第六节 极限存在准则 两个重要极限
两个重要的极限
(1)
lim
x
→
0
sin
(
x
)
x
=
1
\lim\limits_{x \to 0}{\dfrac{\sin(x)}{x}} = 1
x→0limxsin(x)=1
(2) lim x → ∞ ( 1 + 1 x ) x = e \lim\limits_{x \to \infty}{(1+\dfrac{1}{x})^x} = e x→∞lim(1+x1)x=e
准则
1
1
1 如果数列
{
x
n
}
\{x_n\}
{xn},
{
y
n
}
\{y_n\}
{yn} 及
{
z
n
}
\{z_n\}
{zn} 满足下列条件:
(1)从某项起,即
∃
n
0
∈
N
+
\exists n_0 \in \mathbb{N_+}
∃n0∈N+,当
n
>
n
0
n > n_0
n>n0,有
y
n
≤
x
n
≤
z
n
y_n \leq x_n \leq z_n
yn≤xn≤zn;
(2)
lim
n
→
∞
y
n
=
a
,
lim
n
→
∞
z
n
=
a
\lim\limits_{n \to \infty}{y_n} = a,\lim\limits_{n \to \infty}{z_n} = a
n→∞limyn=a,n→∞limzn=a,
那么数列
{
x
n
}
\{x_n\}
{xn} 的极限存在,且
lim
n
→
∞
x
n
=
a
.
\lim\limits_{n \to \infty}{x_n} = a .
n→∞limxn=a.
准则
1
′
1'
1′ 如果
(1)当
x
∈
U
˚
(
x
0
,
r
)
x \in \mathring{U}(x_0, r)
x∈U˚(x0,r) (或
∣
x
∣
>
M
|x| > M
∣x∣>M)时,
g
(
x
)
≤
f
(
x
)
≤
h
(
x
)
g(x) \leq f(x) \leq h(x)
g(x)≤f(x)≤h(x);
(2)
lim
x
→
x
0
(
x
→
∞
)
g
(
x
)
=
A
,
lim
x
→
x
0
(
x
→
∞
)
h
(
x
)
=
A
\lim\limits_{x \to x_0 \atop (x \to \infty)}{g(x)} = A,\lim\limits_{x \to x_0 \atop (x \to \infty)}{h(x)} = A
(x→∞)x→x0limg(x)=A,(x→∞)x→x0limh(x)=A,
那么
lim
x
→
x
0
(
x
→
∞
)
f
(
x
)
\lim\limits_{x \to x_0 \atop (x \to \infty)}{f(x)}
(x→∞)x→x0limf(x) 存在,且等于
A
A
A.
准则 2 单调有界数列必有极限.
如果数列
{
x
n
}
\{x_n\}
{xn} 满足条件
x
1
≤
x
2
≤
x
3
≤
⋯
≤
x
n
≤
x
n
+
1
≤
⋯
x_1 \leq x_2 \leq x_3 \leq \cdots \leq x_n \leq x_{n+1} \leq \cdots
x1≤x2≤x3≤⋯≤xn≤xn+1≤⋯,就称数列
{
x
n
}
\{x_n\}
{xn} 是单调增加的;
如果数列
{
x
n
}
\{x_n\}
{xn} 满足条件
x
1
≥
x
2
≥
x
3
≥
⋯
≥
x
n
≥
x
n
+
1
≥
⋯
x_1 \geq x_2 \geq x_3 \geq \cdots \geq x_n \geq x_{n+1} \geq \cdots
x1≥x2≥x3≥⋯≥xn≥xn+1≥⋯,就称数列
{
x
n
}
\{x_n\}
{xn} 是单调减少的.
如果数列不仅有界,并且是单调的,那么这数列的极限必定存在,也就是这数列一定收敛.
准则 2’ 设函数 f ( x ) f(x) f(x) 在点 x 0 x_0 x0 的某个左邻域内单调并且有界,则 f ( x ) f(x) f(x) 在 x 0 x_0 x0 的左极限 f ( x 0 − ) f(x_0^-) f(x0−) 必定存在.
柯西极限存在准则 数列
{
x
n
}
\{x_n\}
{xn} 收敛点充分必要条件是:对于任意给定的正数
ε
\varepsilon
ε,存在正整数
N
N
N,使得当
m
>
N
,
n
>
N
m > N,n > N
m>N,n>N 时,有
∣
x
n
−
x
m
∣
<
ε
.
|x_n -x_m| < \varepsilon .
∣xn−xm∣<ε.