追踪云台代码解析与方法总结

 

 安装方式是把镜头反转，让usb口朝上如图：

代码解析

main.py

import sensor, image, time

from pid import PID
from pyb import Servo

pan_servo=Servo(1)
tilt_servo=Servo(2)

pan_servo.calibration(500,2500,500)
tilt_servo.calibration(500,2500,500)

red_threshold  = (13, 49, 18, 61, 6, 47)

pan_pid = PID(p=0.08, i=0, imax=90) #脱机运行或者禁用图像传输，使用这个PID
tilt_pid = PID(p=0.05, i=0, imax=90) #脱机运行或者禁用图像传输，使用这个PID
#pan_pid = PID(p=0.1, i=0, imax=90)#在线调试使用这个PID
#tilt_pid = PID(p=0.1, i=0, imax=90)#在线调试使用这个PID

sensor.reset() # Initialize the camera sensor.
sensor.set_pixformat(sensor.RGB565) # use RGB565.
sensor.set_framesize(sensor.QQVGA) # use QQVGA for speed.
sensor.skip_frames(10) # Let new settings take affect.
sensor.set_auto_whitebal(False) # turn this off.
clock = time.clock() # Tracks FPS.

def find_max(blobs):
    max_size=0
    for blob in blobs:
        if blob[2]*blob[3] > max_size:
            max_blob=blob
            max_size = blob[2]*blob[3]
    return max_blob


while(True):
    clock.tick() # Track elapsed milliseconds between snapshots().
    img = sensor.snapshot() # Take a picture and return the image.

    blobs = img.find_blobs([red_threshold])
    if blobs:
        max_blob = find_max(blobs)
        pan_error = max_blob.cx()-img.width()/2
        tilt_error = max_blob.cy()-img.height()/2

        print("pan_error: ", pan_error)

        img.draw_rectangle(max_blob.rect()) # rect
        img.draw_cross(max_blob.cx(), max_blob.cy()) # cx, cy

        pan_output=pan_pid.get_pid(pan_error,1)/2
        tilt_output=tilt_pid.get_pid(tilt_error,1)
        print("pan_output",pan_output)
        pan_servo.angle(pan_servo.angle()+pan_output)
        tilt_servo.angle(tilt_servo.angle()-tilt_output)

pid.py

from pyb import millis
from math import pi, isnan
 
class PID:
    _kp = _ki = _kd = _integrator = _imax = 0
    _last_error = _last_derivative = _last_t = 0
    _RC = 1/(2 * pi * 20)
    def __init__(self, p=0, i=0, d=0, imax=0):
        self._kp = float(p)
        self._ki = float(i)
        self._kd = float(d)
        self._imax = abs(imax)
        self._last_derivative = float('nan')
 
    def get_pid(self, error, scaler):
        tnow = millis()
        dt = tnow - self._last_t
        output = 0
        if self._last_t == 0 or dt > 1000:
            dt = 0
            self.reset_I()
        self._last_t = tnow
        delta_time = float(dt) / float(1000)
        output += error * self._kp
        if abs(self._kd) > 0 and dt > 0:
            if isnan(self._last_derivative):
                derivative = 0
                self._last_derivative = 0
            else:
                derivative = (error - self._last_error) / delta_time
            derivative = self._last_derivative + \
                                     ((delta_time / (self._RC + delta_time)) * \
                                        (derivative - self._last_derivative))
            self._last_error = error
            self._last_derivative = derivative
            output += self._kd * derivative
        output *= scaler
        if abs(self._ki) > 0 and dt > 0:
            self._integrator += (error * self._ki) * scaler * delta_time
            if self._integrator < -self._imax: self._integrator = -self._imax
            elif self._integrator > self._imax: self._integrator = self._imax
            output += self._integrator
        return output
    def reset_I(self):
        self._integrator = 0
        self._last_derivative = float('nan')

pid的原理可以参考我主页的  PID算法解析  那篇文章，这里就不再赘述pid原理

1.

这两句是Servo函数的一个校准配置函数，他把180的舵机驱动角度均匀分配到你输入的数值中

起到一个限制和校准的作用

脉宽即一次pwm的周期的起点最低值

脉冲即一次pwm的周期的终点最高值

用默认值也行，只是调配的时候加上这个效果更好

2.

设置pid每个参数的系数，p系数  i系数  返回上限90度

3.

在色块中找出最大的

把最大的色块中心位置算出，让他于屏幕中心比较得到差，再把差放入pid中，可以得到上限的百分之几的值，如果你嫌弃她慢，可以调系数让他快点