这款万用表的内阻有多大呢？

卓晴
已于 2022-10-31 10:40:47 修改
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分类专栏：教学-交流-科普科学-技术-探究文章标签：电路实验万用表内阻
于 2022-10-30 13:04:41 首次发布
本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/zhuoqingjoking97298/article/details/127593299
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万用表内阻
01 万用表内阻

一、背景介绍

今天看到一个有趣的短片，博主小哥把玩两个金属圆板，非常清晰的展示了电容的工作原理。但其中一个实验，涉及到使用万用表测量金属板电压，对于有经验的人来说，对于他的实验结果会感到非常奇怪。
-7-
二、万用表内阻

首先，从视频中来看这两个圆盘之间的电容大约为0.18nF 充电之后，两个圆盘相互离开，可以看到电压在升高。这实际上没有考虑到测量电压万用表的内阻。通常情况下，万用表的内阻为10M欧姆，对于0.1nF电容，应该在10ms就释放完了。可以这个短片中却显示电压在升高！这太奇怪了。
-9-
※ 总结 ※

本文记录了一个短频中使用万用表测量两个平行铁片电压的实验。显然这个实验没有考虑到万用表的内阻。实在不清楚影片中万用表内阻该是多少了。
-3-
#!/usr/local/bin/python
# -*- coding: gbk -*-
#============================================================
# SPS.PY                       -- by Dr. ZhuoQing 2022-10-03
#   Seperate speak signal into segment.
#   Usage:  sps wavefile silencevalue(int) silencetime(float)
#           sps azure               # Open AZURE link
#               a                   # Open AZURE Link
#               h                   # Head time
#               s                   # Voice speed
#               =,>                 # Head
#               x                   # Using XUNJIE
#               z                   # Using AZure
#
#   Before using sps, copy all voice string into clipboard.
#
# Note:
#============================================================

from headm import *

from scipy.io import wavfile
import pyautogui
import webbrowser
import shutil
import soundfile as sf

#------------------------------------------------------------
wavefile = r'D:\Temp\1.wav'

#------------------------------------------------------------
try:
    if not os.path.exists(r'd:\temp'):
        os.makedirs(r'd:\temp')
    if not os.path.exists(r'd:\temp\VOICE'):
        os.makedirs(r'd:\temp\VOICE')
except OSError:
    printf("Error :Creating directory of data.")

#------------------------------------------------------------
silencevalue = 100                  # Silence max value
SILENCETIME = 0.58
silencetime  = SILENCETIME          #

starttime = 2.0                     # Begin time

mp3flag = 0

#------------------------------------------------------------

XUNJIE_TITLE = '迅捷文字转语音'
XUNJIE_PROGRAM = r'C:\Users\SCW4000\AppData\Roaming\HuDun\XunJieVoice\audioconverter.exe'
XUNJIE_RECT = tspgetwindowrect(XUNJIE_TITLE)
XUNJIE_FLAG = sum(XUNJIE_RECT)


#------------------------------------------------------------
azure_url = "https://azure.microsoft.com/zh-cn/products/cognitive-services/text-to-speech/#overview"
azure_title = "文本转语音"

AUDACITY_TITLE = 'Audacity'
AUDACITY_PROGRAM = r'"C:\Program Files (x86)\Audacity\audacity.exe"'
#------------------------------------------------------------
def AudacityOpen():
    rect = tspgetwindowrect(AUDACITY_TITLE)
    if sum(rect) == 0:
        printf(AUDACITY_PROGRAM)
#        os.system(AUDACITY_PROGRAM)
        os.startfile(AUDACITY_PROGRAM)

#------------------------------------------------------------
spsstr = tspstring2text('-|-').split('\r\n')
replacestring = []
for s in spsstr:
    ss = s.split('|')
    if len(ss) == 2:
        replacestring.append(ss)

#------------------------------------------------------------
audacityflag = 0
audacityfile = r'd:\temp\Audacity1.wav'

def AudacityOpenFile(fname):
    tspsendwindowkey(AUDACITY_TITLE, "tv", alt=1, noreturn=1)
    time.sleep(.1)
    tspsendwindowkey(AUDACITY_TITLE, "tv", alt=1, noreturn=1)
    time.sleep(.1)

    tspsendwindowkey(AUDACITY_TITLE, "i", control=1, shift=1, noreturn=1)

    time.sleep(.5)
    clipboard.copy(fname)
    time.sleep(.25)
    OPENDIALOG_TITLE = '选择一个或多个'
    tspsendwindowkey(OPENDIALOG_TITLE, "n", alt=1,noreturn=1)
    tspsendwindowkey(OPENDIALOG_TITLE, "v", control=1, noreturn=1)
    tspsendwindowkey(OPENDIALOG_TITLE, "o", alt=1, noreturn=1)
    time.sleep(.5)
    tspsendwindowkey("警告", "\r", noreturn=1)

#------------------------------------------------------------
def AudacitySave(fname):
    tspsendwindowkey(AUDACITY_TITLE, "fe", alt=1, noreturn=1)

    time.sleep(1)
    rect = tspgetwindowrect("导出音频")
    if sum(rect) == 0:
        printf("ERROR: Can not open the save dialog.\a")
        exit()

    clipboard.copy(fname)
    tspsendwindowkey("导出音频", "t", alt=1,noreturn=1)
    tspsendwindowkey("导出音频", "cw", noreturn=1)
    tspsendwindowkey("导出音频", "n", alt=1, noreturn=1)
    tspsendwindowkey("导出音频", "v", control=1, noreturn=1)
    tspsendwindowkey("导出音频", "s", alt=1, noreturn=1)

    time.sleep(1)
    rect = tspgetwindowrect("警告")

    if sum(rect) != 0:
        time.sleep(.5)
        tspsendwindowkey("警告", "y", alt=1, noreturn=1)
        time.sleep(.5)

    rect = tspgetwindowrect("编辑元信息")
    if sum(rect) == 0:
        printf("ERROR: Can not open the edit dialog.\a")

    tspsendwindowkey("编辑元信息", "\r", noreturn=1)
    time.sleep(1.5)
#    tspsendwindowkey(AUDACITY_TITLE, "tv", alt=1, noreturn=1)

#------------------------------------------------------------
def StringVoice(s):
    global replacestring

    rps = (('8050', '8 0 5 0'), ('8550', '8 5 5 0'), ('9013', '9 0 1 3'),
           ('mV', '毫伏'), ('mAH', '毫安时'), ('mH', '毫亨'), ('uF', '微法'),
           ('nF', '纳法'), ('pF','皮法'), ('VA', "伏安"), ('M欧姆', '兆欧姆'),
           ('k欧姆','千欧姆'), ('M法拉', "兆法拉"), ('I2C', 'I方C'),
           ('mA', '毫安'), ('本文', '在这里'), ('MHz', '兆赫兹'), ('kHz', '千赫兹'),
           ('：', '，'), ('TB','淘宝'), ('NXP', '恩智浦'), ('Infineon','英飞凌'))

    for ss in rps:
        s = s.replace(ss[0], ss[1])

    for ss in replacestring:
        s = s.replace(ss[0], ss[1])

    #--------------------------------------------------------
    VAW = (('V','伏'), ('A', '安'), ('W','瓦'), ('M', '兆'), ('ms', '毫秒'))

    for vaw in VAW:
        if s.find("型号") >= 0: continue

        ss = s.split(vaw[0])
        for id,sss in enumerate(ss):
            flag = 0
            for ii in range(len(sss)):
                if ord(sss[-(ii+1)]) > 0x80:
                    if ii == 0: flag = 1
                    break

                if not sss[-(ii+1):].replace('.','').replace('+','').replace('-','').isdigit():
                    flag = 1
                    break

            if flag == 0:
                ss[id] = sss + vaw[1]
            elif id < len(ss) - 1:
                ss[id] = sss + vaw[0]

        s = ''.join(ss)

    #--------------------------------------------------------
    WAV = (('+', '正'), ('-', '负'), ('TSSOP', 'T S S O P'),('SOP', 'S O P '),
           ('SOT', 'S O T '), ('SSOP', 'S S O P '))

    for wav in WAV:
        ss = s.split(wav[0])
        for id,sss in enumerate(ss):
            if id < len(ss) - 1:
                if ord(sss.replace(' ','')[-1]) < 0x80:
                    ss[id] = sss + wav[0]
                else:
                    if ss[id+1][:1].isdigit():
                        ss[id] = sss + wav[1]
                    else: ss[id] = sss + wav[0]

        s = ''.join(ss)

    return s

#------------------------------------------------------------
MAX_LENGTH = 600
voicesegmentnumber = 0
voiceflag = ''
def VoiceSegment1000(strall, s):
    global voicesegmentnumber, voiceflag

    section = -1
    if len(s) > 0:
        if s.isdigit():
            section = int(s)
        else: section = 0

    #--------------------------------------------------------
    tempdim = []
    headstr = ''
    for s in strall:
        if s[:2] == '>>' or s[:2] == '<<':
            continue

        if s.find('~') >= 0:
            ss = s.split('~')
            s = ss[-1]

            if len(ss) >= 3:
                headstr = ss[1]
        else:
            if headstr in '!@#$%^&*()':
                headstr = ''

        if len(voiceflag) > 0:
            if voiceflag == '0' or voiceflag == ')':
                if len(headstr) == 0 or headstr == '0':
                    tempdim.append(s)
            elif voiceflag == '1' or voiceflag == '!':
                if headstr == '1' or headstr == '!' or headstr == '！':
                    tempdim.append(s)
            elif voiceflag == '2' or voiceflag == '@':
                if headstr == '2' or headstr == '@':
                    tempdim.append(s)
            elif voiceflag == '3' or voiceflag == '#':
                if headstr == '3' or headstr == '#':
                    tempdim.append(s)
            elif voiceflag == '4' or voiceflag == '$':
                if headstr == '4' or headstr == '￥' or headstr == '$':
                    tempdim.append(s)
            elif voiceflag == '5' or voiceflag == '%':
                if headstr == '5' or headstr == '%':
                    tempdim.append(s)
            elif voiceflag == '6' or voiceflag == '^':
                if headstr == '6' or headstr == '^':
                    tempdim.append(s)
            elif voiceflag == '7' or voiceflag == '&':
                if headstr == '7' or headstr == '&':
                    tempdim.append(s)
            elif voiceflag == '8' or voiceflag == '*':
                if headstr == '8' or headstr == '*':
                    tempdim.append(s)
            elif voiceflag == '9' or voiceflag == '(':
                if headstr == '9s' or headstr == '(':
                    tempdim.append(s)
        else:
            tempdim.append(s)

    strall = tempdim

    #--------------------------------------------------------
    sseg = []
    stemp = []
    count = 0
    for s in strall:
        if s[0] == '{':
            ids = s.find('}')
            if ids > 0:
                s = s[ids+1:]

        if count + len(s) > MAX_LENGTH:
            if len(stemp) > 0:
                sseg.append(stemp)
                stemp = [s]
                count = len(s)
        else:
            stemp.append(s)
            count += len(s)

    if len(stemp) > 0: sseg.append(stemp)

    for id,sg in enumerate(sseg):
        tspshowinfor("Seg%d/%d:%d;  "%(id+1, len(sg), sum([len(l) for l in sg])))

#    printf('\a')

    #--------------------------------------------------------
    if section < 0:
        voicesegmentnumber = len(sseg)
        totallen = sum([len(l) for l in strall])
        printf("Total Segment:%d/%d"%(len(strall), totallen))
        return strall

    voicesegmentnumber = len(sseg)

    if section < len(sseg):
        return sseg[section]
    else: return []

#------------------------------------------------------------
printf(sys.argv)
savewavefile = wavefile

procflag = 0
XUNJIE_PROCFLAG = 3

for s in sys.argv[1:]:
    if s[:1] == 'A' or s[:1] == 'a':
        rect = tspgetwindowrect(azure_title)

        flag = 0
        if sum(rect) == 0:
            webbrowser.open_new_tab(azure_url)
            flag = 1

        tspcopyhelptext()
        strall = [s.strip('\r') for s in clipboard.paste().split('\n') if len(s) > 2]
        strall = VoiceSegment1000(strall, s[1:])

        for id,s in enumerate(strall):
            printff(id, s)

        clipboard.copy(StringVoice('\n'.join(strall)))
        if flag == 0:
            tspsendwindowkey(azure_title, "av", control=1,noreturn=1)

        exit()

    if s[:1] == '|' or s[:1] == 'B' or s[:1] == 'b':
        rect = tspgetwindowrect(AUDACITY_TITLE)

        if os.path.isfile(savewavefile):
            os.remove(savewavefile)

        if sum(rect) != 0:
            AudacitySave(savewavefile)
            audacityflag = 1

        tspcopyhelptext()
        strall = [s.strip('\r') for s in clipboard.paste().split('\n') if len(s) > 2]
        strall = VoiceSegment1000(strall, s[1:])
        clipboard.copy('\n'.join(strall))

        procflag = 1
        continue


    if s[:1] == 'C' or s[:1] == 'c':
        tspcopyhelptext()
        strall = [s.strip('\r') for s in clipboard.paste().split('\n') if len(s) > 2]
        strall = VoiceSegment1000(strall, s[1:])
        clipboard.copy('\n'.join(strall))

        procflag = 1
        printf('\n'.join(strall))
        exit()
        continue

    if s[:1] == 'h' or s[:1] == 'H':
        starttime = float(s[1:])
        continue

    if s[:1] == 's' or s[:1] == 'S':
        if s[1:].replace('.','').isdigit():
            silencetime = silencetime / float(s[1:])
        continue

    if s[:1] == '=' or s[:1] == '>':
        voiceflag = s[1:]
        if len(voiceflag) == 0: voiceflag = '0'
        continue

    if s[:1] == 'x' or s[:1] == 'X':
        if XUNJIE_FLAG == 0:
            os.startfile(XUNJIE_PROGRAM)
            for i in range(20):
                time.sleep(.5)
                tspbeep(1200, 50)

                XUNJIE_RECT = tspgetwindowrect(XUNJIE_TITLE)
                XUNJIE_FLAG = sum(XUNJIE_RECT)
                if XUNJIE_FLAG > 0:
                    time.sleep(2)
                    tspbeep(1200, 50)
                    break

        if s[:1] == 'X':
            XUNJIE_PROCFLAG = 1
        else: XUNJIE_PROCFLAG = 2

        continue


    if s[:1] == 'z' or s[:1] == 'Z':
        XUNJIE_FLAG = 0
        continue

    fname = os.path.join(r'd:\temp', '%s.WAV'%s)
    if os.path.isfile(fname):
        wavefile = fname
        continue

    fname = os.path.join(r'd:\temp', '%s.MP3'%s)
    if os.path.isfile(fname):
        wavefile = fname
        mp3flag = 1
        continue

    if s.isdigit():
        silencevalue = int(s)
        if silencevalue > 500:
            silencevalue = 500

        continue

    if s.replace('.', '').isdigit():
        silencetime = float(s)
        continue

#------------------------------------------------------------
if XUNJIE_FLAG != 0:
    tspsendwindowkey(AUDACITY_TITLE, "tv", alt=1, noreturn=1)
    time.sleep(.1)

    tspcopyhelptext()
    pastestr = clipboard.paste()
    strall = [s.strip('\r') for s in pastestr.split('\n') if len(s) > 2]

    vss = VoiceSegment1000(strall, '')

    printf("PROCFLAG:%d"%XUNJIE_PROCFLAG)

#    if XUNJIE_PROCFLAG != 3:
#        clipboard.copy(StringVoice('[3s] ' + '[2s]\n'.join(vss) + '[2s]'))
#    else:
#        clipboard.copy(StringVoice('\n'.join(vss)))

    clipboard.copy(StringVoice('[3s] ' + '[2s]\n'.join(vss) + '[2s]'))

    rect = XUNJIE_RECT

    time.sleep(.1)
    tspsendwindowkey(XUNJIE_TITLE, "a", control=1,noreturn=1)
    pyautogui.click((rect[0]*2+rect[2]*3)//5, (rect[1]*3+rect[3]*2)//5)
    tspsendwindowkey(XUNJIE_TITLE, "av", control=1,noreturn=1)

    #--------------------------------------------------------
    filedim = os.listdir(r'd:\temp')
    printf('\a')

    if XUNJIE_PROCFLAG != 1:
        for f in filedim:
            if f.split('.')[-1].upper() != 'WAV': continue
            fname = os.path.join(r'd:\temp', f)
            os.remove(fname)

    time.sleep(.5)

    if XUNJIE_PROCFLAG != 3:
        pyautogui.click(rect[2] - 100, rect[3] - 50)
    else:
        pyautogui.click(rect[2] - 100, rect[3] - 100)
        printf('\a')
        exit()

    #--------------------------------------------------------
    for i in range(1000):
        xy = tspgetcursor()['tsxy']
        time.sleep(0.1)
        if xy[3] != 0 or xy[2] != 0:
            printf('\a')
            exit()

        if (i%5) == 0:
            tspbeep(1200, 20)

            filedim = os.listdir(r'd:\temp')
            flag = 0
            for f in filedim:
                if f.split('.')[-1].upper() == 'WAV':
                    flag = 1
                    wavefile = os.path.join(r'd:\temp', f)
                    break

            if flag > 0: break

    tspbeep(1500, 50)
    tspbeep(1000, 200)
    time.sleep(1)

    #--------------------------------------------------------
    rect = tspgetwindowrect(AUDACITY_TITLE)
    if sum(rect) != 0:
        savewavefile = r'd:\temp\1.wav'
        if os.path.isfile(audacityfile):
            os.remove(audacityfile)
        if os.path.isfile(savewavefile):
            os.remove(savewavefile)

        shutil.copyfile(wavefile, audacityfile)
        time.sleep(.5)
        AudacityOpenFile(audacityfile)
        time.sleep(.1)

        AudacitySave(savewavefile)
        audacityflag = 1

        if os.path.isfile(wavefile):
            os.remove(wavefile)

        wavefile = savewavefile

    #--------------------------------------------------------
    starttime = 1.0
    strall = VoiceSegment1000(strall, '')
    clipboard.copy('\n'.join(strall))
    time.sleep(.1)

#------------------------------------------------------------
if procflag == 0 and XUNJIE_FLAG == 0:
    AudacityOpen()

    rect = tspgetwindowrect(azure_title)
    if sum(rect) == 0:
        webbrowser.open_new_tab(azure_url)
        for i in range(5):
            time.sleep(.5)
            tspbeep(1200, 50)

        rect = tspgetwindowrect(azure_title)
        printf(rect)


    tspcopyhelptext()
    pastestr = clipboard.paste()
    strall = [s.strip('\r') for s in pastestr.split('\n') if len(s) > 2]
    vss = VoiceSegment1000(strall, '')
    tspsendwindowkey(AUDACITY_TITLE, "tv", alt=1)

    printf("Press left buttom to record.\a")
    #--------------------------------------------------------
    segment = 0
    while True:
        key = 0
        while True:
            xy = tspgetcursor()['tsxy']
            time.sleep(0.1)
#            printf(xy)

            if xy[3] != 0:
                key = 2
                time.sleep(0.2)
                printf('\a')
                tspsendwindowkey(AUDACITY_TITLE, "c")
                exit()

            if xy[2] != 0:
                if xy[-4] != 0:
                    speed = SILENCETIME / silencetime + 0.05
                    silencetime = SILENCETIME / speed
                    printf('Speed:%f\a'%speed)
                elif xy[-3] != 0:
                    speed = SILENCETIME / silencetime - 0.05
                    silencetime = SILENCETIME / speed
                    printf('Speed:%f\a'%speed)
                else:
                    key = '\r'
                    break

        #----------------------------------------------------
        if key == '\r':
            if segment == 0:
                tspsendwindowkey(AUDACITY_TITLE, "r")

            if segment >= voicesegmentnumber:
                tspsendwindowkey(AUDACITY_TITLE, "c")
                break

            vss = VoiceSegment1000(strall, str(segment))
            clipboard.copy(StringVoice('\n'.join(vss)))
            time.sleep(.1)
            pyautogui.click((rect[0]*3+rect[2]*2)//5, (rect[1]*2+rect[3]*3)//5)
            tspsendwindowkey(azure_title, "av", control=1,noreturn=1)
            segment += 1

        elif key == 'ESC':
            printf('\a')
            break


    tspsendwindowkey(AUDACITY_TITLE, "c", noreturn=1)
    printf('\a')

    if os.path.isfile(savewavefile):
        os.remove(savewavefile)

    AudacitySave(savewavefile)
    audacityflag = 1

    strall = VoiceSegment1000(strall, '')
    clipboard.copy('\n'.join(strall))
    time.sleep(.1)

#------------------------------------------------------------

strall = [s.strip('\r') for s in clipboard.paste().split('\n') if len(s) > 2]
printff(wavefile, silencevalue, silencetime)

#------------------------------------------------------------
time.sleep(1.5)
channel_num = 1
if mp3flag == 0:

    if XUNJIE_FLAG == 0:
        sig, sample_rate = sf.read(wavefile)
        sig = (sig * 0x7fff).astype(int16)
    else:
        sample_rate, sig = wavfile.read(wavefile)

    startnum = int(starttime * sample_rate)

    if len(shape(sig)) == 2:
        sig = sig[startnum:, :]
        sigdata = array(sig[:,1])
        channel_num = 2
    else:
        sig = sig[startnum:]
        sigdata = array(sig)
else:
#    sample_rate = 44100
#    sound = AudioSegment.from_file(file=wavefile)
#    left = sound.split_to_mono()[0]
#    sig = frombuffer(left._data, int16)
#    sigdata = array(sig)
    printf("Can not open MP3 file.\a")
    exit()

printff(sample_rate, shape(sig))

#------------------------------------------------------------
sigdata[(sigdata > -silencevalue) & (sigdata < silencevalue)] = 0
sigdata[(sigdata <= -silencevalue) | (sigdata >= silencevalue)] = 1

sigone = where(sigdata == 1)[0]
sigdelta = array([x2-x1 for x1,x2 in zip(sigone[0:-1], sigone[1:])])
deltamin = int(sample_rate*silencetime)

#sigmax = where(sigdelta > deltamin)[0]
num = len(strall)-1
sigmax = sorted([x[0] for x in sorted(zip(range(len(sigdelta)),sigdelta), key=lambda x:x[1], reverse=True)[:num]])

sigsegment =[sigone[0]]
for sm in sigmax:
    sigsegment.append(sigone[sm+1])

sigsegment.append(sigone[-1])

#------------------------------------------------------------

printff('Voice Segment:%d'%len(sigsegment), 'Voice String:%d'%len(strall))
printf('\a')
if len(sigsegment) - len(strall) != 1:
    printf("Voice String Number error !\a")
    exit()


#------------------------------------------------------------
for i in range(len(sigsegment) - 1):
    startid = sigsegment[i]
    endid = sigsegment[i+1] - sample_rate//2

    if i+1 >= len(sigsegment) - 1:
        endid = sigsegment[i+1] + sample_rate//2

    wavefilename = '%04d.wav'%i

    if i < len(strall):
        sa = strall[i].replace('，', '').replace(',','').replace('.','').replace('。', '').replace(';','')
        sa = sa.replace('；','').replace('、', '').replace('*', '').replace('!', '').replace('?', '')
        wavefilename = '%s.wav'%(sa)


    outfile = os.path.join(r'd:\temp\VOICE', wavefilename)

    if channel_num == 2:
        wavfile.write(outfile, sample_rate, sig[startid:endid, :])
    else: wavfile.write(outfile, sample_rate, sig[startid:endid])

    printf(outfile)


#------------------------------------------------------------
if audacityflag > 0:
    tspsendwindowkey(AUDACITY_TITLE, "tv", alt=1, noreturn=1)

if os.path.isfile(savewavefile):
    os.remove(savewavefile)

if os.path.isfile(wavefile):
    os.remove(wavefile)

if os.path.isfile(audacityfile):
    os.remove(audacityfile)


tspbeep(1800, 100)

#------------------------------------------------------------
#        END OF FILE : SPS.PY
#============================================================