Net Neutrality(网络中立) from 2006-10第九期

<新通信>2006-10第九期
//Net Neutrality(网络中立)
网络的拥有者应该将网络完全开放给各种服务提供商,以促进网络社会的发展
运营商一直以一直以一种"分级"的方法进行网络运营,即对某些流量实行优先发送,并且保证这些流量的服务质量,从而赚取额外的费用,这样的做法已经成为了一个相对成熟而稳定的 产业链.
通信行业带有天然的 垄断性,网络必须足够强大才能带来足够的边际利润.这一点是网络建设和网络中立的博弈.
在宽带市场的高接入费,严重阻碍了新兴企业的发展;一些运营商利用自己的网络,对于一些服务提供商的进入设置障碍,比如很多运营商禁止使用 skype;并且,一些运营商为了赢得市场,在于其他运营商的网络接口上 设置障碍.
随着技术的发展,基于IP的网络应用或许可以让网络中立成为事实,TCP/IP协议能够对于所有在网络上运行的应用平等对待.

支持网络中立最著名的人士是互联网之父Vincent Cerf,他认为网络不中立已经严重阻碍了创新.Vincent Cerf指出" 互联网是分层的,IP协议是开放的.正因为如此,互联网没有中央管理的功能,也正因为如此,互联网成了创新的基地.人们可以在上面进行他们所能设想的任何活动,进行任何开发,发展任何合理的商业模式."
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Here are the detail information provided in PPTs:The option is an exotic partial barrier option written on an FX rate. The current value of underlying FX rate S0 = 1.5 (i.e. 1.5 units of domestic buys 1 unit of foreign). It matures in one year, i.e. T = 1. The option knocks out, if the FX rate:1 is greater than an upper level U in the period between between 1 month’s time and 6 month’s time; or,2 is less than a lower level L in the period between 8th month and 11th month; or,3 lies outside the interval [1.3, 1.8] in the final month up to the end of year.If it has not been knocked out at the end of year, the owner has the option to buy 1 unit of foreign for X units of domestic, say X = 1.4, then, the payoff is max{0, ST − X }.We assume that, FX rate follows a geometric Brownian motion dSt = μSt dt + σSt dWt , (20) where under risk-neutrality μ = r − rf = 0.03 and σ = 0.12.To simulate path, we divide the time period [0, T ] into N small intervals of length ∆t = T /N, and discretize the SDE above by Euler approximation St +∆t − St = μSt ∆t + σSt √∆tZt , Zt ∼ N (0, 1). (21) The algorithm for pricing this barrier option by Monte Carlo simulation is as described as follows:1 Initialize S0;2 Take Si∆t as known, calculate S(i+1)∆t using equation the discretized SDE as above;3 If Si+1 hits any barrier, then set payoff to be 0 and stop iteration, otherwise, set payoff at time T to max{0, ST − X };4 Repeat the above steps for M times and get M payoffs;5 Calculate the average of M payoffs and discount at rate μ;6 Calculate the standard deviation of M payoffs.
06-02

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