriptlet removes /core [2947863] don't abort on unrecognised options [2878861] numerics in the disassembler output [2900619] make more CPU state changeable ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Changes in 2.4.2 (November 12, 2009): - CPU and internal debugger - VMX: Implemented TPR shadow VMEXIT - Bugfixes for CPU emulation correctness (mostly for VMX support). - Bugfixes and updates for Bochs internal debugger - On SMP system stepN command now affects only current processor - Memory - Bugfixes for > 32-bit physical address space. - Allow to emulate more physical memory than host actually could or would like to allocate. For more details look for new .bochsrc 'memory' option. - Cleanup configure options - All paging related options now will be automatically determined according to --enable-cpu-level option. Related configure options --enable-global-pages, --enable-large-pages, --enable-pae, --enable-mtrr are deprecated now. Only 1G paging option still remaining unchanged. - Deprecate --enable-daz configure option. Denormals-are-zeros MXCSR control will be enabled automatically iff SSE2 is supported (like in hardware). - Deprecate --enable-vme configure option, now it will be supported iff CPU_LEVEL >= 5 (like in hardware). - I/O Devices - Bugfixes for 8254 PIT, VGA, Cirrus-Logic SVGA, USB UCHI - SF patches applied [2817840] Make old_callback static by Mark Marshall [2874004] fix for VMWRITE instruction by Roberto Paleari [2873999] fix CS segment type during fast syscall invocation by Roberto Paleari [2864389] Debugger gui maximize on startup by Thomas Nilsen [2817868] Rework loops in the memory code by Mark Marshall [2812948] PIT bug by Derek - these S.F. bugs were closed/fixed [2833504] GUI debugger bug-about GDT display [2872244] BIOS writes not allowed value to MTRR MSR causing #GP [2885383] SDL GUI memory leak [2872290] compilation in AIX5.3 ML10 failes [2867904] crash with cirrus bx_vga_c::mem_write [2851495] BIOS PCI returns with INT flag = 0 [2860333] vista 64 guest STOP 109 (GDT modification) [2849745] disassembler bug for 3DNow and SSE opcodes [1066748] Wrong registers values after #RESET, #INIT [2836893] Regression: Windows XP installer unable to format harddrive [2812239] VMX: VM-Exit: Incorrect instruction length on software int [2814130] bx_debug lex/yacc files incorrectly generated [2813199] MP Tables Missing From BIOS [2824093] VMX exception bug [2811909] VMX : CS Access-rights Type.Accessed stays 0 [2810571] Compile Errors on OSX [2823749] GCC regression or VM_EXIT RDMSR/WRMSR bug [2815929] Vista/XP64 unnecessary panic [2803519] Wrong example in man page bochsrc - these S.F. feature requests were closed/implemented [422766] Large Memory configurations [1311287] Idea for a better GUI [455971] USB support [615363] debugger shortcut for repeat last cmd ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Changes in 2.4.1 (June 7, 2009): - Fixed bunch of CPUID issues - Bochs is now able to install and boot 64-bit Windows images! (special thanks to Mark Ebersole for his patch) - Several bugfixes in CPU emulation (mostly for x87 instructions) - Fixed two critical deadlock bugs in the Win32 gui (patches from @SF tracker) - Fixes related to the 'show ips' feature - removed conflicting win32-specific alarm() functions ('win32' and 'sdl' gui) - feature now works in wx on win32 - Added support for gdb stub on big endian machine (patch by Godmar Back) - Rewritten obsolete hash_map code in dbg symbols module (patch from @SF) - BIOS: implemented missing INT 15h/89h (patch by Sebastian Herbszt) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Changes in 2.4 (May 3, 2009): Brief summary : - Added graphical Bochs debugger frontend for most of the supported platforms. - Thanks for Chourdakis Michael and Bruce Ewing. - Many new CPU features in emulation - Support for > 32 bit physical address space and configurable MSRs - VMX, 1G pages in long mode, MOVBE instruction - Bugfixes for CPU emulation correctness, debugger and CPU instrumentation. - New config interface 'win32config' with start and runtime menu - USB: added OHCI support, external hub and cdrom - Added user plugin interface support. Detailed change log : - CPU and internal debugger - Support for VMX hardware emulation in Bochs CPU, to enable configure with --enable-vmx option Nearly complete VMX implementation, with few exceptions: - Dual-monitor treatment of SMIs and SMM not implemented yet - NMI virtualization, APIC virtualization not implemented yet - VMENTER to not-active state not supported yet - No advanced features like Extended Page Tables or VPID - Support for configurable MSR registers emulation, to enable configure with --enable-configurable-msrs option Look for configuration example in .bochsrc and msrs.def - Support new Intel Atom(R) MOVBE instruction, to enable configure with --enable-movbe option - Support for 1G pages in long mode, to enable configure with --enable-1g-pages option - Support for > 32 bit physical address space in CPU. Up to 36 bit could be seen in legacy mode (PAE) and up to 40 bit in x86-64 mode. Still support the same amount of the physical memory in the memory object, so system with > 4Gb of RAM yet cannot be emulated. To enable configure with --enable-long-phy-address option. - Implemented modern BIOSes mode limiting max reported CPUID function to 3 using .bochsrc CPU option. The mode is required in order to correctly install and boot WinNT. - Added ability to configure CPUID vendor/brand strings through .bochsrc (patch from @SF by Doug Reed). - Many bugfixes for CPU emulation correctness (both x86 and x86-64). - Updated CPU instrumentation callbacks. - Fixed Bochs internal debugger breakpoints/watchpoints handling. - Configure and compile - Added ability to choose Bochs log file name and Bochs debugger log file name from Bochs command line (using new -log and -dbglog options) - Removed Peter Tattam's closed source external debugger interface from the code. - Removed --enable-guest2host-tlb configure option. The option is always enabled for any Bochs configuration. - Removed --enable-icache configure option. The option is always enabled for any Bochs configuration. Trace cache support still remains optional and could be configured off. - Added configure option to compile in GUI frontend for Bochs debugger, to enable configure with --enable-debugger-gui option. The GUI debugger frontend is enabled by default with Bochs debugger. - Removed --enable-port-e9-hack configure option. The feature now could be configured at runtime through .bochsrc. - Added configure option to enable/disable A20 pin support. Disabling the A20 pin support slightly speeds up the emulation. - reduced dependencies between source files for faster code generation - BIOS - Added S3 (suspend to RAM) ACPI state to BIOS (patch by Gleb Natapov) - Implemented MTRR support in the bios (patches by Avi Kivity and Alex Williamsion with additions by Sebastian Herbszt) - Bug fixes - I/O Devices - Added user plugin support - remaining devices converted to plugins: pit, ioapic, iodebug - added 'plugin_ctrl' bochsrc option to control the presence of optional device plugins without a separate option. By default all plugins are enabled. - added register mechanism for removable mouse and keyboard devices - Hard drive / cdrom - PACKET-DMA feature now supported by all ATAPI commands - ATAPI command 0x1A added (based on the Qemu implementation) - sb16 - Added ALSA sound support on Linux (PCM/MIDI output) - FM synthesizer now usable with MIDI output (simple piano only) - Fixed OPL frequency to MIDI note translation - Fixed MIDI output command - keyboard - added keyboard controller commands 0xCA and 0xCB - USB - USB code reorganized to support more HC types and devices - added USB OHCI support written by Ben Lunt - added external USB hub support (initial code ported from Qemu) - added USB cdrom support (SCSI layer ported from Qemu) - added status bar indicators to show data transfer - VGA - VBE video memory increased to 16 MB - implemented changeable VBE LFB base address (PCI only, requires latest BIOS and VGABIOS images) - I/O APIC - implemented I/O APIC device hardware reset - Config interface - new config interface 'win32config' with start and runtime menu is now the default on Windows ('textconfig' is still available) - win32 device config dialogs are now created dynamicly from a parameter list (works like the wx ParamDialog) - changes in textcofig and the wx ParamDialog for compatibility with the new win32 dialog behaviour - Bochs param tree index keys are case independent now - some other additions / bugfixes in the simulator interface code - Misc - updated LGPL'd VGABIOS to version 0.6c - Updated Bochs TESTFORM to version 0.4 - SF patches applied [2784858] IO Handler names are not compared properly [2712569] Legacy bios serial data buffer timeout bug by grybranix [2655090] 64 bit BSWAP with REX.W broken by M. Eby [2645919] CR8 bug when reading by M. Eby [1895665] kvm: bios: add support to memory above the pci hole by Izik Eidus [2403372] rombios: check for valid cdrom before using it by Sebastian [2307269] acpi: handle S3 by Sebastian [2354134] TAP networking on Solaris/Sparc repaired [2144692] The scsi device can not complete its writing data command by naiyue [1827082] [PATCH] Configurable CPU vendor by Marcel Sondaar [2217229] Panic on EBDA overflow in rombios32 by Sebastian [2210194] Log pci class code by Sebastian [1984662] red led for disk write and titlebar mod by ggbsf [2142955] Fix for monitor/mwait by Doug Gibson [2137774] Patch to fix bug: cdrom: read_block: lseek returned error by Gabor Olah [2134642] Fix scan_to_scanascii table for F11 and F12 by Ben Guthro & Steve Ofsthun [2123036] sdl fullscreen fix by ggbsf [2073039] Remove CMOS accsess from AML code by Gleb Natapov [2072168] smbios: add L1-L3 cache handle to processor information by Sebastian [2055416] bochsrc cpu options for cpuid vendor and brand string by Doug Reed [2035278] rombios: Fix return from BEV via retf by Sebastian [2035260] rombios: El Torito load segment fix by Sebastian [2031978] Fix VMware backdoor command 0Ah by Jamie Lokier [2015277] Remove obsolete comment about DATA_SEG_DEFS_HERE hack by Sebastian [2011268] Set new default format and unit only if both are supported by Sebastian [2001919] gdbstub: fix qSupported reply by Sebastian [2001912] gdbstub: enclose packet data by apostrophes by Sebastian [1998071] fix missing SIGHUP and SIGQUIT with term ui on mingw by Sebastian [1998063] fix wrong colors with term ui by Sebastian [1995064] Compile fix needed for --enable-debugger and gcc 4.3 by Hans de Goede [1994564] Fix typo in RDMSR BX_MSR_MTRRFIX16K_A0000 by Sebastian [1994396] Change hard_drive_post #if by Sebastian [1993235] TESTFORM email address update by Sebastian [1992322] PATCH: fix compilation of bochs 2.3.7 on bigendian machines by Hans de Goede [1991280] Shutdown status code 0Ch handler by Sebastian [1990108] Shutdown status code 0Bh handler by Sebastian [1988907] Shutdown status code 0Ah handler by Sebastian [1984467] two typos in a release! (2.3.7) [1981505] Init PIIX4 PCI to ISA bridge and IDE by Sebastian - these S.F. bugs were closed/fixed [2784148] an integer overflow BUG of Bochs-2.3.7 source code [2695273] MSVC cpu.dsp failure in 2.3.7.zip [616114] Snapshot/Copy crash on Win2K [2628318] 'VGABIOS-latest' bug [1945055] can't 'make install' lastest bochs on loepard [2031993] Mac OS X Makefile bug [1843199] install error on mac osx [2710931] Problem compiling both instrumentation and debugger [2617003] ExceptionInfo conflicts with OS X api [2609432] stepping causes segfault (CVS) [2605861] compile error with --enable-smp [1757068] current cvs(Jul19, 07) failed to boot smp [2426271] cannot get correct symbol entry [2471982] VGA character height glitches [1659659] wrong behaviour a20 at boot [1998027] minwg + --with-term + --with-out-win32 = link failure [1871936] bochs-2.3.6 make fails on wx.cc [1684666] info idt for long mode [2105989] could not read() hard drive image file at byte 269824 [1173093] Debugger totally not supports x86-64 [1803018] new win32debug dialog problems [2141679] windows vcc build broken [2162824] latest cvs fails to compile [2164506] latest bochs fails to start [2129223] MOV reg16, SS not working in real mode due to dead code [2106514] RIS / startrom.com install ALMOST works [2123358] SMP (HTT): wbinvd executed by CPU1 crashes CPU0 [2002758] Arch Linux: >>PANIC<< ATAPI command with zero byte count [2026501] El Torito incorrect boot segment:offset [2029758] BEV can return via retf instead of int 18h [2010173] x command breaks after one error about x/s or x/i [1830665] harddrv PANIC: ATAPI command with zero byte count [1985387] fail to make using gcc4 with --enable-debugger [1990187] testform feedback [1992138] Misspell in cpu/ia_opcodes.h - these S.F. feature requests were closed/implemented [2175153] Update MSVC project files [658800] front end program and bios [1883370] Make cd and floppy images more usable [422783] change floppy size without restarting [2552685] param tree names should be case insensitive [1214659] PC Speaker emu turnoff. Plugin Controll. [1977045] support 40 bit physical address [1506385] Intel Core Duo VT features [1429015] Support for user plugins [1488136] debugger access to floppy controller [1363136] Full debugger SMP and 64 bit support [2068304] Support for ACPI [431032] debugger "x" command [423420] profiling ideas (SMF) [445342] Add FM support? [928439] alsa ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Changes in 2.3.7 (June 3, 2008): Brief summary : + More optimizations in CPU code - Bochs 2.3.7 is more than 2x faster than Bochs 2.3.5 build ! - Implemented LBA48 support in BIOS - Added memory access tracing for Bochs internal debugger - Implemented Intel(R) XSAVE/XRSTOR and AES instruction set extensions - Many fixes in CPU emulation and internal debugger - MenuetOS64 floppy images booting perfect again ! - updated LGPL'd VGABIOS to version 0.6b Detailed change log : - CPU - Support of XSAVE/XRSTOR CPU extensions, to enable configure with --enable-xsave option - Support of AES CPU extensions, to enable configure with --enable-aes option - Fixed Bochs failure on RISC host machines with BxRepeatSpeedups optimization enabled - Implemented SYSENTER/SYSEXIT instructions in long mode - More than 100 bugfixes for CPU emulation correctness (both x86 and x86-64) - MenuetOS64 floppy images booting perfect again ! - Updated CPU instrumentation callbacks - Bochs Internal Debugger and Disassembler - Added memory access tracing for Bochs internal debugger, enable by typing 'trace-mem on' in debugger command line - Many bug fixes in Bochs internal debugger and disassembler - System BIOS (Volker) - Implemented LBA48 support - Added generation of SSDT ACPI table that contains definitions for available processors - Added RTC device to ACPI DSDT table - Added implementation of SMBIOS - I/O devices (Volker) - VGA - Implemented screen disable bit in sequencer register #1 - Implemented text mode cursor blinking - Serial - new serial modes 'pipe-server' and 'pipe-client' for win32 - new serial mode 'socket-server' - Configure and compile - Fixed configure bug with enabling of POPCNT instruction, POPCNT instruction should be enabled by default when SSE4.2 is enabled. - Removed --enable-magic-breakpoint configure option. The option is automatically enabled if Bochs internal debugger is compiled in. It is still possible to turn on/off the feature through .bochsrc. - Allow boot from network option in .bochsrc - Added Bochs version info for Win32 - Display libraries - implemented text mode character blinking in some guis - improved 'X' gui runtime dialogs - SF patches applied [1980833] Fix shutdown status code 5h handler by Kevin O'Connor [1928848] "pipe" mode for serial port (win32 only) by Eugene Toder [1956843] Set the compatible pci interrupt router back to PIIX by Sebastian [1956366] Do not announce C2 & C3 cpu power state support by Igor Lvovsky [1921733] support for LBA48 by Robert Millan [1938185] Fix link problem with --enable-debugger by Sebastian [1938182] Makefile.in - use @IODEV_LIB_VAR@ by Sebastian [1928945] fix for legacy rombios - e820 map and ACPI_DATA_SIZE by Sebastian [1925578] rombios32.c - fix ram_size in ram_probe for low memory setup by Sebastian [1908921] rombios32.c - move uuid_probe() call by Sebastian [1928902] improvements to load-symbols by Eugene Toder [1925568] PATCH: msvc compilation by Eugene Toder [1913150] rombios.c - e820 cover full size if memory <= 16 mb by Alexander van Heukelum [1919804] rombios.c - fix and add #ifdef comments by Sebastian [1909782] rombios.c - remove segment values from comment by Sebastian [1908918] SMBIOS - BIOS characteristics fix by Sebastian [1901027] BIOS boot menu support (take 3) [1902579] rombios32.c - define pci ids by Sebastian [1859447] Pass segment:offset to put_str and introduce %S by Sebastian [1889057] rombios.c - boot failure message by Sebastian [1891469] rombios.c - print BEV product string by Sebastian [1889851] Win32 version information FILEVERSION for bochs.exe by Sebastian [1889042] rombios.c - fix comment by Sebastian [1881500] bochsrc, allow boot: network by Sebastian [1880755] Win32 version information for bochs.exe by Sebastian [1880471] SMBIOS fix type 0 by Sebastian [1878558] SMBIOS fixes by Sebastian [1864692] SMBIOS support by Filip Navara [1865105] Move bios_table_area_end to 0xcc00 by Sebastian [1875414] Makefile.in - change make use by Sebastian [1874276] Added instrumentation for sysenter/sysexit by Lluis [1873221] TLB page flush: add logical address to instrumentation by Lluis [1830626] lba32 support by Samuel Thibault [1861839] Move option rom scan after floppy and hard drive post by Sebastian [1838283] Early vga bios init by Sebastian [1838272] rom_scan range parameter by Sebastian [1864680] Save CPUID signature by Filip Navara - these S.F. bugs were closed [1976171] Keyboard missing break code for enter (0x9C) [666433] physical read/write breakpoint sometimes fails [1744820] info gdt and info idt shows the entire tables [1755652] graphics: MenuetOS64 shows black screen [1782207] Windows Installer malfunction, Host=Linux, Guest=Win98SE [1697762] OS/2 Warp Install Failed [1952548] String to char * warnings [1940714] SYSENTER/SYSEXIT doesn't work in long mode [1422342] SYSRET errors [1923803] legacy rombios - e820 map and ACPI_DATA_SIZE [1936132] Link problem with --enable-debugger & --enable-disasm [1934477] Linear address wrap is not working [1424984] virtual machine freezes in Bochs 2.2.6 [1902928] with debugger cpu_loop leaves CPU with unstable state [1898929] Bochs VESA BIOS violates specs (banks == 1) [1569256] bug in datasegment change in long mode [1830662] ACPI: no DMI BIOS year, acpi=force is required [1868806] VGA blink enable & screen disable [1875721] Bit "Accessed" in LDT/GDT descriptors & #PF [1874124] bx_Instruction_c::ilen() const [1873488] bochs-2.3.6 make fails on dbg_main.cc - these S.F. feature requests were implemented [1422769] SYSENTER/SYSEXIT support in x86-64 mode [1847955] Version information for bochs(dbg).exe [939797] SMBIOS support ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Changes in 2.3.6 (December 24, 2007): Brief summary : + More than 25% emulation speedup vs Bochs 2.3.5 release! - Thanks to Darek Mihocka (http://www.emulators.com) for providing patches and ideas that made the speedup possible! + Up to 40% speedup vs Bochs 2.3.5 release with trace cache optimization! - Lots of bugfixes in CPU emulation - Bochs benchmarking support - Added emulation of Intel SSE4.2 instruction set Detailed change log : - CPU - Added emulation of SSE4.2 instruction set, to enable use --enable-sse=4 --enable-sse-extension configure options to enable POPCNT instruction only use configure option --enable-popcnt - Implemented MTRR emulation, to enable use --enable-mtrr configure option. MTRRs is enabled by default when cpu-level >= 6. - Implemented experimental MONITOR/MWAIT support including optimized MWAIT CPU state and hardware monitoring of physical address range, to enable use --enable-monitor-mwait configure option. - Removed hostasm optimizations, after Bochs rebenchmarking it was found that the feature bringing no speedup or even sometimes slows down emulation! - Merged trace cache optimization patch, the trace cache optimization is enabled by default when configure with --enable-all-optimizations option, to disable trace cache optimization configure with --disable-trace-cache - Many minor bugfixes in CPU emulation (both ia32 and x86-64) - Updated CPU instrumentation callbacks - Bochs Internal Debugger and Disassembler - Many fixes in Bochs internal debugger and disassembler, some debugger interfaces significantly changed due transition to the param tree architecture - Added support for restoring of the CPU state from external file directly from Bochs debugger - Configure and compile - Renamed configure option --enable-4meg-pages to --enable-large-pages. The option enables page size extensions (PSE) which refers to 2M pages as well. - Removed --enable-save-restore configure option, save/restore feature changed to be one of the basic Bochs features and compiled by default for all configurations. - Added new Bochs benchmark mode. To run Bochs in benchmark mode execute it with new command line option 'bochs -benchmark time'. The emulation will be automatically stopped after 'time' millions of emulation cycles executed. - Another very useful option for benchmarking of Bochs could be enabled using new 'print_timestamps' directive from .bochsrc: print_timestamps: enable=1 - Added --enable-show-ips option to all configuration scripts used to build release binaries, so all future releases will enjoy IPS display. - Enable alignment check in the CPU and #AC exception by default for --cpu-level >= 4 (like in real hardware) - SF patches applied [1491207] Trace Cache Speedup patch by Stanislav [1857149] Define some IPL values by Sebastian [1850183] Get memory access mode in BX_INSTR_LIN_READ by Lluis Vilanova [1841421] pic: keep slave_pic.INT and master_pic.IRQ_in bit 2 in sync by Russ Cox [1841420] give segment numbers in exception logs by Russ Cox [1801696] Allow Intel builds on Mac OS X [1830658] Fix >32GB disk banner by Samuel Thibault [1813314] Move #define IPL_* and typedef ipl_entry by Sebastian [1809001] Save PnP Option ROM Product Name string in IPL Boot Table by Sebastian [1821242] Fix for #1801285, Niclist.exe broken by Sebastian [1819567] Code warning cleanup [1816162] Update comment on bios_printf() by Sebastian [1811139] Trivial Fix when BX_PCIBIOS and BX_ROMBIOS32 not defined by Myles Watson [1811190] Improve HD recognition and CD boot by Myles Watson [1811860] Implement %X in bios_printf by Sebastian [1809649] printf %lx %ld %lu by Myles Watson [1809651] move BX_SUPPORT_FLOPPY by Myles Watson [1809652] dpte and Int13DPT fixes by Myles Watson [1809669] clip cylinders to 16383 in hard drive by Myles Watson [1799903] Build BIOS on amd64 by Robert Millan [1799877] Fix for parallel build (make -j2) by Robert Millan - these S.F. bugs were closed [1837354] website bug: View the Source link broken [1801268] Reset from real mode no longer working [1843250] Using forward slashes gives invalid filename [1823446] BIOS bug, local APIC #0 not detected [1801285] Niclist.exe broken [1364472] breakpoints sometimes don't work [994451] breakpoint bug [1801295] NSIS installer vs Windows Notepad [1715328] Unreal mode quirk [1503972] debugger doesn't debug first instruction on exception [1069071] div al, byte ptr [ds:0x7c18] fails to execute [1800080] Wrong "BX_MAX_SMP_THREADS_SUPPORTED" assertion - these S.F. feature requests were implemented [1662687] Download for Win32-exe with x64 Mode and debugging [604221] Debugger command: query lin->phys mapping ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Changes in 2.3.5 (September 16, 2007): Brief summary : - Critical problems fixed for x86-64 support in CPU and Bochs internal debugger - ACPI support - The release compiled with x86-64 and ACPI - Hard disk emulation supports ATA-6 (LBA48 addressing, UDMA modes) - Added emulation of Intel SSE4.1 instruction set Detailed change log : - CPU - Fixed critical bug with 0x90 opcode (NOP) handling in x86-64 mode - implied stack references where the stack address is not in canonical form should causes a stack exception (#SS) - Added emulation of SSE4.1 instruction set (Stanislav) - Do not save and restore XMM8-XMM15 registers when not in x86-64 mode - Fixed zero upper 32-bit part of GPR in x86-64 mode - CMOV_GdEd should zero upper 32-bit part of GPR register even if the 'cmov' condition was false ! - Implemented CLFLUSH instruction, report non-zero cache size in CPUID - Fixed PUSHA/POPA instructions behavior in real mode - Fixed detection of inexact result by FPU - Fixed denormals-are-zero (DAZ) handling by SSE convert instructions - Implemented Misaligned Exception Mask support for SSE (MXCSR[17]) - Implemented Alignment Check in the CPU and #AC exception, to enable use --enable-alignment-check configure option - General - 2nd simulation support in wxBochs now almost usable (simulation cleanup code added and memory leaks fixed) - Configure and compile - several fixes for MacOSX, OpenBSD and Solaris 10 - enable save/restore feature by default for all configurations - reorganized SSE configure options to match Intel(R) Programming Reference Manual, new option introduced for SSE extensions enabling. To enable Intel Core Duo 2 new instructions use --enable-sse=3 --enable-sse-extension enabling of SSE4.1 (--enable-sse=4) will enable SSE3 extensions as well - removed old PIT, always use new PIT written by Greg Alexander, removed configure option --enable-new-pit - I/O devices (Volker) - Floppy - partial non-DMA mode support (patch by John Comeau) - Hard drive / cdrom - hard disk emulation now supports ATA-6 (LBA48 addressing, UDMA modes) - VMWare version 4 disk image support added (patch by Sharvil Nanavati) - PCI - initial support for the PIIX4 ACPI controller - Serial - added support for 3-button mouse with Mousesystems protocol - USB - experimental USB device change support added - rewrite of the existing USB devices code - new USB devices 'disk' and 'tablet' (ported from the Qemu project) - Bochs internal debugger - fixed broken debugger "rc file" option (execute debugger command from file) - implementation of a gui frontend ("windebug") for win32 started - gdbstub now accepts connection from any host - several documentation updates - a lot of disasm and internal debugger x86_64 support fixes - Configuration interface - fixes and improvements to the save state dialog handling - Display libraries - text mode color handling improved in some guis - win32 fullscreen mode (patch by John Comeau) - System BIOS (Volker) - 32-bit PM BIOS init code for ACPI, PCI, SMP and SMM (initial patches by Fabrice Bellard) - PCI BIOS function "find class code" implemented - SF patches applied [1791000] 15h 8600h is reading the wrong stack frame by Sebastian [1791016] rombios32.c, ram_probe(), BX_INFO missing value by Sebastian [1786429] typo in bochsrc.5 by Sebastian [1785204] Extend acpi_build_table_header to accept a revision number by Sebastian [1766536] Partial Patch for Bug Report 1549873 by Ben Lunt [1763578] ACPI Table Revision 0 -> 1 [1642490] implement alignment check and #AC exception by Stanislav Shwartsman [1695652] [PATCH] .pcap pktlog and vnet PXE boot by Duane Voth [1741153] Add expansion-ROM boot support to the ROMBIOS [1734159] Implemented INT15h, fn 0xC2 (mouse), subfn 3, set resolution [1712970] bios_printf %s fix [1573297] PUSHA/POPA real mode fix by Stanislav Shwartsman [1641816] partial support for non-DMA access to floppy by John Comeau [1624032] shows where write outside of memory occurred by John Comeau [1607793] allow fullscreen when app requests it by John Comeau [1603013] Bugfix for major NOP problem on x64 by mvysin [1600178] Make tap and tuntap compile on OpenBSD by Jonathan Gray [1149659] improve gdbstub network efficiency by Avi Kivity [1554502] Trivial FPU exception handling fix - these S.F. bugs were closed [1316008] Double faults when it shouldn't - gcc 4.0.2 [1787289] broken ABI for redolog class when enable-compressed-hd [1787500] tftp_send_optack not 64bit clean [1264540] Security issue with Bochs website [1767217] Debugger Faults including ud2 [1729822] Various security issues in io device emulation [1675202] mptable hosed (bad entry count in header) [1197141] 'make install' installs to bad location [1157623] x86Solaris10 cannot recoginize ACPI RSD PTR [1768254] large HDD in Bochs/bximage [1496157] Windows Vista Beta2 dosn't boot [1755915] Illegal Hard Disk Signature Output [1717790] info gdt and info idt scrolls away, too long result [1726640] Debugger displays incorrect segment for mov instruction [1719156] Typo in misc_mem.cpp [1715270] Debugger broken in/beyond 2.3 [1689107] v8086 mode priviledge check failed [1704484] A few checks when CPU_LEVEL < 4 [1678395] Problem with zero sector... [876990] SA-RTL OS fails on PIC configuration [1673582] save/restore didn't restore simulation correctly [1586662] EDD int 13h bug, modify eax [666618] POP_A Panic in DOS EMU [1001485] panic: not enough bytes on stack [1667336] delay times an order of magnitude slow [1665601] crash disassembling bootcode [1657065] CVS sources won't compile [1653805] bochs's gdbstub uses incorrect protocol [1640737] ASM sti command frezzes guest OS [1636439] latest CVS sources don't compile under Cygwin [1634357] disasm incorrect (no sign ext) displacement in 64-bit mode [1376453] pcidev segfaults bochs [1180890] IOAPIC in BOCHS - WinXP 64 in MP version [1597528] 2.3 fails to compile on amd64 [1526255] FLD1 broken when compaling with gcc 4.0.x [1597451] eth_fbsd is broken under FreeBSD [1571949] Bochs will not compile under Solaris [1500216] Bochs fails to boot BeOs CD [1458339] bochs-2.2.6 WinXP Binary ACPI error installing FreeBSD 6.0 [1440011] patches needed for FreeBSD 6.0 to compile Bochs [431674] some devices don't have a prefix [458150] QNX demo disk crashes with new pit [818322] Bochs 2.1 cvs: OS/2 - read verify on non disk [906840] KBD: bogus scan codes generated in set 3 [1005053] No keyboard codes translation [1109374] Problem with Scancodeset 2 [1572345] Bochs won't continue [1568153] Bochs looks for (and loads?) unspecified display libraries [1563462] Errors in /iodev/harddrv.h [1562172] TLB_init() fails to initialize priv_check array if USE_TLB 0 [1385303] debugger crashes after panic [1438227] crc.cpp missing in bx_debug version 2.2.6 [1501825] debugger crashes on to high input [1420959] Memory leak + buffer overflow in Bochs debugger [1553289] Error in Dis-assembler [542464] I cannot use FLAT [1548270] Bochs won't die with its pseudo terminal [1545588] roundAndPackFloatx80 does not detect round up correctly ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Changes in 2.3 (August 27, 2006): Brief summary : - limited save/restore support added (config + log options, hardware state) - configuration parameter handling rewritten to a parameter tree - lots of cpu and internal debugger fixes - hard disk geometry autodetection now supported by most of the image types - hard disk emulation now supports ATA-3 (multiple sector transfers) - VBE memory size increased to 8MB and several VGA/VBE fixes - updated LGPL'd VGABIOS to version 0.6a Detailed change log : - CPU and internal debugger fixes - Fixed bug in FSTENV instruction (Stanislav Shwartsman) - Recognize #XF exception (19) when SSE is enabled - Fixed bug in PSRAW/PSRAD MMX and SSE instructions - Save and restore RIP/RSP only for FAULT-type exceptions, not for traps - Correctly decode, disassemble and execute multi-byte NOP '0F F1' opcode - Raise A20 line after system reset (Stanislav Shwartsman) - Implemented SMI and NMI delivery (APIC) and handling in CPU (Stanislav) - Experimental implementation of System Management Mode (Stanislav) - Added emulation of SSE3E instructions (Stanislav Shwarstman) - Save and restore FPU opcode, FIP and FDP in FXSAVE/FRSTOR instructions - Fixed bug in MOVD_EdVd opcode (always generated #UD exception) - Fixed critical issue, Bochs was not supporting > 16 bit LDT.LIMIT values - Many fixes in Bochs internal debugger and disassembler - CPU x86-64 fixes - Fixed SYSRET instruction implementation - Fixed bug in CALL/JMP far through 64-bit callgate in x86-64 mode - Correctly decode, disassemble and execute 'XCHG R8, rAX' instruction - Correctly decode and execute 'BSWAP R8-R15' instructions - Fixed ENTER and LEAVE instructions in x86-64 mode (Stanislav) - Fixed CR4 exception condition (No Name) - Fixed x86 debugger to support x86-64 mode (Stanislav) - APIC and SMP - Support for Dual Core and Intel(R) HyperThreading Technology. Now you could choose amount of cores per processor and amount of HT threads per core from .bochsrc for SMP simulation (Stanislav Shwartsman) - Allow to control SMP quantum value through .bochsrc CPU option parameter. Previous Bochs versions used hardcoded quantum=5 value. - Fixed interrupt priority bug in service_local_apic() - Fixed again reading of APIC IRR/ISR/TMR registers. Finally it becomes fully correct :-) - Configure and compile - Moved configure time --enable-reset-on-triple-fault option to runtime, the 'cpu' option in .bochsrc is extended and the old configure option is deprecated (Stanislav Shwartsman) - Removed --enable-pni configure option, to compile with PNI use --enable-sse=3 instead (Stanislav Shwartsman) - enable SEP (SYSENTER/SYSEXIT) support by default for Penitum II+ processor emulation (i.e. if cpu-level >= 6 and MMX is enabled) - general - Limited save/restore support added. The state of CPU, memory and all devices can be saved now (state of harddisk images not handled yet). - Fixed several memory leaks - configuration interface - Configuration parameter handling rewritten to a parameter tree. This is required for dynamic menus/dialogs, user-defined options and save/restore. - Support for user-defined bochsrc options added - help support at the parameter prompt in textconfig added - I/O devices (Volker) - Floppy - partial sector transfers fixed - Hard drive / cdrom - several fixes to the IDE register behaviour (e.g. in case of a channel with only one drive connected) - fixed data alignment of 'growing' hard drive images (sharing images between Windows and Linux now possible) - disk geometry autodetection now supported by most of the image types (unsupported: external, dll and compressed modes) - multi sector read/write commands implemented - hard disk now reporting ATA-3 supported - ATAPI 'inquiry' now returns a unique device name - Keyboard - reset sent to keyboard has no effect on the 8042 (scancode translation) - PCI - forward PIRQ register changes to the I/O APIC (if present) - attempt to fix and update the emulation part of 'pcidev' (untested) - VGA - VBE memory size increased to 8MB and several VBE fixes - VGA memory read access fixed (bit plane access and read mode) - VGA memory is now a part of the common video memory - System BIOS (Volker) - enable interrupts before executing INT 19h - fixed ATA device detection in case of one drive only connected to controller - improved INT 15h function AX=E820h - real mode PCI BIOS now returns IRQ routing information (function 0Eh) - keyboard LED flags handling fixed and improved - fixed handling of extended keys in INT 09h - Updated LGPL'd VGABIOS to version 0.6a - SF patches applied [1340111] fixes and updates to usb support by Ben Lunt [1539420] minor addition to pci_usb code by Ben Lunt [1455958] call/jmp through call gate in 64-bit mode [1433107] PATCH: fix compile with wxwindows 2.6 (unicode / utf8) by jwrdegoede [1386671] Combined dual core and hyper-threading patch - these S.F. bugs were closed [833927] TTD: System Error TNT.40025: Unexpected processor exception [789230] Sending code that shows lock up when setting idt [909670] Problems with Symantec Ghost [1540241] include missing in osdep.cc [1539373] Incorrect disasm for "mov moffset,bla" in 64bit [1538419] incorrect disassembly of [rip+disp] with rex.b [1535432] shift+cursor key maps to a digit [1504891] Knoopix 5.0.1 error [1424355] bochs-2.2.6 ata failure in windoze 98se [1533979] wrong disassembly of IN instruction [620059] paste won't stop [1164904] status bar doesn't show num/caps/scroll lock status [1061720] ATA Support level for HD [1522196] Broken CHANGES link in main page [1438415] crash if screen scrolled downwards [778441] Shouldn't interrupts be enable after BIOS? [1514949] I got a problem with the 8253 timer [1513544] disasm of 0xec (in AL,DX) returns ilen of 2 instead of 1 [1508947] APIC interrupt priority checking and interrupt delivery [766286] Debugger halts after any GPF exception [639143] va_list is not a pointer on linuxppc [1501815] debugger examines memory over page-boundary wrong [1503978] movsb/w/d doesn't work when direction is stored [1499405] WinPCap has changed URL hosting [1498519] APIC IRR bits not set while interrupts disabled [1498193] Bochs segfaults on LTR instruction [787140] Guest2HostTLB optimization bug [1492070] instrument stop [1487772] No SEP on P4 [1488335] Growing hard disk images severe interoperability errors! [1076312] Shadow RAM and TLB [1282249] The real i440FX chipset Award bios hangs [1479763] mistake "mov ax,[es:di]" for "mov ax,[ds:di]" [1453575] Misconfigured floppy DMA transfers do not terminate. [1460068] Incorrect handling for the Options Menu Item [910203] bochs-2.1.1 wx.lo failed [1438654] PANIC when trying to run install-amd64-minimal-2005.0.iso [1458320] compile hdimage.h fails [1455880] bochs-2.2.6,2: make error on FreeBSD [696890] Network wouldn't run under W2k hosting MSDOS [673391] SMP timer problems [1291059] wxWindows GUI on non-windows/configure issue [1356450] bochs 2.2.1 errors-omittions [1178017] Win98 guest cannot receive network packets from host [1076315] a20_mask after restarting [1436323] real hw does not panic when bad Ib in CMPSS_VssWssIb [1435269] cdrom_amigaos is not compilable [1433314] disasm issues [1170614] relative jumps/calls wrong in debugger [758121] user might get confused when interrupt handler invoked [1170622] You cannot toggle OFF "show" flags [1406387] JMP instruction should display absolute address [1428813] PANIC: ROM address space out of range [1426288] DR-DOSs EMM386 problem [1412036] Bochs cannot recognize PCI NIC correctly [435115] dbg: modebp broken and no docs [1419366] disasm cs:eip does not work anymore [1419393] SSE's #XF exception -> "exception(19): bad vector" [1419429] disassembly of "260f6f00" show DS: instead of ES: prefix [1417583] Interrupt behaviour changed from 2.2.1 to 2.2.5 [1418281] 'push' (6A) incorrectly disassembled [1417791] FLDENV generating exception when real hw does not. [1264583] OS/2 1.1 doesn't run ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Changes in 2.2.6 (January 29, 2006): - First major SMP release ! - several APIC and I/O APIC fixes make SMP Bochs booting Windows NT4.0 or Knoppix 4.0.2 without noapic kernel option in SMP configuration. - critical APIC timer bug fixed - obsolete SMP BIOS images removed (MP tables created dynamicaly) - determine number of processors in SMP configuration through .bochsrc new .bochsrc option 'CPU' allows to choose number of processors to emulate - new configure option --enable-smp to configure Bochs for SMP support, the old --enable-processors=N option is deprecated - CPU and internal debugger fixes - enabled #PCE bit in CR4 register, previosly setting of this bit generated #GP(0) fault - enabled LAHF/SAHF instructions in x86-64 mode - fixed bug in PMULUDQ SSE2 instruction - fixes in Bochs debugger - Configure and compile - enable VME (virtual 8086 mode extensions) by default if cpu-level >= 5 - enable Bochs disassembler by default for all configurations - win32 installer script improvements - ips parameter moved to new 'CPU' option - show IPS value in status bar if BX_SHOW_IPS is enabled - Other - several fixes in the hard drive, keyboard, timer, usb and vga code - new user button shortcut "bksl" (backslash) - updated Bochs instrumentation examples - user and development documentation improved ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Changes in 2.2.5 (December 30, 2005): Brief summary : - added virtual 8086 mode extensions (VME) implementation - several fixes/improvements in x86-64 emulation, debugger and disassembler - new serial mode 'socket' connects a network socket - IDE busmaster DMA feature for harddisks and cdroms completed and enabled - many improvements in Bochs emulated I/O devices (e.g. floppy, cdrom) - Updated LGPL'd VGABIOS to version 0.5d Detailed change log : - CPU - fixed XMM registers restore in FXRSTOR instruction (Andrej Palkovsky) - print registers dump to the log if tripple fault occured - fixed PANIC in LTR instruction (Stanislav) - added virtual 8086 mode extensions (VME) implementation, to enable configure with --enable-vme (Stanislav) - flush caches and TLBs when executing WBINVD and INVD instructions - do not modify segment limit and AR bytes when modifying segment register in real mode (support for unreal mode) - fixed init/reset values for LDTR and TR registers - reimplemented hardware task switching mechanism (Stanislav) - generate #GP(0) when fetching instruction cross segment boundary - CPU (x86-64) (Stanislav Shwartsman) - implemented call_far/ret_far/jmp_far instructions in long mode - fixed IRET operation in long mode - fixed bug prevented setting of NXE/FFXSR bits in MSR.EFER register - implemented RDTSCP instruction - do not check CS.limit when prefetching instructions in long mode - fixed masked write instructions (MASKMOVQ/MASKMOVDQU) in long mode - fetchdecode fixes for x86-64 - APIC - Fixed bug in changing local APIC id (Stanislav) - Fixed reading of IRR/ISR/TMR registers (patch by wmrieker) - Implemented spurious interrupt register (Stanislav, patch by wmrieker) - Fixed interrupt delivery bug (anonymous #SF patch) - Correctly implemented ESR APIC register (Stanislav) - Bochs debugger - Fixed bug in bochs debugger caused breakpoints doesn't fire sometimes (Alexander Krisak) - watchpoints in device memory fixed (Nickolai Zeldovich) - new debug interface to access Bochs CPU general purpose registers with support for x86-64 - Disassembler (Stanislav Shwartsman) - Fixed disassembly for FCOMI/FUCOMI instructions - Full x86-64 support in disassembler. The disassembler module extended to support x86-64 extensions. Still limited by Bochs debugger which is not supporting x86-64 at all ;( - I/O devices (Volker) - general - memory management prepared for large BIOS images (up to 512k) - slowdown timer sleep rate fixed (now using 1 msec on all platforms) - some device specific parameter handlers moved into the device code - serial - new serial mode 'socket' connects a network socket (#SF patch by Andrew Backer) - hard drive / cdrom - assign a unique serial number to each drive (fixes harddrive detection problems with Linux kernels 2.6.x: "ignoring undecoded slave") - geometry autodetection for 'flat' hard disk images added. Works with images created with bximage (heads = 16, sectors per track = 63) - ATAPI command 'read cd' implemented, some other commands improved - cdrom read block function now tries up to 3 times before giving up - emulation of raw cdrom reads added, some other lowlevel cdrom fixes - IDE busmaster DMA feature for harddisks and cdroms completed and enabled - disk image size limit changed from 32 to 127 GB - split ATA/ATAPI emulation code and image handling code - floppy - fixes for OS/2 (patch by Robin Kay) - disk change line behaviour fixed (initial patch by Ben Lunt) - end-of-track (EOT) condition handling implemented - more accurate timing for read/write data and format track commands using a motor speed of 300 RPM - timing of recalibrate and seek commands now depends on the step rate, date rate and the steps to do - floppy controller type changed to 82077AA - cmos - RTC 12-hour and binary mode implemented - number of CMOS registers changed from 64 to 128 - bochsrc option 'cmosimage' improved - save cmos image on exit if enabled - speaker - simple speaker support for OS X added (patch by brianonn@telus.net) - pci - BeOS boot failure fix in the PCI IDE code - don't register i/o and memory regions during PCI probe - vga - memory allocation for vga extensions fixed - usb - some bugfixes by Ben Lunt (mouse and keypad are usable now) - networking modules - VDE networking module now enabled on Linux - display libraries - general - new syntax for the userbutton shortcut string and more keys supported - win32 - fixed keycode generation for right alt/ctrl/shift keys - runtime dialog is now a property sheet - x11 - simple dialog boxes for the "ask" and "user shortcut" feature implemented - Slovenian keymap added (contributed by Mitja Ursic) - configuration interface - ask dialog is now enabled by default for win32, wx and x display libraries - bochsrc option floppy_command_delay is obsolete now (floppy timing now based on hardware specs) - floppy image size detection now available in the whole config interface - some device specific parameter handlers moved into the device code - calculate BIOS ROM start address from image if not specified - System BIOS (Volker) - PCI i/o and memory base address initialization added - several keyboard interrupt handler fixes (e.g. patch by japheth) - several floppy fixes (e.g. OS/2 works with patch by Robin Kay) - some more APM functions added - Updated LGPL'd VGABIOS to version 0.5d - generate SMP specific tables dynamicly by the Bochs memory init code - SF patches applied [1389776] Disk sizes over 64 Gbytes by Andrzej Zaborowski [1359162] disasm support for x86-64 by Stanislav Shwartsman [857235] task priority and other APIC bugs, etc by wmrieker [1359011] build breaks for 386 + debugger + disasm by shirokuma [1352761] Infinite loop when trying to debug a triple exception [1311170] small APIC bug fix (interrupt sent to the wrong CPU) [1309763] Watchpoints don't work in device memory by Nickolai Zeldovich [1294930] change line status on floppy by Ben Lunt [1282033] SSE FXRESTORE not working correctly by Ondrej Palkovsky [816979] wget generalizations by Lyndon Nerenberg [1214886] No more pageWriteStamp / unified icache by H. Johansson [1107945] com->socket redirection support by Andrew Backer - these S.F. bugs were closed [669180] win95 install : unknown SET FEATURES subcommand 0x03 [1346692] bochs 2.2.1 VGA BIOS error [1354963] floppy in KolibriOS [1378204] error: bochs-2.2.1, --enable-sb16, --disable-gameport [1368412] VDE problems in BOCHS [533446] CPU and APIC devices appear twice [1000796] bximage fails to create image of specified size [1170793] Quarterdeck QEMM doesn't work [923704] Multiple opcode prefixes don't reflect Trap 13 [1166392] DocBook/documentation issues [1368239] broken grater than 4GB size of sparse type hd image [1365830] i386 compile breaks on paging [427550] Incomplete IRETD implementation [1215081] MSVC workspace STILL not fixed [736279] Jump to Task [1356488] FD change fail & occur error [957615] [CPU ] prefetch: RIP > CS.limit [1353866] not booting linux-2.6.14 [1351667] load32bitOSImage does not work with --enable-x86-debugger [1217476] Incorrect (?) handling of segment registers in real mode [1184711] OS2 DOS crash [2.2.pre2] [624330] support for disks > 32GiB [1348368] bochs 2.2.1 bximage error [1342081] Configuration Menu option failed [1138616] OS/2 Warp 4 hangs when booting [1049840] mouse and video conflict [1164570] Unable to perform Fedora Core 4 test 1 installation [1183201] Windows 2000 (MSDN build 2150?) does not completely install [1194284] Can't boot from CD-ROM (Windows NT) [962969] Windows NT crashes while trying to intall them. [1054594] WinXP install halts (redo) [1153107] Windows XP fails with BSOD on 'vga' [938518] Win XP installation fails [645420] getHostMemAddr vetoed direct read [1179985] MS XENIX: >>PANIC<< VGABIOS panic at vgabios.c, line 0 [1329600] WBINVD and INVD should flush caches and TLB [638924] eliminate BX_USE_CONFIG_INTERFACE [1048711] Funny behaviour with CTRL [1288450] keyboard BIOS error [1310706] Keyboard - about key SHIFT [1295981] Ubuntu 5.04 Live-CD won't boot in Bochs [879047] APIC timer behavior different before reset and after [1188506] I still can't install the german Windows XP! [1301847] Windows XP dosn't boot - FXRSTOR problem ? [661259] does not boot QNX under WinX [924412] Keyboard lock states all whacked [681127] MIPSpro compiler (IRIX) is allergic to ^M [1285923] BIOS keyboard handler [516639] ATA controller revisited... [657918] does not boot BeOS under WinX [649245] BeOS CD locks halfway on boot [1094385] Attachment for bug 1090339 (beos failure) [1183196] BeOS 4.5 developer CD does not install [1090339] BeOS fails to boot [639484] panics when int 13 is called [711701] divide by zero [704295] ATAPI/BIOS call missing [682856] hard drive problems [627691] Cursor keys problem [588011] keyboard not working [542260] os/2 warp crashes with floppy handling [1273878] SB16 doesn't work in pure DOS [542254] OS/2 FDC driver dies [1099610] Windows 98 SE Does not install [875479] cr3 problem on task switch [731423] NE2000 causing PANIC on Win2K detection [1156155] bochs fails to boot plan9 iso [1251979] --enable-cpu-level=3 should assume --without-fpu [1257538] Interupt 15h 83h - set wait event interval [658396] Panic for DR DOS emm386 [679339] /? doesn't divulge Bochs command-line syntax [1167016] call/jump/return_protected doesn't support x86-64 [1252432] Mac OS X compile bug [881442] Bochs 2.1 PANIC when loading DOS Turbo Pascal protected mode [1249324] Boch2.2.1 Buffer Overfollow in void bx_local_apic_c::init () [1197144] 'make install' has dependency on wget [1079595] LTR:386TSS: loading tr.limit < 103 [1244070] Compilation Error in gui/rfb.cc [761707] CPU error when trying to start Privateer [517281] Crash running Privateer in DOS... ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Changes in 2.2.1 (July 8, 2005): - Fixed several compilation warnings and errors for different platforms (Volker) - Fixed FPU tag word restore in FXRSTOR instruction (Stanislav) - Added missing scancodes for F11 and F12 to BIOS translation table (Volker) - Bochs disassembler bugfixes (h.johansson) - About 5% emulation speed improvement (h.johansson) - Handle writing of zero to APIC timer initial count register (Stanislav) - Enable Idle-Hack for 'TERM' GUI (h.johansson) - Reduced overhead of BX_SHOW_IPS option to minimum. Now every simulation could run with --enable-show-ips without significant performance penalty. (Stanislav) - Fixed pcipnic register access (Volker) - Limited write support for TFTP server in 'vnet' networking module added (Volker) - Changed some timing defaults to more useful values (Volker) - WinXP/2003 style common controls now supported (Vitaly Vorobyov) - Updated LGPL'd VGABIOS to version 0.5c (Volker) - Added new BX_INSTR_HLT callback to instrumentation (Stanislav) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Changes in 2.2 (May 28, 2005): Brief summary : - New floating point emulator based on SoftFloat floating point emulation library. - improved x86-64 emulation - Cirrus SVGA card emulation added - status bar with indicators for keyboard, floppy, cdrom and disk (gui dependant) - many improvements in Bochs emulated I/O devices (e.g. PCI subsystem) Detailed change log : - CPU - fixes for booting OS/2 by Dmitri Froloff - fixed v8086 priveleged instruction processing bug (was also reported by LightCone Aug 7 2003) - exception process bug (was reported by Diego Henriquez Sat Nov 15 01:16:51 CET 2003) - segment validation with IRET instruction - CS segment not present exception processing with IRET - several fixes by Kevin Lawton - add MSVC host asm instructions (patch by suzu) - fixed bug in HADDPD/HSUBP
水下声学数据分类是一项重要的研究领域,而深度学习方法在这个领域中的应用也是备受关注的。深度学习是一种基于人工神经网络的机器学习方法,具有处理大型数据集和自动学习特征表示的优势。 在水下声学数据分类中,有许多不同的深度学习方法被用于处理和分类数据。其中之一是卷积神经网络(CNN)。CNN可以自动识别和提取图像数据中的特征,适用于图像分类和物体检测。在声学数据中,将声波数据转换为图像数据的形式,然后利用CNN进行分类,可以有效地利用CNN的特征提取能力。 另一种常见的深度学习方法是循环神经网络(RNN)。RNN是一种能够处理序列数据的神经网络,适用于时间序列数据的分类和预测。在水下声学数据分类中,声波信号通常是时间序列数据,所以使用RNN可以更好地捕捉到数据中的时序特征。 除了CNN和RNN,还有一些其他的深度学习方法可以应用于水下声学数据分类,如深度信念网络(DBN)、深度玻尔兹曼机(DBM)等。这些方法在处理复杂的声学数据分类问题时表现出的性能优越性。 总结来说,水下声学数据分类方法的深度学习应用非常广泛。CNN、RNN等深度学习方法可以有效地处理数据的特征提取和分类任务,同时还有其他的深度学习方法可以进一步优化水下声学数据的分类效果。随着深度学习技术的不断发展,相信在未来将会有更多更先进的方法应用于水下声学数据的分类研究中。

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