introduction to determinants
d
e
t
A
=
∑
j
=
1
n
(
−
1
)
i
+
j
a
1
j
A
n
j
det A=\sum^n_{j=1}(-1)^{i+j}a_{1j}A_{nj}
detA=∑j=1n(−1)i+ja1jAnj
d
e
t
A
=
∑
i
=
1
n
(
−
1
)
i
+
j
a
i
1
A
i
n
det A=\sum^n_{i=1}(-1)^{i+j}a_{i1}A_{in}
detA=∑i=1n(−1)i+jai1Ain
if
A
A
A is a triangular matrix the determinants is products of the entries on the main diagonal of
A
A
A
Properties of determinants
Row Operations:
Let
A
A
A be a square matrix.
a.If a multiple of one row of
A
A
A is added to another row to produce a matrix
B
B
B, then
d
e
t
B
=
d
e
t
A
det B=detA
detB=detA.
b.If two rows of
A
A
A are interchanged to produce
B
B
B, then
d
e
t
B
=
−
d
e
t
A
detB=-detA
detB=−detA.
c.If one row of
A
A
A is multipled by
k
k
k to produce
B
B
B, then
d
e
t
B
=
k
∗
d
e
t
A
detB=k*detA
detB=k∗detA.
Theorem:
If
A
A
A is an
n
×
n
n\times n
n×n matrix, then
d
e
t
A
T
=
d
e
t
A
detA^T=detA
detAT=detA
If
A
A
A and
B
B
B are
n
×
n
n \times n
n×n matrix, then
d
e
t
(
A
B
)
=
d
e
t
A
×
d
e
t
B
det(AB)=detA \times detB
det(AB)=detA×detB
Linearity Properties of the determinant Function
A
(
x
)
=
[
a
1
⋯
a
i
−
1
x
a
i
+
1
⋯
a
n
]
A(x)=[a_1 \cdots a_{i-1} \quad x \quad a_{i+1} \cdots a_{n}]
A(x)=[a1⋯ai−1xai+1⋯an]
T
(
x
)
=
d
e
t
[
a
1
⋯
a
i
−
1
x
a
i
+
1
⋯
a
n
]
T(x)=det[a_1 \cdots a_{i-1} \quad x \quad a_{i+1} \cdots a_{n}]
T(x)=det[a1⋯ai−1xai+1⋯an]
T
(
c
x
)
=
c
T
(
x
)
T(cx)=cT(x)
T(cx)=cT(x)
T
(
a
+
b
)
=
T
(
a
)
+
T
(
b
)
T(a+b)=T(a)+T(b)
T(a+b)=T(a)+T(b)
Cramer’s Rule:
Let A be an ivertible
n
×
n
n\times n
n×n matrix. For any
b
b
b in
R
n
\mathbb R^n
Rn, the unique solution of
A
x
=
b
Ax=b
Ax=b is:
x
=
d
e
t
A
i
(
b
)
d
e
t
A
x=\frac{detA_i(b)}{detA}
x=detAdetAi(b)
Thus, from
A
A
−
1
=
E
AA^{-1}=E
AA−1=E we could get
A
−
1
=
[
d
e
t
A
1
(
e
1
)
d
e
t
A
⋯
d
e
t
A
1
e
n
d
e
t
A
⋮
⋮
⋮
d
e
t
A
n
e
1
d
e
t
A
⋯
d
e
t
A
n
e
n
d
e
t
A
]
A^{-1}=\begin{bmatrix}\frac{detA_1(e_1)}{detA} & \cdots & \frac{detA_1{e_n}}{detA}\\ \vdots &\vdots & \vdots \\ \frac{detA_n{e_1}}{detA}&\cdots& \frac{detA_n{e_n}}{detA} \end{bmatrix}
A−1=⎣⎢⎡detAdetA1(e1)⋮detAdetAne1⋯⋮⋯detAdetA1en⋮detAdetAnen⎦⎥⎤
A
−
1
=
1
d
e
t
A
a
d
j
A
A^{-1}=\frac{1}{detA}adjA
A−1=detA1adjA
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