一、微分的定义
什么是微分? 先来看一个例子
设有一个半径为r的金属圆片受热后其半径增加了 Δ r \Delta_r Δr,求面积A的增量 Δ A \Delta A ΔA
A ( r ) = π r 2 Δ A = π ( r + Δ r ) 2 − π r 2 = π [ 2 r Δ r + ( Δ r ) 2 ] = 2 r π Δ r + π ( Δ r ) 2 \begin{aligned}A(r) &=\pi r^2 \newline \\ \Delta A &=\pi(r+\Delta r)^2-\pi r^2 \\ &=\pi[2r\Delta r+(\Delta r)^2] \\ & = \color{red}{2r\pi\Delta r}+\color{blue}{\pi(\Delta r)^2} \end{aligned} A(r)ΔA=πr2=π(r+Δr)2−πr2=π[2rΔr+(Δr)2]