题目
lim x → + ∞ x 2 ( a 1 x − a 1 x + 1 ) ( a > 0 ) \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to + \infty } {x^2}\left( {{a^{{1 \over x}}} - {a^{{1 \over {x + 1}}}}} \right)\left( {a > 0} \right) x→+∞limx2(ax1−ax+11)(a>0)
来源
证明
lim
x
→
+
∞
x
2
(
a
1
x
−
a
1
x
+
1
)
=
lim
x
→
+
∞
x
2
(
1
x
−
1
x
+
1
)
⋅
a
ξ
ln
a
\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to + \infty } {x^2}\left( {{a^{{1 \over x}}} - {a^{{1 \over {x + 1}}}}} \right) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to + \infty } {x^2}\left( {{1 \over x} - {1 \over {x + 1}}} \right) \cdot {a^\xi }\ln a
x→+∞limx2(ax1−ax+11)=x→+∞limx2(x1−x+11)⋅aξlna
其中
f
(
x
)
=
a
x
,
f
′
(
x
)
=
a
x
ln
a
,
ξ
f(x)=a^x,f'(x)=a^x\ln a,\xi
f(x)=ax,f′(x)=axlna,ξ介于
1
x
{1 \over x}
x1与
1
x
+
1
{1 \over {x + 1}}
x+11之间,根据夹逼定理可知原极限
=
ln
a
.
=\ln a.
=lna.
夹逼定理详细步骤
我们不妨令
a
>
1
a>1
a>1,则
lim
x
→
+
∞
x
2
(
a
1
x
−
a
1
x
+
1
)
=
lim
x
→
+
∞
x
2
(
1
x
−
1
x
+
1
)
⋅
a
ξ
ln
a
=
lim
x
→
+
∞
x
2
1
x
(
x
+
1
)
⋅
a
ξ
ln
a
=
ln
a
lim
x
→
+
∞
a
ξ
\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to + \infty } {x^2}\left( {{a^{{1 \over x}}} - {a^{{1 \over {x + 1}}}}} \right) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to + \infty } {x^2}\left( {{1 \over x} - {1 \over {x + 1}}} \right) \cdot {a^\xi }\ln a = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to + \infty } {x^2}{1 \over {x\left( {x + 1} \right)}} \cdot {a^\xi }\ln a = \ln a\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to + \infty } {a^\xi }
x→+∞limx2(ax1−ax+11)=x→+∞limx2(x1−x+11)⋅aξlna=x→+∞limx2x(x+1)1⋅aξlna=lnax→+∞limaξ
由于
a
x
a^x
ax是单调递增的,因此
a
1
x
+
1
<
a
ξ
<
a
1
x
,
{a^{{1 \over {x + 1}}}} < {a^\xi } < {a^{{1 \over x}}},
ax+11<aξ<ax1,又
x
→
+
∞
x \to + \infty
x→+∞,所以
a
1
x
+
1
→
1
,
a
1
x
→
1
,
{a^{{1 \over {x + 1}}}} \to 1,{a^{{1 \over x}}} \to 1,
ax+11→1,ax1→1,因此根据夹逼定理可知
a
ξ
→
1.
{a^\xi } \to 1.
aξ→1.
若
0
<
a
<
1
0<a<1
0<a<1,读者也可以得到一样的结论,综上所述,
a
ξ
→
1.
{a^\xi } \to 1.
aξ→1.
其中第一个等号使用了Lagrange中值定理.
练习
lim x → + ∞ cos x − cos x + 1 \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to + \infty } \cos \sqrt x - \cos \sqrt {x + 1} x→+∞limcosx−cosx+1
答案: 0. 0. 0.
注
在以后应用Lagrange中值定理时,我们将不再呈现具体的步骤,因为这是基本计算能力。