转自
https://blog.csdn.net/qq_36696486/article/details/104291630
https://learnopengl-cn.github.io/01%20Getting%20started/09%20Camera/#_3
前面的教程中我们讨论了观察矩阵以及如何使用观察矩阵移动场景(我们向后移动了一点)。OpenGL本身没有摄像机(Camera)的概念,但我们可以通过把场景中的所有物体往相反方向移动的方式来模拟出摄像机,产生一种我们在移动的感觉,而不是场景在移动。
摄像机/观察空间
当我们讨论摄像机/观察空间(Camera/View Space)的时候,是在讨论以摄像机的视角作为场景原点时场景中所有的顶点坐标:观察矩阵把所有的世界坐标变换为相对于摄像机位置与方向的观察坐标。要定义一个摄像机,我们需要它在世界空间中的位置、观察的方向、一个指向它右测的向量以及一个指向它上方的向量。细心的读者可能已经注意到我们实际上创建了一个三个单位轴相互垂直的、以摄像机的位置为原点的坐标系。
1. 摄像机位置
获取摄像机位置很简单。摄像机位置简单来说就是世界空间中一个指向摄像机位置的向量。我们把摄像机位置设置为上一节中的那个相同的位置:
glm::vec3 cameraPos = glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f);
2. 摄像机方向
下一个需要的向量是摄像机的方向,这里指的是摄像机指向哪个方向。现在我们让摄像机指向场景原点:(0, 0, 0)。还记得如果将两个矢量相减,我们就能得到这两个矢量的差吗?用场景原点向量减去摄像机位置向量的结果就是摄像机的指向向量。由于我们知道摄像机指向z轴负方向,但我们希望方向向量(Direction Vector)指向摄像机的z轴正方向。如果我们交换相减的顺序,我们就会获得一个指向摄像机正z轴方向的向量:
glm::vec3 cameraTarget = glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
glm::vec3 cameraDirection = glm::normalize(cameraPos - cameraTarget);
3. 右轴
我们需要的另一个向量是一个右向量(Right Vector),它代表摄像机空间的x轴的正方向。为获取右向量我们需要先使用一个小技巧:先定义一个上向量(Up Vector)。接下来把上向量和第二步得到的方向向量进行叉乘。两个向量叉乘的结果会同时垂直于两向量,因此我们会得到指向x轴正方向的那个向量(如果我们交换两个向量叉乘的顺序就会得到相反的指向x轴负方向的向量):
glm::vec3 up = glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
glm::vec3 cameraRight = glm::normalize(glm::cross(up, cameraDirection));
4. 上轴
现在我们已经有了x轴向量和z轴向量,获取一个指向摄像机的正y轴向量就相对简单了:我们把右向量和方向向量进行叉乘:
glm::vec3 cameraUp = glm::cross(cameraDirection, cameraRight);
使用这些摄像机向量我们就可以创建一个LookAt矩阵了,它在创建摄像机的时候非常有用。
Look At
使用矩阵的好处之一是如果你使用3个相互垂直(或非线性)的轴定义了一个坐标空间,你可以用这3个轴外加一个平移向量来创建一个矩阵,并且你可以用这个矩阵乘以任何向量来将其变换到那个坐标空间。这正是LookAt矩阵所做的,现在我们有了3个相互垂直的轴和一个定义摄像机空间的位置坐标,我们可以创建我们自己的LookAt矩阵了:
其中R是右向量,U是上向量,D是方向向量P是摄像机位置向量。它会创建一个看着(Look at)给定目标的观察矩阵。
glm::LookAt函数需要一个位置、目标和上向量。它会创建一个和在上一节使用的一样的观察矩阵。
glm::mat4 view;
view = glm::lookAt(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f),
glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f),
glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
欧拉角
欧拉角(Euler Angle)是可以表示3D空间中任何旋转的3个值,由莱昂哈德·欧拉(Leonhard Euler)在18世纪提出。一共有3种欧拉角:俯仰角(Pitch)、偏航角(Yaw)和滚转角(Roll),下面的图片展示了它们的含义:
实战
只是用上了那些矩阵,并没有用摄像机
#include <glad/glad.h>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
#define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION
#include "stb_image.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>
void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height);
void processInput(GLFWwindow* window);
// settings
const unsigned int SCR_WIDTH = 800;
const unsigned int SCR_HEIGHT = 600;
int main()
{
//初始化
glfwInit();
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);
// 创建窗口
GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, "LearnOpenGL", NULL, NULL);
if (window == NULL)
{
std::cout << "Failed to create GLFW window" << std::endl;
glfwTerminate();
return -1;
}
glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebuffer_size_callback);
// 错误提示信息
if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress))
{
std::cout << "Failed to initialize GLAD" << std::endl;
return -1;
}
// 开启深度测试(深度值粗略可视为与相机近平面的距离)
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
const char* vertexShaderSource =
"#version 330 core\n"
"layout(location = 0) in vec3 aPos; \n"
"layout(location = 1) in vec2 aTexCoord; \n"
"out vec2 TexCoord; \n"
"uniform mat4 model; \n"
"uniform mat4 view; \n"
"uniform mat4 projection; \n"
"void main()\n"
"{\n"
"gl_Position = projection * view * model * vec4(aPos, 1.0f);\n"
"TexCoord = vec2(aTexCoord.x, aTexCoord.y);\n"
"}";
const char* fragmentShaderSource =
"#version 330 core\n"
"out vec4 FragColor;\n"
"in vec2 TexCoord;\n"
"uniform sampler2D texture1;\n"
"uniform sampler2D texture2;\n"
"void main()\n"
"{\n"
"FragColor=mix(texture(texture1, TexCoord), texture(texture2, TexCoord), 0.2);\n"
"}";
//VertexShader创建顶点着色器
int vertexShader = glCreateShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER);
glShaderSource(vertexShader, 1, &vertexShaderSource, NULL);
glCompileShader(vertexShader);
//Info获取编译出错信息
int success;
char info[512];
glGetShaderiv(vertexShader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &success);
if (!success)
{
glGetShaderInfoLog(vertexShader, 512, NULL, info);
std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER::VERTEX::COMPILATION_FAILED\n" << info << std::endl;
}
//片元着色器
int fragmentShader = glCreateShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER);
glShaderSource(fragmentShader, 1, &fragmentShaderSource, NULL);
glCompileShader(fragmentShader);
//编译信息
glGetShaderiv(fragmentShader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &success);
if (!success)
{
glGetShaderInfoLog(fragmentShader, 512, NULL, info);
std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER::FRAGMENT::COMPILATION_FAILED\n" << info << std::endl;
}
//shaderProgramshader程序
int shaderProgram = glCreateProgram();
glAttachShader(shaderProgram, vertexShader);
glAttachShader(shaderProgram, fragmentShader);
glLinkProgram(shaderProgram);
glGetProgramiv(shaderProgram, GL_LINK_STATUS, &success);
if (!success)
{
glGetProgramInfoLog(shaderProgram, 512, NULL, info);
std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER::PROGRAM::LINKING_FAILED\n" << info << std::endl;
}
glDeleteShader(vertexShader);
glDeleteShader(fragmentShader);
//一个正方体,
float vertices[] = {
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f
};
unsigned int VBO, VAO;
glGenVertexArrays(1, &VAO);
glGenBuffers(1, &VBO);
glBindVertexArray(VAO);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
// position attribute
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
// texture coord attribute
glVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
// load and create a texture
// -------------------------
unsigned int texture1, texture2;
// texture 1
// ---------
glGenTextures(1, &texture1);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture1);
// set the texture wrapping parameters
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
// set texture filtering parameters
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
// load image, create texture and generate mipmaps
int width, height, nrChannels;
stbi_set_flip_vertically_on_load(true); // tell stb_image.h to flip loaded texture's on the y-axis.
unsigned char* data = stbi_load("567.png", &width, &height, &nrChannels, 0);
if (data)
{
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, width, height, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
}
else
{
std::cout << "Failed to load texture" << std::endl;
}
stbi_image_free(data);
// texture 2
// ---------
glGenTextures(1, &texture2);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture2);
// set the texture wrapping parameters
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
// set texture filtering parameters
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
// load image, create texture and generate mipmaps
data = stbi_load("1.jpg", &width, &height, &nrChannels, 0);
if (data)
{
// note that the awesomeface.png has transparency and thus an alpha channel, so make sure to tell OpenGL the data type is of GL_RGBA
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, width, height, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
}
else
{
std::cout << "Failed to load texture" << std::endl;
}
stbi_image_free(data);
glUseProgram(shaderProgram);
glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(shaderProgram, "texture1"), 0);
glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(shaderProgram, "texture2"), 1);
// render loop
// -----------
while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
{
// input
// -----
processInput(window);
// render
// ------
glClearColor(0.2f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f);
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); // also clear the depth buffer now!
// bind textures on corresponding texture units
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture1);
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture2);
// activate shader
glUseProgram(shaderProgram);
// create transformations
glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f); // make sure to initialize matrix to identity matrix first
glm::mat4 view = glm::mat4(1.0f);
glm::mat4 projection = glm::mat4(1.0f);
model = glm::rotate(model, (float)glfwGetTime() * 100, glm::vec3(1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
view = glm::translate(view, glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, -200.0f));
projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(80.0f), (float)SCR_WIDTH / (float)SCR_HEIGHT, 0.1f, 300.0f);
// retrieve the matrix uniform locations
unsigned int modelLoc = glGetUniformLocation(shaderProgram, "model");
unsigned int viewLoc = glGetUniformLocation(shaderProgram, "view");
glUniformMatrix4fv(modelLoc, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(model));
glUniformMatrix4fv(viewLoc, 1, GL_FALSE, &view[0][0]);
glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(shaderProgram, "projection"), 1, GL_FALSE, &projection[0][0]);
// render box
glBindVertexArray(VAO);
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
//glPolygonMode(GL_FRONT, GL_LINE);
glfwSwapBuffers(window);
glfwPollEvents();
}
glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &VAO);
glDeleteBuffers(1, &VBO);
glfwTerminate();
return 0;
}
void processInput(GLFWwindow* window)
{
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)
glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);
}
void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height)
{
glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
}