本方法只有一个公式,和算子法比减少记忆负担,和待定系数法相比减少计算量。
二阶常系数非齐次线性微分方程:
y
′
′
+
p
y
′
+
q
y
=
f
(
x
)
(
1
)
y^{\prime \prime}+p y^{\prime}+q y=f(x)(1)
y′′+py′+qy=f(x)(1)
其对应的齐次微分方程为:
y
′
′
+
p
y
′
+
q
y
=
0
(
2
)
y^{\prime \prime}+p y^{\prime}+q y=0(2)
y′′+py′+qy=0(2)
设
y
1
(
x
)
,
y
2
(
x
)
y_1(x), y_2(x)
y1(x),y2(x)是方程(2)有两个线性无关的特解,则方程(1)有特解:
y
∗
=
y
1
∫
f
(
x
)
y
2
(
y
1
y
2
)
′
d
x
+
y
2
∫
f
(
x
)
y
1
(
y
2
y
1
)
′
d
x
y^*=y_1 \int \frac{f(x)}{y_2\left(\frac{y_1}{y_2}\right)^{\prime}} \mathrm{d} x+y_2 \int \frac{f(x)}{y_1\left(\frac{y_2}{y_1}\right)^{\prime}} \mathrm{d} x
y∗=y1∫y2(y2y1)′f(x)dx+y2∫y1(y1y2)′f(x)dx
与一阶线性微分方程求解公式类似,这里不定积分不用+C
例题1, y ′ ′ + 2 y ′ + y = ( 3 x + 2 ) e − x y^{\prime \prime}+2 y^{\prime}+y=(3 x+2) e^{-x} y′′+2y′+y=(3x+2)e−x
首先解出两个齐次特解:
r
2
+
2
r
+
1
=
0
⇒
r
1
,
2
=
−
1
⇒
y
1
=
x
e
−
x
,
y
2
=
e
−
x
r^2+2 r+1=0 \Rightarrow r_{1,2}=-1 \Rightarrow y_1=x e^{-x}, y_2=e^{-x}
r2+2r+1=0⇒r1,2=−1⇒y1=xe−x,y2=e−x
再代公式解出非齐次特解:
y
∗
=
x
e
−
x
∫
(
3
x
+
2
)
e
−
x
e
−
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x
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′
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e
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∫
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e
−
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e
−
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1
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′
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=
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∫
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+
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d
x
−
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∫
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d
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=
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+
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−
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x
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=
1
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x
\begin{aligned} & y^*=x e^{-x} \int \frac{(3 x+2) e^{-x}}{e^{-x}(x)^{\prime}} \mathrm{d} x+e^{-x} \int \frac{(3 x+2) e^{-x}}{x e^{-x}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)^{\prime}} \mathrm{d} x \\ & =x e^{-x} \int(3 x+2) \mathrm{d} x-e^{-x} \int\left(3 x^2+2 x\right) \mathrm{d} x \\ & =x e^{-x}\left(\frac{3}{2} x^2+2 x\right)-e^{-x}\left(x^3+x^2\right) \\ & =\frac{1}{2} x^3 e^{-x}+x^2 e^{-x} \end{aligned}
y∗=xe−x∫e−x(x)′(3x+2)e−xdx+e−x∫xe−x(x1)′(3x+2)e−xdx=xe−x∫(3x+2)dx−e−x∫(3x2+2x)dx=xe−x(23x2+2x)−e−x(x3+x2)=21x3e−x+x2e−x
例题2,[2007数1,2]求 y ′ ′ − 4 y ′ + 3 y = 2 e 2 x y^{\prime \prime}-4 y^{\prime}+3 y=2 \mathrm{e}^{2 x} y′′−4y′+3y=2e2x的通解
首先解出两个齐次特解:
r
2
−
4
r
+
3
=
0
⟹
r
1
=
1
,
r
2
=
3
⟹
y
1
=
e
x
,
y
2
=
e
3
x
r^2-4r+3=0\Longrightarrow r_1=1,r_2=3\Longrightarrow y_1=\mathrm{e}^x,y_2=\mathrm{e}^{3x}
r2−4r+3=0⟹r1=1,r2=3⟹y1=ex,y2=e3x
再代公式解出非齐次特解:
y
∗
=
e
x
∫
2
e
2
x
e
3
x
(
e
x
e
3
x
)
′
d
x
+
e
3
x
∫
2
e
2
x
e
x
(
e
3
x
e
x
)
′
d
x
=
e
x
∫
2
e
2
x
−
2
e
−
2
x
⋅
e
3
x
d
x
+
e
3
x
∫
2
e
2
x
2
e
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⋅
e
2
x
d
x
=
−
e
x
∫
e
x
d
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+
e
3
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∫
e
−
x
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=
−
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2
x
\begin{aligned} y^* & =\mathrm{e}^x \int \frac{2 \mathrm{e}^{2 x}}{\mathrm{e}^{3 x}\left(\frac{\mathrm{e}^x}{\mathrm{e}^{3 x}}\right)^{\prime}} \mathrm{d} x+\mathrm{e}^{3 x} \int \frac{2 \mathrm{e}^{2 x}}{\mathrm{e}^x\left(\frac{\mathrm{e}^{3 x}}{\mathrm{e}^x}\right)^{\prime}} \mathrm{d} x \\ & =\mathrm{e}^x \int \frac{2 \mathrm{e}^{2 x}}{-2 \mathrm{e}^{-2 x} \cdot \mathrm{e}^{3 x}} \mathrm{~d} x+\mathrm{e}^{3 x} \int \frac{2 \mathrm{e}^{2 x}}{2 \mathrm{e}^x \cdot \mathrm{e}^{2 x}} \mathrm{~d} x \\ & =-\mathrm{e}^x \int \mathrm{e}^x \mathrm{~d} x+\mathrm{e}^{3 x} \int \mathrm{e}^{-x} \mathrm{~d} x \\ & =-2 \mathrm{e}^{2 x} \end{aligned}
y∗=ex∫e3x(e3xex)′2e2xdx+e3x∫ex(exe3x)′2e2xdx=ex∫−2e−2x⋅e3x2e2x dx+e3x∫2ex⋅e2x2e2x dx=−ex∫ex dx+e3x∫e−x dx=−2e2x
因此该方程的通解为:
y
=
c
1
e
3
x
+
c
2
e
x
−
2
e
2
x
y=c_1 \mathrm{e}^{3 x}+c_2 \mathrm{e}^x-2 \mathrm{e}^{2 x}
y=c1e3x+c2ex−2e2x
例题3,[2010数1]求 y ′ ′ − 3 y ′ + 2 y = 2 x e x y^{\prime \prime}-3 y^{\prime}+2 y=2 x \mathrm{e}^x y′′−3y′+2y=2xex的通解
首先解出两个齐次特解:
r
2
−
3
r
+
2
=
0
⟹
r
1
=
1
,
r
2
=
2
⟹
y
1
=
e
x
,
y
2
=
e
2
x
r^2-3r+2=0\Longrightarrow r_1=1,r_2=2\Longrightarrow y_1=\mathrm{e}^x,y_2=\mathrm{e}^{2x}
r2−3r+2=0⟹r1=1,r2=2⟹y1=ex,y2=e2x
再代公式解出非齐次特解:
y
∗
=
e
x
∫
2
x
e
x
e
2
x
(
e
x
e
2
x
)
′
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+
e
2
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∫
2
x
e
x
e
x
(
e
2
x
e
x
)
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=
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∫
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e
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−
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∫
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e
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e
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=
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∫
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=
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e
−
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)
=
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\begin{aligned} y^* & =\mathrm{e}^x \int \frac{2 x \mathrm{e}^x}{\mathrm{e}^{2 x}\left(\frac{\mathrm{e}^x}{\mathrm{e}^{2 x}}\right)^{\prime}} \mathrm{d} x+\mathrm{e}^{2 x} \int \frac{2 x \mathrm{e}^x}{\mathrm{e}^x\left(\frac{\mathrm{e}^{2 x}}{\mathrm{e}^x}\right)^{\prime}} \mathrm{d} x \\ & =\mathrm{e}^x \int \frac{2 x \mathrm{e}^x}{-\mathrm{e}^x} \mathrm{~d} x+\mathrm{e}^{2 x} \int \frac{2 x \mathrm{e}^x}{\mathrm{e}^{2 x}} \mathrm{~d} x \\ & =-\mathrm{e}^x \int 2 x \mathrm{~d} x+2 \mathrm{e}^{2 x} \int x \mathrm{e}^{-x} \mathrm{~d} x \\ & =-x^2 \mathrm{e}^x-2 \mathrm{e}^{2 x}\left(x \mathrm{e}^{-x}+\mathrm{e}^{-x}\right) \\ & =-x(x+2) \mathrm{e}^x+2 \mathrm{e}^x \end{aligned}
y∗=ex∫e2x(e2xex)′2xexdx+e2x∫ex(exe2x)′2xexdx=ex∫−ex2xex dx+e2x∫e2x2xex dx=−ex∫2x dx+2e2x∫xe−x dx=−x2ex−2e2x(xe−x+e−x)=−x(x+2)ex+2ex
因此该方程的通解为:
y
=
c
1
e
x
+
c
2
e
2
x
−
x
(
x
+
2
)
e
x
y=c_1 \mathrm{e}^x+c_2 \mathrm{e}^{2 x}-x(x+2) \mathrm{e}^x
y=c1ex+c2e2x−x(x+2)ex
例题4,[同济第七版高数例题]求 y ′ ′ + y = x cos 2 x y^{\prime \prime}+y=x \cos 2 x y′′+y=xcos2x的特解
首先解出两个齐次特解:
r
2
+
1
=
0
⟹
r
1
,
2
=
±
i
⟹
y
1
=
cos
x
,
y
2
=
sin
x
r^2+1=0\Longrightarrow r_{1,2}=\pm i\Longrightarrow y_1=\cos x,y_2=\sin x
r2+1=0⟹r1,2=±i⟹y1=cosx,y2=sinx
再代公式解出非齐次特解:
y
∗
=
cos
x
∫
x
cos
2
x
sin
x
⋅
(
cos
x
sin
x
)
′
d
x
+
sin
x
∫
x
cos
2
x
cos
x
⋅
(
sin
x
cos
x
)
′
d
x
=
−
cos
x
∫
x
sin
x
cos
2
x
d
x
+
sin
x
∫
x
cos
x
cos
2
x
d
x
=
−
1
2
cos
x
∫
x
(
sin
3
x
−
sin
x
)
d
x
+
1
2
sin
x
∫
x
(
cos
3
x
+
cos
x
)
d
x
=
−
1
2
cos
x
⋅
(
−
1
3
x
cos
3
x
+
1
9
sin
3
x
+
x
cos
x
−
sin
x
)
+
1
2
sin
x
⋅
(
1
3
x
sin
3
x
+
1
9
cos
3
x
+
x
sin
x
+
cos
x
)
=
1
6
x
cos
x
cos
3
x
−
1
18
cos
x
sin
3
x
−
1
2
x
cos
2
x
+
1
2
sin
x
cos
x
+
1
6
x
sin
x
sin
3
x
+
1
18
sin
x
cos
3
x
+
1
2
x
sin
2
x
+
1
2
sin
x
cos
x
=
1
6
x
cos
2
x
−
1
18
sin
2
x
−
1
2
x
cos
2
x
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1
2
sin
2
x
=
−
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3
x
cos
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+
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9
sin
2
x
\begin{aligned} y^* & =\cos x \int \frac{x \cos 2 x}{\sin x \cdot\left(\frac{\cos x}{\sin x}\right)^{\prime}} \mathrm{d} x+\sin x \int \frac{x \cos 2 x}{\cos x \cdot\left(\frac{\sin x}{\cos x}\right)^{\prime}} \mathrm{d} x \\ & =-\cos x \int x \sin x \cos 2 x \mathrm{~d} x+\sin x \int x \cos x \cos 2 x \mathrm{~d} x \\ & =-\frac{1}{2} \cos x \int x(\sin 3 x-\sin x) \mathrm{d} x+\frac{1}{2} \sin x \int x(\cos 3 x+\cos x) \mathrm{d} x \\ & =-\frac{1}{2} \cos x \cdot\left(-\frac{1}{3} x \cos 3 x+\frac{1}{9} \sin 3 x+x \cos x-\sin x\right)+\frac{1}{2} \sin x \cdot\left(\frac{1}{3} x \sin 3 x+\frac{1}{9} \cos 3 x+x \sin x+\cos x\right) \\ & =\frac{1}{6} x \cos x \cos 3 x-\frac{1}{18} \cos x \sin 3 x-\frac{1}{2} x \cos ^2 x+\frac{1}{2} \sin x \cos x+\frac{1}{6} x \sin x \sin 3 x+\frac{1}{18} \sin x \cos 3 x+\frac{1}{2} x \sin ^2 x+\frac{1}{2} \sin x \cos x \\ & =\frac{1}{6} x \cos 2 x-\frac{1}{18} \sin 2 x-\frac{1}{2} x \cos 2 x+\frac{1}{2} \sin 2 x \\ & =-\frac{1}{3} x \cos 2 x+\frac{4}{9} \sin 2 x \end{aligned}
y∗=cosx∫sinx⋅(sinxcosx)′xcos2xdx+sinx∫cosx⋅(cosxsinx)′xcos2xdx=−cosx∫xsinxcos2x dx+sinx∫xcosxcos2x dx=−21cosx∫x(sin3x−sinx)dx+21sinx∫x(cos3x+cosx)dx=−21cosx⋅(−31xcos3x+91sin3x+xcosx−sinx)+21sinx⋅(31xsin3x+91cos3x+xsinx+cosx)=61xcosxcos3x−181cosxsin3x−21xcos2x+21sinxcosx+61xsinxsin3x+181sinxcos3x+21xsin2x+21sinxcosx=61xcos2x−181sin2x−21xcos2x+21sin2x=−31xcos2x+94sin2x
看起来计算量很大,不过很多同类项可以快速合并,所以实际上仍然要比待定系数法计算量小,我们可以对比一下待定系数法的计算量。注意到
2
i
2 i
2i不是特征方程的根,所以可设特解为:
y
∗
=
(
a
x
+
b
)
cos
2
x
+
(
c
x
+
d
)
sin
2
x
y^*=(a x+b) \cos 2 x+(c x+d) \sin 2 x
y∗=(ax+b)cos2x+(cx+d)sin2x
代入方程得:
(
−
3
a
x
−
3
b
+
4
c
)
cos
2
x
−
(
3
c
x
+
3
d
+
4
a
)
sin
2
x
=
x
cos
2
x
.
(-3 a x-3 b+4 c) \cos 2 x-(3 c x+3 d+4 a) \sin 2 x=x \cos 2 x \text {. }
(−3ax−3b+4c)cos2x−(3cx+3d+4a)sin2x=xcos2x.
比较系数得:
{
−
3
a
=
1
−
3
b
+
4
c
=
0
−
3
c
=
0
−
3
d
−
4
a
=
0
\left\{\begin{array}{l} -3 a=1 \\ -3 b+4 c=0 \\ -3 c=0 \\ -3 d-4 a=0 \end{array}\right.
⎩
⎨
⎧−3a=1−3b+4c=0−3c=0−3d−4a=0
由此解得:
a
=
−
1
3
,
b
=
0
,
c
=
0
,
d
=
4
9
.
a=-\frac{1}{3}, b=0, c=0, d=\frac{4}{9} \text {. }
a=−31,b=0,c=0,d=94.
于是特解为:
y
∗
=
−
1
3
x
cos
2
x
+
4
9
sin
2
x
.
y^*=-\frac{1}{3} x \cos 2 x+\frac{4}{9} \sin 2 x \text {. }
y∗=−31xcos2x+94sin2x.
其中代入方程这里要求一个二阶导,计算量非常大
例题5,[同济第七版高数例题]求 y ′ ′ − y = e x cos 2 x y^{\prime \prime}-y=\mathrm{e}^x \cos 2 x y′′−y=excos2x的特解
首先解出两个齐次特解:
r
2
−
1
=
0
⟹
r
1
,
2
=
±
1
⟹
y
1
=
e
x
,
y
2
=
e
−
x
r^2-1=0\Longrightarrow r_{1,2}=\pm 1\Longrightarrow y_1=\mathrm{e}^x,y_2=\mathrm{e}^{-x} \\
r2−1=0⟹r1,2=±1⟹y1=ex,y2=e−x
再代公式解出非齐次特解:
y
∗
=
e
x
∫
e
x
cos
2
x
e
−
x
⋅
(
e
x
e
−
x
)
′
d
x
+
e
−
x
∫
e
x
cos
2
x
e
x
⋅
(
e
−
x
e
x
)
′
d
x
=
e
x
∫
e
x
cos
2
x
e
−
x
⋅
2
e
2
x
d
x
+
e
−
x
∫
e
x
cos
2
x
−
2
e
x
e
−
2
x
d
x
=
1
2
e
x
∫
cos
2
x
d
x
−
1
2
e
−
x
∫
e
2
x
cos
2
x
d
x
=
1
4
e
x
sin
2
x
−
1
4
e
−
x
∫
e
2
x
d
(
sin
2
x
)
=
1
2
e
−
x
∫
sin
2
x
⋅
e
2
x
d
x
=
1
8
e
x
(
sin
2
x
−
cos
2
x
)
\begin{aligned} y^* & =\mathrm{e}^x \int \frac{\mathrm{e}^x \cos 2 x}{\mathrm{e}^{-x} \cdot\left(\frac{\mathrm{e}^x}{\mathrm{e}^{-x}}\right)^{\prime}} \mathrm{d} x+\mathrm{e}^{-x} \int \frac{\mathrm{e}^x \cos 2 x}{\mathrm{e}^x \cdot\left(\frac{\mathrm{e}^{-x}}{\mathrm{e}^x}\right)^{\prime}} \mathrm{d} x \\ & =\mathrm{e}^x \int \frac{\mathrm{e}^x \cos 2 x}{\mathrm{e}^{-x} \cdot 2 \mathrm{e}^{2 x}} \mathrm{~d} x+\mathrm{e}^{-x} \int \frac{\mathrm{e}^x \cos 2 x}{-2 \mathrm{e}^x \mathrm{e}^{-2 x}} \mathrm{~d} x \\ & =\frac{1}{2} \mathrm{e}^x \int \cos 2 x \mathrm{~d} x-\frac{1}{2} \mathrm{e}^{-x} \int \mathrm{e}^{2 x} \cos 2 x \mathrm{~d} x \\ & =\frac{1}{4} \mathrm{e}^x \sin 2 x-\frac{1}{4} \mathrm{e}^{-x} \int \mathrm{e}^{2 x} \mathrm{~d}(\sin 2 x) \\ & =\frac{1}{2} \mathrm{e}^{-x} \int \sin 2 x \cdot \mathrm{e}^{2 x} \mathrm{~d} x \\ & =\frac{1}{8} \mathrm{e}^x(\sin 2 x-\cos 2 x) \end{aligned}
y∗=ex∫e−x⋅(e−xex)′excos2xdx+e−x∫ex⋅(exe−x)′excos2xdx=ex∫e−x⋅2e2xexcos2x dx+e−x∫−2exe−2xexcos2x dx=21ex∫cos2x dx−21e−x∫e2xcos2x dx=41exsin2x−41e−x∫e2x d(sin2x)=21e−x∫sin2x⋅e2x dx=81ex(sin2x−cos2x)
其中最后一个等号可以套公式,具体公式及其推导如下:
I
1
=
∫
e
a
x
sin
b
x
d
x
,
I
2
=
∫
e
a
x
cos
b
x
d
x
I
1
=
−
1
b
∫
e
a
x
d
cos
b
x
=
−
1
b
(
e
a
x
cos
b
x
−
a
∫
e
a
x
cos
b
x
d
x
)
=
a
b
I
2
−
1
b
e
a
x
cos
b
x
I
2
=
1
b
∫
e
a
x
d
sin
b
x
=
1
b
(
e
a
x
sin
b
x
−
a
∫
e
a
x
sin
b
x
d
x
)
=
1
b
e
a
x
sin
b
x
−
a
b
I
1
{
b
I
1
−
a
I
2
=
−
e
a
x
cos
b
x
a
I
2
+
b
I
1
=
e
a
x
sin
b
x
⟹
{
I
1
=
e
a
x
a
2
+
b
2
(
a
sin
b
x
−
b
cos
b
x
)
+
C
I
2
=
e
a
x
a
2
+
b
2
(
b
sin
b
x
+
a
cos
b
x
)
+
C
\begin{aligned} & I_1=\int \mathrm{e}^{a x}\sin b x \mathrm{~d} x, I_2=\int \mathrm{e}^{a x}\cos b x \mathrm{~d} x \\ & I_1=-\frac{1}{b} \int \mathrm{e}^{a x} \mathrm{~d} \cos b x=-\frac{1}{b}\left(\mathrm{e}^{a x} \cos b x-a \int \mathrm{e}^{a x} \cos b x \mathrm{~d} x\right)=\frac{a}{b} I_2-\frac{1}{b} \mathrm{e}^{a x} \cos b x \\ & I_2=\frac{1}{b} \int \mathrm{e}^{a x} \mathrm{~d} \sin b x=\frac{1}{b}\left(\mathrm{e}^{a x} \sin b x-a \int \mathrm{e}^{a x} \sin b x \mathrm{~d} x\right)=\frac{1}{b} \mathrm{e}^{a x} \sin b x-\frac{a}{b} I_1 \\ & \left\{\begin{array} { l } { b I _ { 1 } - a I _ { 2 } = - \mathrm { e } ^ { a x } \operatorname { cos } b x } \\ { a I _ { 2 } + b I _ { 1 } = \mathrm { e } ^ { a x } \operatorname { sin } b x } \end{array} \Longrightarrow \left\{\begin{array}{l} I_1=\frac{\mathrm{e}^{a x}}{a^2+b^2}(a \sin b x-b \cos b x)+C \\ I_2=\frac{\mathrm{e}^{a x}}{a^2+b^2}(b \sin b x+a \cos b x)+C \end{array}\right.\right. \end{aligned}
I1=∫eaxsinbx dx,I2=∫eaxcosbx dxI1=−b1∫eax dcosbx=−b1(eaxcosbx−a∫eaxcosbx dx)=baI2−b1eaxcosbxI2=b1∫eax dsinbx=b1(eaxsinbx−a∫eaxsinbx dx)=b1eaxsinbx−baI1{bI1−aI2=−eaxcosbxaI2+bI1=eaxsinbx⟹{I1=a2+b2eax(asinbx−bcosbx)+CI2=a2+b2eax(bsinbx+acosbx)+C
看起来计算量很大,但实际上仍然要比待定系数法计算量小,我们可以对比一下待定系数法的计算量。注意到
1
+
2
i
1+2 i
1+2i不是特征方程的根,所以可设特解为:
y
∗
=
e
x
(
a
cos
2
x
+
b
sin
2
x
)
y^*=\mathrm{e}^x(a \cos 2 x+b \sin 2 x)
y∗=ex(acos2x+bsin2x)
求一阶导和二阶导:
y
∗
′
=
e
x
[
(
a
+
2
b
)
cos
2
x
+
(
−
2
a
+
b
)
sin
2
x
]
,
y
∗
′
′
=
e
x
[
(
−
3
a
+
4
b
)
cos
2
x
+
(
−
4
a
−
3
b
)
sin
2
x
]
.
\begin{aligned} & y^{* \prime}=\mathrm{e}^x[(a+2 b) \cos 2 x+(-2 a+b) \sin 2 x], \\ & y^{* \prime \prime}=\mathrm{e}^x[(-3 a+4 b) \cos 2 x+(-4 a-3 b) \sin 2 x] . \end{aligned}
y∗′=ex[(a+2b)cos2x+(−2a+b)sin2x],y∗′′=ex[(−3a+4b)cos2x+(−4a−3b)sin2x].
代入方程得:
4
e
x
[
(
−
a
+
b
)
cos
2
x
−
(
a
+
b
)
sin
2
x
]
=
e
x
cos
2
x
,
4 \mathrm{e}^x[(-a+b) \cos 2 x-(a+b) \sin 2 x]=\mathrm{e}^x \cos 2 x,
4ex[(−a+b)cos2x−(a+b)sin2x]=excos2x,
比较系数得:
{
−
a
+
b
=
1
4
,
a
+
b
=
0
,
⟹
{
a
=
−
1
8
,
b
=
1
8
.
\left\{\begin{array} { l } { - a + b = \frac { 1 } { 4 } , } \\ { a + b = 0 , } \end{array} \quad \Longrightarrow \left\{\begin{array}{l} a=-\frac{1}{8}, \\ b=\frac{1}{8} . \end{array}\right.\right.
{−a+b=41,a+b=0,⟹{a=−81,b=81.
于是特解为:
y
∗
=
1
8
e
x
(
sin
2
x
−
cos
2
x
)
y^*=\frac{1}{8} \mathrm{e}^x(\sin 2 x-\cos 2 x)
y∗=81ex(sin2x−cos2x)
其中代入方程这里的计算量非常大
参考文献:
[1]数学群管理员魏念辉给出此公式(与文献3本质上相同,但形式上更简单)
[2]魏佬给出了云哥的证明过程(与文献3基本一致)
[3]朱德刚. (2010). 二阶常系数非齐次线性微分方程的特解公式. 高等数学研究, 13(3), 2.