微分的定义
设函数 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)在 x 0 x_0 x0的某个邻域内有定义,若函数增量 Δ y = f ( x 0 + Δ x ) − f ( x 0 ) \Delta y=f(x_0+\Delta x)-f(x_0) Δy=f(x0+Δx)−f(x0)可表示为 Δ y = a Δ x + o ( Δ x ) \Delta y=a\Delta x+o(\Delta x) Δy=aΔx+o(Δx),其中 a a a为不依赖于 Δ x \Delta x Δx的常数,则称 y = f ( x ) y=f(x) y=f(x)在 x 0 x_0 x0处可微,其中 a Δ x a\Delta x aΔx叫做函数 y = f ( x ) y=f(x) y=f(x)在点 x 0 x_0 x0相应于自变量 Δ x \Delta x Δx的微分,记作 d y dy dy,即 d y = a Δ x dy=a\Delta x dy=aΔx.
导数和微分的关系
- a = f ′ ( x ) , Δ x = d x , d y = f ′ ( x ) d x a=f'(x),\Delta x=dx,dy=f'(x)dx a=f′(x),Δx=dx,dy=f′(x)dx
- f ′ ( x ) = d y d x f'(x)=\dfrac{dy}{dx} f′(x)=dxdy
- 可导是可微的充要条件
可导是可微的充要条件的证明
充分性
\qquad
设
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)在
x
0
x_0
x0处可导,则下面极限存在:
lim
Δ
x
→
0
f
(
x
0
+
Δ
x
)
−
f
(
x
0
)
Δ
x
=
f
′
(
x
0
)
\lim\limits_{\Delta x\rightarrow0}\dfrac{f(x_0+\Delta x)-f(x_0)}{\Delta x}=f'(x_0)
Δx→0limΔxf(x0+Δx)−f(x0)=f′(x0)
\qquad
即
lim
Δ
x
→
0
f
(
x
0
+
Δ
x
)
−
f
(
x
0
)
−
f
′
(
x
0
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Δ
x
Δ
x
=
0
\lim\limits_{\Delta x\rightarrow0}\dfrac{f(x_0+\Delta x)-f(x_0)-f'(x_0)\Delta x}{\Delta x}=0
Δx→0limΔxf(x0+Δx)−f(x0)−f′(x0)Δx=0
\qquad
所以,当
Δ
x
→
0
\Delta x\rightarrow0
Δx→0时,
Δ
f
(
x
0
)
=
f
′
(
x
0
)
Δ
x
+
o
(
Δ
x
)
\Delta f(x_0)=f'(x_0)\Delta x+o(\Delta x)
Δf(x0)=f′(x0)Δx+o(Δx)
\qquad 由此可得 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)在 x 0 x_0 x0处可微,并且 d f ( x 0 ) = f ′ ( x 0 ) d x df(x_0)=f'(x_0)dx df(x0)=f′(x0)dx.
必要性
\qquad
设
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)在
x
0
x_0
x0处可微,则
∃
a
∈
R
\exist a\in R
∃a∈R,使得当
Δ
x
→
0
\Delta x\rightarrow0
Δx→0时,
Δ
f
(
x
0
)
=
a
Δ
x
+
o
(
Δ
x
)
\Delta f(x_0)=a\Delta x+o(\Delta x)
Δf(x0)=aΔx+o(Δx)
lim
Δ
x
→
0
Δ
y
Δ
x
=
lim
Δ
x
→
0
f
(
x
0
+
Δ
x
)
−
f
(
x
)
Δ
x
=
lim
Δ
x
→
0
a
Δ
x
+
o
(
Δ
x
)
Δ
x
=
a
\lim\limits_{\Delta x\rightarrow0}\dfrac{\Delta y}{\Delta x}=\lim\limits_{\Delta x\rightarrow0}\dfrac{f(x_0+\Delta x)-f(x)}{\Delta x}=\lim\limits_{\Delta x\rightarrow0}\dfrac{a\Delta x+o(\Delta x)}{\Delta x}=a
Δx→0limΔxΔy=Δx→0limΔxf(x0+Δx)−f(x)=Δx→0limΔxaΔx+o(Δx)=a
\qquad 即 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)在 x 0 x_0 x0处可导,并且 f ′ ( x 0 ) = a f'(x_0)=a f′(x0)=a
例1
设函数 f ( x ) = x 3 − x f(x)=x^3-x f(x)=x3−x,当 x = 2 , Δ x = 0.01 x=2,\Delta x=0.01 x=2,Δx=0.01时,函数 y y y的微分 d y dy dy是 ‾ \underline{\qquad} .
解:
f
′
(
x
)
=
(
3
x
2
−
1
)
∣
x
=
2
=
11
\qquad f'(x)=(3x^2-1)|_{x=2}=11
f′(x)=(3x2−1)∣x=2=11
d y = f ′ ( x ) Δ x = 11 × 0.01 = 0.11 \qquad dy=f'(x)\Delta x=11\times 0.01=0.11 dy=f′(x)Δx=11×0.01=0.11
例2
设函数 y = f ( x ) y=f(x) y=f(x)在 x 0 x_0 x0处可微,自变量在 x 0 x_0 x0处有改变量 Δ x = 0.2 \Delta x=0.2 Δx=0.2,相应的函数该变量 Δ y \Delta y Δy的线性主部等于 0.8 0.8 0.8,则 f ′ ( x 0 ) = ‾ f'(x_0)=\underline{\qquad} f′(x0)=.
解:
Δ
y
=
a
Δ
x
+
o
(
Δ
x
)
\qquad \Delta y=a\Delta x+o(\Delta x)
Δy=aΔx+o(Δx)
\qquad 线性主部为 d y = a Δ x = 0.8 dy=a\Delta x=0.8 dy=aΔx=0.8
\qquad 即 f ′ ( x 0 ) ⋅ 0.2 = 0.8 f'(x_0)\cdot 0.2=0.8 f′(x0)⋅0.2=0.8,得 f ′ ( x 0 ) = 4 f'(x_0)=4 f′(x0)=4
总结
利用可导是可微的充要条件,利用导数和微分的关系来解题。