本文灵感来源于大一时的新生研讨课——仰教授的《信息与数学浅谈》
One way
道生一
令 j = n − i j=n-i j=n−i，则
∑ i = 1 n i = ∑ j = 1 n ( n + 1 − j ) = ∑ j = 1 n ( n + 1 ) − ∑ j = 1 n j = n ( n + 1 ) − ∑ i = 1 n i 2 ∑ i = 1 n i = n ( n + 1 ) ∑ i = 1 n i = n ( n + 1 ) 2 \begin{aligned}\sum_{i=1}^ni=\sum_{j=1}^n(n+1-j)&=\sum_{j=1}^n(n+1)-\sum_{j=1}^nj=n(n+1)-\sum_{i=1}^ni\\ 2\sum_{i=1}^ni&=n(n+1)\\ \sum_{i=1}^ni&=\frac{n(n+1)}{2} \end{aligned} i=1∑ni=j=1∑n(n+1−j)2i=1∑nii=1∑ni=j=1∑n(n+1)−j=1∑nj=n(n+1)−i=1∑ni=n(n+1)=2n(n+1)这种做法想必大家都已经在高中学过了，下面来看另一种巧妙的做法
( n + 1 ) 2 − n 2 = 2 n + 1 n 2 − ( n − 1 ) 2 = 2 ( n − 1 ) + 1 ⋮ = ⋮ 3 2 − 2 2 = 2 ∗ 2 + 1 2 2 − 1 2 = 2 ∗ 1 + 1 \begin{aligned} (n+1)^2-n^2&=2n+1\\ n^2-(n-1)^2&=2(n-1)+1\\ \vdots\quad&=\quad\vdots\\ 3^2-2^2&=2*2+1\\ 2^2-1^2&=2*1+1 \end{aligned} (n+1)2−n2n2−(n−1)2⋮32−2222−12=2n+1=2(n−1)+1=⋮=2∗2+1=2∗1+1共 n n n 个等式，两边分别求和，
( n + 1 ) 2 − 1 = 2 ∑ i = 1 n i + n n 2 + 2 n = 2 ∑ i = 1 n i + n ∑ i = 1 n i = n 2 + n 2 \begin{aligned} (n+1)^2-1&=2\sum_{i=1}^ni+n\\ n^2+2n&=2\sum_{i=1}^ni+n\\ \sum_{i=1}^ni&=\frac{n^2+n}{2} \end{aligned} (n+1)2−1n2+2ni=1∑ni=2i=1∑ni+n=2i=1∑ni+n=2n2+n
一生二
下面利用相同的方法，求自然数的平方和
( n + 1 ) 3 − n 3 = 3 n 2 + 3 n + 1 n 3 − ( n − 1 ) 3 = 3 ( n − 1 ) 2 + 3 ( n − 1 ) + 1 ⋮ = ⋮ 3 3 − 2 3 = 3 ∗ 2 2 + 3 ∗ 2 + 1 2 3 − 1 3 = 3 ∗ 1 2 + 3 ∗ 1 + 1 \begin{aligned} (n+1)^3-n^3&=3n^2+3n+1\\ n^3-(n-1)^3&=3(n-1)^2+3(n-1)+1\\ \vdots\quad&=\quad\vdots\\ 3^3-2^3&=3*2^2+3*2+1\\ 2^3-1^3&=3*1^2+3*1+1 \end{aligned} (n+1)3−n3n3−(n−1)3⋮33−2323−13=3n2+3n+1=3(n−1)2+3(n−1)+1=⋮=3∗22+3∗2+1=3∗12+3∗1+1两边求和
( n + 1 ) 3 − 1 = 3 ∑ i = 1 n i 2 + 3 ∑ i = 1 n i + n n 3 + 3 n 2 + 3 n = 3 ∑ i = 1 n i 2 + 3 n 2 + n 2 + n ∑ i = 1 n i 2 = 2 n 3 + 3 n 2 + n 6 = n ( n + 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) 6 \begin{aligned} (n+1)^3-1&=3\sum_{i=1}^ni^2+3\sum_{i=1}^ni+n\\ n^3+3n^2+3n&=3\sum_{i=1}^ni^2+3\frac{n^2+n}{2}+n\\ \sum_{i=1}^ni^2&=\frac{2n^3+3n^2+n}{6}=\frac{n(n+1)(2n+1)}{6} \end{aligned} (n+1)3−1n3+3n2+3ni=1∑ni2
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