第P7周:咖啡豆识别(VGG-16复现)
- 🍨 本文为🔗365天深度学习训练营 中的学习记录博客
- 🍖 原作者:K同学啊
🍺要求:
- 自己搭建VGG-16网络框架
- 调用官方的VGG-16网络框架
- 如何查看模型的参数量以及相关指标
🍻拔高(可选):
- 验证集准确率达到100%
- 使用PPT画出VGG-16算法框架图(发论文需要这项技能)
🔎探索(难度有点大)
- 在不影响准确率的前提下轻量化模型
- 目前VGG16的Total params是134,276,932
我的环境:
- 语言:python 3.10.12
- 编译器:Google Colab
- 深度学习环境:PyTorch
- torch == 2.3.0+cu121
- torchvision == 0.18.0+cu121
文章目录
一、前期准备
1.设置GPU(无则用CPU)
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torchvision.transforms as transforms
import torchvision
from torchvision import transforms, datasets
import os,PIL,pathlib,warnings
warnings.filterwarnings("ignore") #忽略警告信息
device = torch.device("cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu")
device
device(type='cuda')
2.导入数据
from google.colab import drive
drive.mount("/content/drive/")
Mounted at /content/drive/
%cd "/content/drive/MyDrive/Colab Notebooks/jupyter notebook/data"
/content/drive/Othercomputers/My laptop/jupyter notebook/data
data_dir = './P7/'
data_dir = pathlib.Path(data_dir)
data_paths = list(data_dir.glob('*'))
ClassNames = [str(path).split("/")[1] for path in data_paths]
ClassNames
['Dark', 'Green', 'Light', 'Medium']
# 关于transforms.Compose的更多介绍可以参考:https://blog.csdn.net/qq_38251616/article/details/124878863
train_transforms = transforms.Compose([
transforms.Resize([224, 224]), # 将输入图片resize成统一尺寸
#transforms.RandomHorizontalFlip(), # 随机水平翻转
transforms.ToTensor(), # 将PIL Image或numpy.ndarray转换为tensor,并归一化到[0,1]之间
transforms.Normalize( # 标准化处理-->转换为标准正太分布(高斯分布),使模型更容易收敛
mean=[0.485, 0.456, 0.406],
std=[0.229, 0.224, 0.225]) # 其中 mean=[0.485,0.456,0.406]与std=[0.229,0.224,0.225] 从数据集中随机抽样计算得到的。
])
test_transforms = transforms.Compose([
transforms.Resize([224, 224]), # 将输入图片resize成统一尺寸
#transforms.RandomHorizontalFlip(), # 随机水平翻转
transforms.ToTensor(), # 将PIL Image或numpy.ndarray转换为tensor,并归一化到[0,1]之间
transforms.Normalize( # 标准化处理-->转换为标准正太分布(高斯分布),使模型更容易收敛
mean=[0.485, 0.456, 0.406],
std=[0.229, 0.224, 0.225]) # 其中 mean=[0.485,0.456,0.406]与std=[0.229,0.224,0.225] 从数据集中随机抽样计算得到的。
])
total_data = datasets.ImageFolder("./P7/",transform = train_transforms)
total_data
Dataset ImageFolder
Number of datapoints: 1200
Root location: ./P7/
StandardTransform
Transform: Compose(
Resize(size=[224, 224], interpolation=bilinear, max_size=None, antialias=True)
ToTensor()
Normalize(mean=[0.485, 0.456, 0.406], std=[0.229, 0.224, 0.225])
)
total_data.class_to_idx
{'Dark': 0, 'Green': 1, 'Light': 2, 'Medium': 3}
3.划分数据集
train_size = int(0.8 * len(total_data))
test_size = len(total_data) - train_size
train_dataset, test_dataset = torch.utils.data.random_split(total_data, [train_size, test_size])
train_dataset, test_dataset
(<torch.utils.data.dataset.Subset at 0x7c1bc3e465f0>,
<torch.utils.data.dataset.Subset at 0x7c1bc3e47b50>)
batch_size = 32
train_dl = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(train_dataset, batch_size=batch_size,
shuffle = True, num_workers = 1)
test_dl = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(test_dataset, batch_size=batch_size,
shuffle = True, num_workers = 1)
for X, y in test_dl:
print("shape of X [N,C,H,W]:",X.shape)
print("shape of y:",y.shape,y.dtype)
break
shape of X [N,C,H,W]: torch.Size([32, 3, 224, 224])
shape of y: torch.Size([32]) torch.int64
二、手动搭建VGG-16
VGG-16(Visual Geometry Group-16)是由牛津大学视觉几何组(Visual Geometry Group)提出的一种深度卷积神经网络架构,用于图像分类和对象识别任务。VGG-16在2014年被提出,是VGG系列中的一种。VGG-16之所以备受关注,是因为它在ImageNet图像识别竞赛中取得了很好的成绩,展示了其在大规模图像识别任务中的有效性。
以下是VGG-16的主要特点:
- 深度:VGG-16由16个卷积层和3个全连接层组成,因此具有相对较深的网络结构。这种深度有助于网络学习到更加抽象和复杂的特征。
- 卷积层的设计:VGG-16的卷积层全部采用3x3的卷积核和步长为1的卷积操作,同时在卷积层之后都接有ReLU激活函数。这种设计的好处在于,通过堆叠多个较小的卷积核,可以提高网络的非线性建模能力,同时减少了参数数量,从而降低了过拟合的风险。
- 池化层:在卷积层之后,VGG-16使用最大池化层来减少特征图的空间尺寸,帮助提取更加显著的特征并减少计算量。
- 全连接层:VGG-16在卷积层之后接有3个全连接层,最后一个全连接层输出与类别数相对应的向量,用于进行分类。
VGG-16结构说明:
- 13个卷积层:分别用
blockX_convX
表示 - 3个全连接层:用classifier表示
- 5个池化层
1.搭建模型
import torch.nn.functional as F
class vgg16(nn.Module):
def __init__(self):
super(vgg16, self).__init__()
# 卷积块1
self.block1 = nn.Sequential(
nn.Conv2d(3, 64, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.Conv2d(64, 64, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)),
#nn.BatchNorm2d(64),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=(2, 2), stride=(2, 2))
)
# 卷积块2
self.block2 = nn.Sequential(
nn.Conv2d(64, 128, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.Conv2d(128, 128, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)),
nn.ReLU(),
#nn.BatchNorm2d(128),
nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=(2,2), stride=(2, 2))
)
# 卷积块3
self.block3 = nn.Sequential(
nn.Conv2d(128, 256, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.Conv2d(256, 256, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.Conv2d(256, 256, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)),
nn.ReLU(),
#nn.BatchNorm2d(256),
nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=(2, 2), stride=(2, 2))
)
# 卷积块4
self.block4 = nn.Sequential(
nn.Conv2d(256, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.Conv2d(512, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.Conv2d(512, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)),
nn.ReLU(),
#nn.BatchNorm2d(512),
nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=(2, 2), stride=(2, 2))
)
# 卷积块5
self.block5 = nn.Sequential(
nn.Conv2d(512, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.Conv2d(512, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.Conv2d(512, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)),
nn.ReLU(),
#nn.BatchNorm2d(512),
nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=(2, 2), stride=(2, 2))
)
# 全连接网络层,用于分类
self.classifier = nn.Sequential(
nn.Linear(in_features=512*7*7, out_features=4096),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.Linear(in_features=4096, out_features=4096),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.Linear(in_features=4096, out_features=4)
)
def forward(self, x):
x = self.block1(x)
x = self.block2(x)
x = self.block3(x)
x = self.block4(x)
x = self.block5(x)
x = torch.flatten(x, start_dim=1)
x = self.classifier(x)
return x
# def _initialize_weights(self):
# for m in self.modules():
# if isinstance(m, nn.Conv2d):
# nn.init.kaiming_normal_(m.weight, mode='fan_out', nonlinearity='relu')
# if m.bias is not None:
# nn.init.constant_(m.bias, 0)
# elif isinstance(m, nn.Linear):
# nn.init.normal_(m.weight, 0, 0.01)
# nn.init.constant_(m.bias, 0)
device = "cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu"
print("Using {} device".format(device))
model = vgg16().to(device)
import torchsummary as summary
summary.summary(model,(3,224,224))
三、训练模型
1.编写训练函数
# 训练循环
def train(dataloader, model, loss_fn, optimizer):
size = len(dataloader.dataset) # 训练集的大小
num_batches = len(dataloader) # 批次数目, (size/batch_size,向上取整)
train_loss, train_acc = 0, 0 # 初始化训练损失和正确率
for X, y in dataloader: # 获取图片及其标签
X, y = X.to(device), y.to(device)
# 计算预测误差
pred = model(X) # 网络输出
loss = loss_fn(pred, y) # 计算网络输出和真实值之间的差距,targets为真实值,计算二者差值即为损失
# 反向传播
optimizer.zero_grad() # grad属性归零
loss.backward() # 反向传播
optimizer.step() # 每一步自动更新
# 记录acc与loss
train_acc += (pred.argmax(1) == y).type(torch.float).sum().item()
train_loss += loss.item()
train_acc /= size
train_loss /= num_batches
return train_acc, train_loss
2.编写测试函数
def test (dataloader, model, loss_fn):
size = len(dataloader.dataset) # 测试集的大小
num_batches = len(dataloader) # 批次数目, (size/batch_size,向上取整)
test_loss, test_acc = 0, 0
# 当不进行训练时,停止梯度更新,节省计算内存消耗
with torch.no_grad():
for imgs, target in dataloader:
imgs, target = imgs.to(device), target.to(device)
# 计算loss
target_pred = model(imgs)
loss = loss_fn(target_pred, target)
test_loss += loss.item()
test_acc += (target_pred.argmax(1) == target).type(torch.float).sum().item()
test_acc /= size
test_loss /= num_batches
return test_acc, test_loss
3.学习率设置
# def adjust_learning_rate(optimizer, epoch, start_lr):
# 每 2 个epoch衰减到原来的 0.98
# lr = start_lr * (0.92 ** (epoch // 2))
# for param_group in optimizer.param_groups:
# param_group['lr'] = lr
learn_rate = 1e-4 # 初始学习率
# optimizer = torch.optim.SGD(model.parameters(), lr=learn_rate)
# 调用官方动态学习率接口时使用
#lambda1 = lambda epoch: 0.92 ** (epoch // 4)
optimizer = torch.optim.Adam(model.parameters(), lr=learn_rate)
#scheduler = torch.optim.lr_scheduler.LambdaLR(optimizer, lr_lambda=lambda1) #选定调整方法
更多的官方动态学习率设置方式可参考:https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/optim.html
4.正式训练
model.train()
、model.eval()
训练营往期文章中有详细的介绍。
如果将Adam优化器换成SGD会出现40个epoch内准确率和loss都一直不变(不收敛),尝试在每个block中引入batchnorm并修改了初始学习率(并用动态学习率)可以解决该问题,在这过程中加快了模型收敛(如下)。
SGD的优点是实现简单,计算效率高。但是缺点是可能会陷入局部最优,而且对所有参数使用相同的学习率,如果数据稀疏或者特征尺度差别大,可能导致训练效果不佳。
Adam的优点是结合了RMSProp和Momentum的优点,既考虑了历史梯度的方向,又考虑了当前梯度的大小,因此能够适应性地调整学习率,而且对参数的初始值和学习率的选择不敏感。但是缺点是需要存储每个参数的一阶矩估计和二阶矩估计,所以空间复杂度较高。
具体机制方面,SGD每次只使用一个样本的梯度来更新权重,而Adam则是在SGD的基础上加入了动量和RMSProp。动量可以帮助优化器在相关方向上加速,避免在无关方向上震荡;RMSProp则是通过调整学习率来加快收敛速度。
import copy
optimizer = torch.optim.Adam(model.parameters(), lr= 1e-4)
loss_fn = nn.CrossEntropyLoss() # 创建损失函数
epochs = 40
train_loss = []
train_acc = []
test_loss = []
test_acc = []
best_acc = 0 # 设置一个最佳准确率,作为最佳模型的判别指标
for epoch in range(epochs):
# 更新学习率(使用自定义学习率时使用)
# adjust_learning_rate(optimizer, epoch, learn_rate)
model.train()
epoch_train_acc, epoch_train_loss = train(train_dl, model, loss_fn, optimizer)
# scheduler.step() # 更新学习率(调用官方动态学习率接口时使用)
model.eval()
epoch_test_acc, epoch_test_loss = test(test_dl, model, loss_fn)
# 保存最佳模型到 best_model
if epoch_test_acc > best_acc:
best_acc = epoch_test_acc
best_model = copy.deepcopy(model)
train_acc.append(epoch_train_acc)
train_loss.append(epoch_train_loss)
test_acc.append(epoch_test_acc)
test_loss.append(epoch_test_loss)
# 获取当前的学习率
lr = optimizer.state_dict()['param_groups'][0]['lr']
template = ('Epoch:{:2d}, Train_acc:{:.1f}%, Train_loss:{:.3f}, Test_acc:{:.1f}%, Test_loss:{:.3f}, Lr:{:.2E}')
print(template.format(epoch+1, epoch_train_acc*100, epoch_train_loss, epoch_test_acc*100, epoch_test_loss, lr))
# 保存最佳模型到文件中
PATH ='./best_model.pth' # 保存的参数文件名
torch.save(model.state_dict(), PATH)
print('Done')
四、结果可视化
1.Loss与Accuracy图
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
#隐藏警告
import warnings
warnings.filterwarnings("ignore") #忽略警告信息
plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False # 用来正常显示负号
plt.rcParams['figure.dpi'] = 100 #分辨率
epochs_range = range(epochs)
plt.figure(figsize=(12, 3))
plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)
plt.plot(epochs_range, train_acc, label='Training Accuracy')
plt.plot(epochs_range, test_acc, label='Test Accuracy')
plt.legend(loc='lower right')
plt.title('Training and Validation Accuracy')
plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)
plt.plot(epochs_range, train_loss, label='Training Loss')
plt.plot(epochs_range, test_loss, label='Test Loss')
plt.legend(loc='upper right')
plt.title('Training and Validation Loss')
plt.show()
2.指定图片进行预测
from PIL import Image
classes = list(total_data.class_to_idx)
def predict_one_image(image_path, model, transform, classes):
test_img = Image.open(image_path).convert('RGB')
plt.imshow(test_img) # 展示预测的图片
test_img = transform(test_img)
img = test_img.to(device).unsqueeze(0)
model.eval()
output = model(img)
_,pred = torch.max(output,1)
pred_class = classes[pred]
print(f'预测结果是:{pred_class}')
# 预测训练集中的某张照片
predict_one_image(image_path='./P7/Medium/medium (193).png',
model=model,
transform=train_transforms,
classes=classes)
预测结果是:Medium
3.模型评估
best_model.eval()
epoch_test_acc, epoch_test_loss = test(test_dl, best_model, loss_fn)
epoch_test_acc, epoch_test_loss
# 查看是否与我们记录的最高准确率一致
epoch_test_acc
0.9958333333333333
五、其他尝试
1.调用官方模型训练
from torchvision.models import vgg16
# 加载预训练模型,并且对模型进行微调
model = vgg16(pretrained = True).to(device) # 加载预训练的vgg16模型
for param in model.parameters():
param.requires_grad = False # 冻结模型的参数,这样子在训练的时候只训练最后一层的参数
# 修改classifier模块的第6层(即:(6): Linear(in_features=4096, out_features=2, bias=True))
# 注意查看我们下方打印出来的模型
model.classifier._modules['6'] = nn.Linear(4096,len(ClassNames)) # 修改vgg16模型中最后一层全连接层,输出目标类别个数
model.to(device)
import torchsummary as summary
summary.summary(model,(3,224,224))
其余条件都不改变,训练结果如下:test acc不如前文手动搭建结果
2.轻量化vgg16+提高test acc
基于手动搭建的vgg模型修改,具体如下:
- 对训练集图像进行随机水平翻转
- 修改了block1和2中的部分卷积层参数
- 在每个卷积块中的最大池化之前使用批量归一化
- 引入官方vgg16含有的自适应平均池化层以及在其后添加dropout
- 修改全连接层的特征数量
- 设置动态学习率
class vgg16(nn.Module):
def __init__(self):
super(vgg16, self).__init__()
# 卷积块1
self.block1 = nn.Sequential(
nn.Conv2d(3, 64, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.Conv2d(64, 96, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.BatchNorm2d(96),
nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=(2, 2), stride=(2, 2))
)
# 卷积块2
self.block2 = nn.Sequential(
nn.Conv2d(96, 128, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.Conv2d(128, 128, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.BatchNorm2d(128),
nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=(2, 2), stride=(2, 2))
)
# 卷积块3
self.block3 = nn.Sequential(
nn.Conv2d(128, 256, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.Conv2d(256, 256, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.Conv2d(256, 256, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.BatchNorm2d(256),
nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=(2, 2), stride=(2, 2))
)
# 卷积块4
self.block4 = nn.Sequential(
nn.Conv2d(256, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.Conv2d(512, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.Conv2d(512, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.BatchNorm2d(512),
nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=(2, 2), stride=(2, 2))
)
# 卷积块5
self.block5 = nn.Sequential(
nn.Conv2d(512, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.Conv2d(512, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.Conv2d(512, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.BatchNorm2d(512),
nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=(2, 2), stride=(2, 2))
)
self.avgpool = nn.AdaptiveAvgPool2d((7,7))
self.dropout = nn.Dropout()
# 全连接网络层,用于分类
self.classifier = nn.Sequential(
nn.Linear(in_features=512*7*7, out_features=4096),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.Linear(in_features=4096, out_features=1024),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.Linear(in_features=1024, out_features=4)
)
def forward(self, x):
x = self.block1(x)
x = self.block2(x)
x = self.block3(x)
x = self.block4(x)
x = self.block5(x)
x = self.avgpool(x)
x = self.dropout(x)
x = torch.flatten(x, start_dim=1)
x = self.classifier(x)
return x
test acc在23 epoch时达到100%
六、总结与心得
- 本次手动搭建的vgg16已经达到较高的训练准确率,为99.6%
- 巩固调用官方模型的操作
- 在手动搭建的模型基础上进行轻量化,修改后参数数量为121,736,996,并可达到最高训练准确率为100%
- 感觉自己经过每周的学习,对代码和模型优化更加熟练