一、前言
随着 LLM 模型越来越大,单 GPU 已经无法加载一个模型。以 Qwen-14B-Chat 模型为例,模型权重大概 28GB,但是单个 NVIDIA A10 仅有 24GB 显存。如果想要在 A10 上部署 Qwen-14B-Chat 模型,我们需要将模型切分后部署到 2 个 A10 机器上,每个 A10 卡加载一半的模型,这种方式称之为分布式推理。
社区涌现了很多支持分布式推理的框架如 vllm、deepspeed-mii,rtp-llm 等。本文选取了 vllm 框架,从源码角度分析 vllm + Ray 如何实现 LLM 模型的分布式推理。
二、在 K8s 中部署 vllm 分布式推理应用
2.1 模型准备
下载 Qwen-14B-Chat 到 OSS 中,并在集群中创建对应的 pv,pvc。pvc 名称为 llm-model。
kubectl apply -f- << EOF
apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
name: oss-secret
stringData:
akId: ${your-accesskey-id} # 用于访问oss的AK
akSecret: ${your-accesskey-secert} # 用于访问oss的SK
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
name: llm-model
labels:
alicloud-pvname: llm-model
spec:
capacity:
storage: 30Gi
accessModes:
- ReadOnlyMany
persistentVolumeReclaimPolicy: Retain
csi:
driver: ossplugin.csi.alibabacloud.com
volumeHandle: model-oss
nodePublishSecretRef:
name: oss-secret
namespace: default
volumeAttributes:
bucket: ${your-bucket-name}
url: ${your-bucket-endpoint} # e.g. oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com
otherOpts: "-o umask=022 -o max_stat_cache_size=0 -o allow_other"
path: "/"
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
name: llm-model
spec:
accessModes:
- ReadOnlyMany
resources:
requests:
storage: 30Gi
selector:
matchLabels:
alicloud-pvname: llm-model
EOF
2.2 部署分布式 vllm 应用
- 执行以下命令,部署 vllm 应用
kubectl apply -f- <<EOF
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: vllm
labels:
app: vllm
spec:
replicas: 2
selector:
matchLabels:
app: vllm
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: vllm
spec:
affinity:
podAntiAffinity:
requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
- labelSelector:
matchExpressions:
- key: app
operator: In
values:
- vllm
topologyKey: kubernetes.io/hostname
volumes:
- name: model
persistentVolumeClaim:
claimName: llm-model
containers:
- name: vllm
image: kube-ai-registry.cn-shanghai.cr.aliyuncs.com/kube-ai/vllm:0.4.1
command:
- "sh"
- "-c"
- "sleep 7d"
ports:
- containerPort: 8080
readinessProbe:
tcpSocket:
port: 8080
initialDelaySeconds: 30
periodSeconds: 30
resources:
limits:
nvidia.com/gpu: "1"
requests:
cpu: 4
memory: 8Gi
nvidia.com/gpu: "1"
volumeMounts:
- mountPath: /mnt/models
name: model
EOF
- 执行以下命令,启动 vllm 应用
启动 ray
在 Pod1 上运行
ray start --head
# 启动后,日志中会显示ray-head-address地址
在 Pod2 上运行
# ray-head-address 设置为pod1日志中显示的ray-head-address地址
ray start --address=<ray-head-address>
运行如下命令,初始化 Pod2 上的本地模型
python3 model_init.py
from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer, AutoConfig
config = AutoConfig.from_pretrained(
"/mnt/models/Qwen-14B-Chat",
trust_remote_code=True)
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("/mnt/models/Qwen-14B-Chat", trust_remote_code=True)
在 Pod1 上运行如下命令启动 qwen 模型
python3 -m vllm.entrypoints.openai.api_server \
--port 8080 \
--trust-remote-code \
--served-model-name qwen \
--model /mnt/models/Qwen-14B-Chat \
--gpu-memory-utilization 0.95 \
--tensor-parallel-size 2
登陆 pod1,访问应用
kubectl -n <your-namespace> exec -it <pod1-name> bash
curl -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
http://localhost:8080/v1/chat/completions -X POST \
-d '{"model": "qwen", "messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "你好"}], "max_tokens": 512, "temperature": 0.7, "top_p": 0.9, "seed": 10, "stop":["<|endoftext|>", "<|im_end|>", "<|im_start|>"]}'
三、分布式推理总体流程分析
1.入口函数:vllm/entrypoints/openai/api_server.py main
if __name__ == "__main__":
# 构建engine args
engine_args = AsyncEngineArgs.from_cli_args(args)
# 构建engine
engine = AsyncLLMEngine.from_engine_args(
engine_args, usage_context=UsageContext.OPENAI_API_SERVER)
openai_serving_chat = OpenAIServingChat(engine, served_model_names,
args.response_role,
args.lora_modules,
args.chat_template)
openai_serving_completion = OpenAIServingCompletion(
engine, served_model_names, args.lora_modules)
app.root_path = args.root_path
uvicorn.run(app)
2.构建 LLM engine
engine = AsyncLLMEngine.from_engine_args(
engine_args, usage_context=UsageContext.OPENAI_API_SERVER)
def from_engine_args():
"""Creates an async LLM engine from the engine arguments."""
# Create the engine configs.
engine_config = engine_args.create_engine_config()
# ray 集群初始化
initialize_ray_cluster(engine_config.parallel_config)
from vllm.executor.ray_gpu_executor import RayGPUExecutorAsync
executor_class = RayGPUExecutorAsync
# Create the engine configs.
engine_config = engine_args.create_engine_config()
# ray 集群初始化
# 1. ray.init()
# 2. 根据集群内gpu数量 & tp并发度设置ray placement策略
initialize_ray_cluster(engine_config.parallel_config)
from vllm.executor.ray_gpu_executor import RayGPUExecutorAsync
executor_class = RayGPUExecutorAsync
# Create the async LLM engine.
engine = cls(...) #创建一个AsyncLLMEngine实例
# AsyncLLMEngine.__init__ -> self._init_engine -> _AsyncLLMEngine.__init__ -> LLMEngine.__init__ -> executor_class() 即调用RayGPUExecutorAsync.__init__
3.初始化 Ray 集群
Ray Worker 初始化包括 Ray 集群初始化,Ray Worker 初始化。在 Ray worker 初始化时会分布式加载模型。
# RayGPUExecutorAsync 继承了RayGPUExecutor及ExecutorAsyncBase 类,初始化时会调用RayGPUExecutor的self._init_executor 方法
def _init_executor(self) -> None:
# Create the parallel GPU workers. 初始化workers 核心代码
self._init_workers_ray(placement_group)
def _init_workers_ray():
# 定义worker, 是vllm.worker.worker模块里的Worker类
# actor为RayWorkerWrapper类
worker = ray.remote(
num_cpus=0,
num_gpus=num_gpus,
scheduling_strategy=scheduling_strategy,
**ray_remote_kwargs,
)(RayWorkerWrapper).remote(
worker_module_name="vllm.worker.worker",
worker_class_name="Worker",
trust_remote_code=self.model_config.trust_remote_code,
)
# 在Ray Worker上依次执行如下方法
self._run_workers("get_node_and_gpu_ids",
use_dummy_driver=True)
self._run_workers("update_environment_variables",
all_args=all_args_to_update_environment_variables)
self._run_workers("init_worker", all_kwargs=init_worker_all_kwargs)
self._run_workers("init_device")
self._run_workers(
"load_model",
max_concurrent_workers=self.parallel_config.
max_parallel_loading_workers,
)
def _run_workers():
# Start the ray workers first.
ray_worker_outputs = [
# worker是前面定义的RayWorkerWrapper类, 继承RayWorkerWrapper类
# 实际调用了RayWorkerWrapper.execute_method 并在远程实例上执行method方法
worker.execute_method.remote(method, *worker_args,
**worker_kwargs)
for (worker, worker_args, worker_kwargs
) in zip(self.workers, all_worker_args, all_worker_kwargs)
]
def init_worker():
# worker_module_name 是 vllm.worker.worker 就是_init_workers_ray方法中传入的
mod = importlib.import_module(self.worker_module_name)
# Worker
worker_class = getattr(mod, self.worker_class_name)
self.worker = worker_class(*args, **kwargs)
# Worker.__init__ -> ModelRunner.__init__
def init_device():
# 初始化分布式推理的机器信息
"""Initialize the distributed environment."""
init_distributed_environment(parallel_config.world_size, rank,
distributed_init_method, local_rank)
def load_model():
self.model_runner.load_model() # ModelRunner.load_model() -> vllm.model_executor.model_loader.loader.load_model
执行完 load_model()的预期日志输出如下,可以看到两个 pod,每个加载了 13.2845 GB,即一半的模型。
INFO 04-26 09:39:46 model_runner.py:173] Loading model weights took 13.2845 GB
(RayWorkerWrapper pid=3327, ip=192.168.12.132) INFO 04-26 09:39:51 model_runner.py:173] Loading model weights took 13.2845 GB
4.对外提供服务
创建 OpenAIServingChat 以及 OpenAIServingCompletion 实例,启动 uvicorn 对外提供服务。
@app.post("/v1/chat/completions")
openai_serving_chat = OpenAIServingChat(engine, served_model_names,
args.response_role,
args.lora_modules,
args.chat_template)
@app.post("/v1/completions")
openai_serving_completion = OpenAIServingCompletion(
engine, served_model_names, args.lora_modules)
app.root_path = args.root_path
uvicorn.run(app)
3.1 分布式推理过程
当启动参数–tensor-parallel-size > 1 时,会自动触发 ray 分布式部署。
- 构建 LLM engine 时会对 Ray 集群进行初始化
# ray 集群初始化
initialize_ray_cluster(engine_config.parallel_config)
parallel_config 的配置如下,pp=1,tp=2,world_size=2
{'pipeline_parallel_size': 1, 'tensor_parallel_size': 2, 'worker_use_ray': True, 'max_parallel_loading_workers': None, 'disable_custom_all_reduce': False, 'tokenizer_pool_config': None, 'ray_workers_use_nsight': False, 'placement_group': None, 'world_size': 2}
初始化时会为 worker 进程创建 placement_group。
1)获取 ray cluster 中所有 gpu 的数量。
2)根据 world size 申请 gpu placement_group_specs = ([{“GPU”: 1}] * parallel_config.world_size)。
3)创建 placement_group,ray 会根据 placement_group 在对应 node 上启动 actor。
- 在每个 worker 上执行 get_node_and_gpu_ids 方法
# 获取node及node上分配的gpu卡信息
def get_node_and_gpu_ids(self) -> Tuple[str, List[int]]:
node_id = ray.get_runtime_context().get_node_id()
gpu_ids = ray.get_gpu_ids()
return node_id, gpu_ids
3. 在每个 worker 上执行 update_environment_variables
# 第二步获取的worker_node以及gpu信息
worker_node_and_gpu_ids = self._run_workers("get_node_and_gpu_ids",
use_dummy_driver=True)
# Set environment variables for the driver and workers.
all_args_to_update_environment_variables = [({
"CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES":
",".join(map(str, node_gpus[node_id])),
"VLLM_INSTANCE_ID":
VLLM_INSTANCE_ID,
"VLLM_TRACE_FUNCTION":
os.getenv("VLLM_TRACE_FUNCTION", "0"),
}, ) for (node_id, _) in worker_node_and_gpu_ids]
- 在每个 worker 上执行 init_device 方法
# worker的启动参数
init_worker_all_kwargs = []
# worker_node_and_gpu_ids 是第二步获取的worker上的gpu信息
for rank, (node_id, _) in enumerate(worker_node_and_gpu_ids):
local_rank = node_workers[node_id].index(rank)
init_worker_all_kwargs.append(
collect_arg_helper_func(
model_config=self.model_config,
parallel_config=self.parallel_config,
scheduler_config=self.scheduler_config,
device_config=self.device_config,
cache_config=self.cache_config,
load_config=self.load_config,
local_rank=local_rank,
rank=rank,
distributed_init_method=distributed_init_method,
lora_config=self.lora_config,
vision_language_config=self.vision_language_config,
is_driver_worker=rank == 0,
))
def init_device(self) -> None:
if self.device_config.device.type == "cuda":
# torch.distributed.all_reduce does not free the input tensor until
# the synchronization point. This causes the memory usage to grow
# as the number of all_reduce calls increases. This env var disables
# this behavior.
# Related issue:
# https://discuss.pytorch.org/t/cuda-allocation-lifetime-for-inputs-to-distributed-all-reduce/191573
os.environ["TORCH_NCCL_AVOID_RECORD_STREAMS"] = "1"
# This env var set by Ray causes exceptions with graph building.
os.environ.pop("NCCL_ASYNC_ERROR_HANDLING", None)
self.device = torch.device(f"cuda:{self.local_rank}")
torch.cuda.set_device(self.device)
_check_if_gpu_supports_dtype(self.model_config.dtype)
torch.cuda.empty_cache()
self.init_gpu_memory = torch.cuda.mem_get_info()[0]
else:
raise RuntimeError(
f"Not support device type: {self.device_config.device}")
# Initialize the distributed environment.
init_worker_distributed_environment(self.parallel_config, self.rank,
self.distributed_init_method,
self.local_rank)
# Set random seed.
set_random_seed(self.model_config.seed)
核心方法 init_worker_distributed_environment 用于构建分布式集群的 world 信息,类似 horovod 及 deepspeed 框架中的 world info。
该方法参数如下:
work1: self.rank=0, self.local_rank=0, self.distributed_init_method="tcp://192.168.12.120:42167" (ray master)
{'pipeline_parallel_size': 1, 'tensor_parallel_size': 2, 'worker_use_ray': True, 'max_parallel_loading_workers': None, 'disable_custom_all_reduce': False, 'tokenizer_pool_config': None, 'ray_workers_use_nsight': False, 'placement_group': <ray.util.placement_group.PlacementGroup object at 0x7fdeaa896ce0>, 'world_size': 2}, {'id': PlacementGroupID(51489eb26a9335f31ed1bdb4eace04000000), 'bundle_cache': [{'GPU': 1.0}, {'GPU': 1.0}]}, self.rank=0, tcp://192.168.12.120:42167, self.local_rank=0
work2: self.rank=1,
self.local_rank=0,self.distributed_init_method="tcp://192.168.12.120:42167"
{'pipeline_parallel_size': 1, 'tensor_parallel_size': 2, 'worker_use_ray': True, 'max_parallel_loading_workers': None, 'disable_custom_all_reduce': False, 'tokenizer_pool_config': None, 'ray_workers_use_nsight': False, 'world_size': 2}, self.rank=1, tcp://192.168.12.120:42167, self.local_rank=0
self.rank 全局递增,self.local_rank 是指在一个 pod 内第几个 gpu。
- 在每个 worker 执行 load_model 方法
load_model 用于加载分布式模型,比较复杂,在下面的章节中单独介绍。
3.2 分布式模型加载流程
在每个 worker 执行 load_model 方法
def load_model():
self.model_runner.load_model()
# ModelRunner.load_model() -> vllm.model_executor.model_loader.loader.load_model
def load_model(self) -> None:
with CudaMemoryProfiler() as m:
# get_model 获取模型
self.model = get_model(
model_config=self.model_config,
device_config=self.device_config,
load_config=self.load_config,
lora_config=self.lora_config,
vision_language_config=self.vision_language_config,
parallel_config=self.parallel_config,
scheduler_config=self.scheduler_config,
)
self.model_memory_usage = m.consumed_memory
logger.info(f"Loading model weights took "
f"{self.model_memory_usage / float(2**30):.4f} GB")
# get_model -> loader.load_model -> DefaultModelLoader.load_model
def load_model(self, *, model_config: ModelConfig,
device_config: DeviceConfig,
lora_config: Optional[LoRAConfig],
vision_language_config: Optional[VisionLanguageConfig],
parallel_config: ParallelConfig,
scheduler_config: SchedulerConfig) -> nn.Module:
with set_default_torch_dtype(model_config.dtype):
with torch.device(device_config.device):
"""Initialize a model with the given configurations."""
# 初始化模型
model = _initialize_model(model_config, self.load_config,
lora_config, vision_language_config)
# 调用对应model的load_weights方法
model.load_weights(
self._get_weights_iterator(model_config.model,
model_config.revision,
fall_back_to_pt=getattr(
model,
"fall_back_to_pt_during_load",
True)), )
for _, module in model.named_modules():
linear_method = getattr(module, "linear_method", None)
if linear_method is not None:
linear_method.process_weights_after_loading(module)
if hasattr(module, "process_weights_after_loading"):
module.process_weights_after_loading()
return model.eval()
# 根据model config找到具体是什么模型
def _initialize_model(
model_config: ModelConfig, load_config: LoadConfig,
lora_config: Optional[LoRAConfig],
vision_language_config: Optional[VisionLanguageConfig]) -> nn.Module:
"""Initialize a model with the given configurations."""
# Qwen-7B-Chat/config.json中architecture字段
model_class = get_model_architecture(model_config)[0]
linear_method = _get_linear_method(model_config, load_config)
return model_class(config=model_config.hf_config,
linear_method=linear_method,
**_get_model_initialization_kwargs(
model_class, lora_config, vision_language_config))
# model_class 是 <class 'vllm.model_executor.models.qwen.QWenLMHeadModel'>
model.load_weights 即调用 QwenLMHeadModel 的 load_weights 方法
# QWenLMHeadModel.load_weights
def load_weights(self, weights: Iterable[Tuple[str, torch.Tensor]]):
stacked_params_mapping = [
# (param_name, shard_name, shard_id)
("gate_up_proj", "w2", 0),
("gate_up_proj", "w1", 1),
]
# 模型每层权重及其名称
# self.named_parameters即model.named_parameters()
params_dict = dict(self.named_parameters())
for name, loaded_weight in weights:
# name: transformer.h.27.mlp.c_proj.weight
# loaded_weight: tensor(xxx)
if "rotary_emb.inv_freq" in name:
continue
for (param_name, weight_name, shard_id) in stacked_params_mapping:
if weight_name not in name:
continue
# 如果在stacked_params_mapping里,就需要把shard_name改为param_name
# 如 name为 transformer.h.0.mlp.w1.weight,则name需要改为 transformer.h.0.mlp.gate_up_proj.weight
name = name.replace(weight_name, param_name)
# Skip loading extra bias for GPTQ models.
if name.endswith(".bias") and name not in params_dict:
continue
param = params_dict[name]
weight_loader = param.weight_loader
weight_loader(param, loaded_weight, shard_id)
break
else:
# python的for-else语法,到达这里意味着没有执行循环中的 break 语句
# Skip loading extra bias for GPTQ models.
if name.endswith(".bias") and name not in params_dict:
continue
param = params_dict[name]
# 根据name找到对应的weight_loader方法
weight_loader = getattr(param, "weight_loader",
default_weight_loader)
weight_loader(param, loaded_weight)
模型层权重及其 weight_loader 方法
# param,weight_loader
lm_head.weight, weight_loader <bound method VocabParallelEmbedding.weight_loader of ParallelLMHead()>
transformer.h.0.attn.c_attn.weight, weight_loader <bound method QKVParallelLinear.weight_loader of QKVParallelLinear()>
transformer.h.0.attn.c_proj.weight, weight_loader <bound method RowParallelLinear.weight_loader of RowParallelLinear()>
transformer.h.0.ln_1.weight, weight_loader <function default_weight_loader at 0x7f66201ee0e0>
transformer.h.0.ln_2.weight, weight_loader <function default_weight_loader at 0x7f66201ee0e0>
transformer.h.0.mlp.c_proj.weight, weight_loader <bound method RowParallelLinear.weight_loader of RowParallelLinear()>
transformer.h.0.mlp.gate_up_proj.weight, weight_loader <bound method MergedColumnParallelLinear.weight_loader of MergedColumnParallelLinear()>
transformer.ln_f.weight, weight_loader <function default_weight_loader at 0x7f66201ee0e0>
transformer.wte.weight, weight_loader <bound method VocabParallelEmbedding.weight_loader of VocabParallelEmbedding()>
模型的每一层都有自己的分布式加载方法,如 transformer.h.0.attn.c_proj.weight 这个权重使用了 RowParallelLinear.weight_loader 方法。
class RowParallelLinear(torch.nn.Module):
def weight_loader(self, param: Parameter, loaded_weight: torch.Tensor):
# 获取worker的tp_rank,根据tp_rank计算需要加载的权重范围
tp_rank = get_tensor_model_parallel_rank()
input_dim = getattr(param, "input_dim", None)
param_data = param.data
if input_dim is not None:
shard_size = param_data.shape[input_dim]
start_idx = tp_rank * shard_size
loaded_weight = loaded_weight.narrow(input_dim, start_idx,
shard_size)
assert param_data.shape == loaded_weight.shape
param_data.copy_(loaded_weight)
模型切分采用了 Megatron-LM 算法,详情可参考论文【文末查看】
四、分布式模型切分算法 Megatron-LM
4.1 分布式节点通信:AllReduce
https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/nccl/user-guide/docs/usage/collectives.html#
1)Reduce:将每个 GPU 的计算结果汇总到某个特定的 GPU 上
2)Broadcast:将某个 GPU 的数据同步到所有 GPU 上
3)AllReduce = Reduce + Broadcast
4.2 Transformer 切分
Transformer 层由一个自注意力模块(self-attention block)后跟一个两层的多层感知机(MLP)实现的。
MLP
如图所示,MLP 由两个部分组成,GeLU 是非线形函数,
即所以不能采用行并行,需要采用列并行。
此时,B 需要采用行并行。如果 B 采用列并行的话,则需要进行一次 all-reduce 同步。
Dropout 是按照一定比例随机丢弃一些参数,因此 Dropout 前必须进行一次 all-reduce 同步。
Self-Attention
multi-head attention 机制中每个 attention 都是独立的 QKV 矩阵,每个 GPU 上计算部分 attention 就行。因此要求 attention head 可以被 tp_size 整除。否则会报错如下(Qwen-14b 设置 tp=3):
ValueError: Total number of attention heads (40) must be divisible by tensor parallel size (3).
同样,Dropout 前需要进行一次 all-reduce 操作。
因此,一次 Transformer 推理需要进行 2 次 all-reduce 操作,qwen-14b 中 transformer 有 40 个,一次推理需要执行 81 一个 all-reduce 操作。跨节点部署推理服务时,网络通信将会是比较大的开销。
那么,我们该如何学习大模型?
作为一名热心肠的互联网老兵,我决定把宝贵的AI知识分享给大家。 至于能学习到多少就看你的学习毅力和能力了 。我已将重要的AI大模型资料包括AI大模型入门学习思维导图、精品AI大模型学习书籍手册、视频教程、实战学习等录播视频免费分享出来。
一、大模型全套的学习路线
学习大型人工智能模型,如GPT-3、BERT或任何其他先进的神经网络模型,需要系统的方法和持续的努力。既然要系统的学习大模型,那么学习路线是必不可少的,下面的这份路线能帮助你快速梳理知识,形成自己的体系。
L1级别:AI大模型时代的华丽登场
L2级别:AI大模型API应用开发工程
L3级别:大模型应用架构进阶实践
L4级别:大模型微调与私有化部署
一般掌握到第四个级别,市场上大多数岗位都是可以胜任,但要还不是天花板,天花板级别要求更加严格,对于算法和实战是非常苛刻的。建议普通人掌握到L4级别即可。
以上的AI大模型学习路线,不知道为什么发出来就有点糊,高清版可以微信扫描下方CSDN官方认证二维码免费领取【保证100%免费
】
二、640套AI大模型报告合集
这套包含640份报告的合集,涵盖了AI大模型的理论研究、技术实现、行业应用等多个方面。无论您是科研人员、工程师,还是对AI大模型感兴趣的爱好者,这套报告合集都将为您提供宝贵的信息和启示。
三、大模型经典PDF籍
随着人工智能技术的飞速发展,AI大模型已经成为了当今科技领域的一大热点。这些大型预训练模型,如GPT-3、BERT、XLNet等,以其强大的语言理解和生成能力,正在改变我们对人工智能的认识。 那以下这些PDF籍就是非常不错的学习资源。
四、AI大模型商业化落地方案
作为普通人,入局大模型时代需要持续学习和实践,不断提高自己的技能和认知水平,同时也需要有责任感和伦理意识,为人工智能的健康发展贡献力量。