题目：
证明
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\boldsymbol{A}
A 是反对称矩阵的充要条件是
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\boldsymbol{AA}'=-\boldsymbol{A}^2
AA′=−A2
参考答案：
必要性显然
先介绍两个引理，然后再给出充分性的证明
引理一：
t r ( A B ) = t r ( B A ) \mathrm{tr}(\boldsymbol{AB})=\mathrm{tr}(\boldsymbol{BA}) tr(AB)=tr(BA)
证明：
( A B ) i i = ∑ j = 1 n a i j b j i (\boldsymbol{AB})_{ii}=\sum_{j=1}^na_{ij}b_{ji}\\ (AB)ii=j=1∑naijbji
则
t r ( A B ) = ∑ i = 1 n ( A B ) i i = ∑ i = 1 n ∑ j = 1 n a i j b j i \mathrm{tr}(\boldsymbol{AB})=\sum_{i=1}^n(\boldsymbol{AB})_{ii}=\sum_{i=1}^n\sum_{j=1}^na_{ij}b_{ji} tr(AB)=i=1∑n(AB)ii=i=1∑nj=1∑naijbji
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\begin{aligned} \mathrm{tr}(\boldsymbol{BA})=\sum_{i=1}^n(\boldsymbol{BA})_{ii}&=\sum_{i=1}^n\sum_{j=1}^nb_{ij}a_{ji}\\ &=\sum_{i=1}^n\sum_{j=1}^na_{ji}b_{ij}\\ &=\sum_{j=1}^n\sum_{i=1}^na_{ij}b_{ji}\\ &=\sum_{i=1}^n\sum_{j=1}^na_{ij}b_{ji}=\mathrm{tr}(\boldsymbol{AB}) \end{aligned}
tr(BA)=i=1∑n(BA)ii=i=1∑nj=1∑nbijaji=i=1∑nj=1∑najibij=j=1∑ni=1∑naijbji=i=1∑nj=1∑naijbji=tr(AB)
证毕
引理二：
矩阵 A \boldsymbol{A} A 为对称矩阵，且 A 2 = 0 \boldsymbol{A}^2=0 A2=0,那么 A = 0 \boldsymbol{A}=\boldsymbol{0} A=0
证明：
( A 2 ) i i = ∑ j = 1 n a i j a j i = ∑ j = 1 n a i j 2 = 0 (\boldsymbol{A}^2)_{ii}=\sum_{j=1}^na_{ij}a_{ji}=\sum_{j=1}^na_{ij}^2=0 (A2)ii=j=1∑naijaji=j=1∑naij2=0
这说明 A \boldsymbol{A} A 的第 i i i 行都为零，继而得到 A \boldsymbol{A} A 的每一行都为零，从而 A = 0 \boldsymbol{A}=\boldsymbol{0} A=0
下面我们再来证明原命题的充分性
因为 A 2 = − A A ′ \boldsymbol{A}^2=-\boldsymbol{AA}' A2=−AA′,两边取转置，得到 A ′ 2 = − A A ′ \boldsymbol{A}'^2=-\boldsymbol{AA}' A′2=−AA′
( A + A ′ ) 2 = A 2 + A ′ 2 + A A ′ + A ′ A = − A A ′ − A A ′ + A A ′ + A ′ A = A ′ A − A A ′ \begin{aligned} (\boldsymbol{A}+\boldsymbol{A}')^2&=\boldsymbol{A}^2+\boldsymbol{A}'^2+\boldsymbol{A}\boldsymbol{A}'+\boldsymbol{A}'\boldsymbol{A}\\ &=-\boldsymbol{A}\boldsymbol{A}'-\boldsymbol{A}\boldsymbol{A}'+\boldsymbol{A}\boldsymbol{A}'+\boldsymbol{A}'\boldsymbol{A}\\ &=\boldsymbol{A}'\boldsymbol{A}-\boldsymbol{A}\boldsymbol{A}' \end{aligned} (A+A′)2=A2+A′2+AA′+A′A=−AA′−AA′+AA′+A′A=A′A−AA′
t r ( ( A + A ′ ) 2 ) = t r ( A ′ A − A A ′ ) = t r ( A ′ A ) − t r ( A A ′ ) = 0 \begin{aligned} \mathrm{tr}\left((\boldsymbol{A}+\boldsymbol{A}')^2\right)&=\mathrm{tr}(\boldsymbol{A}'\boldsymbol{A}-\boldsymbol{A}\boldsymbol{A}')\\ &=\mathrm{tr}(\boldsymbol{A}'\boldsymbol{A})-\mathrm{tr}(\boldsymbol{A}\boldsymbol{A}')=0 \end{aligned} tr((A+A′)2)=tr(A′A−AA′)=tr(A′A)−tr(AA′)=0
最后一步是根据引理一得到的
又因为 B = ( A + A ′ ) \boldsymbol{B}=(\boldsymbol{A}+\boldsymbol{A}') B=(A+A′) 是对称矩阵， t r ( B 2 ) = 0 \mathrm{tr}(\boldsymbol{B}^2)=0 tr(B2)=0,所以 B = 0 \boldsymbol{B}=\boldsymbol{0} B=0,所以 A = − A ′ \boldsymbol{A}=-\boldsymbol{A}' A=−A′, A \boldsymbol{A} A 为反对称矩阵
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